See also Guozijian Beijing Image Pyd.jpg thumb One of the main halls of the Guozijian in downtown Beijing Image Beijingguozijianpic.jpg thumb The Guozijian Imperial College of Beijing The Guozijian zh t s p gu z ji n , or Kuo Tzu Chien, the School of the Sons of State , ref name Yuan 194 Yuan, 194. ref sometimes called the Imperial Academy , Imperial College , Imperial Central School , was the national central institute of learning in Chinese dynasties after the Sui dynasty Sui . It was the highest institute of learning in China s traditional educational system. History Formerly it was called the Taixue , while Taixue for Gongsheng tribute students from the populace was still part of Guozijian, along with Guozixue for noble students. The central schools of taixue were established as far back as 3 CE, when a standard nationwide school system was established and funded during the reign of Emperor Ping of Han . ref Yuan, 193. ref When disbanded during the 1898 reform of the Qing Dynasty, the Guozijian was replaced by the Imperial Capital University, later known as Peking University . Locations Guozijian were located in the national capital of each dynasty, such as Chang an , Luoyang and Kaifeng . In Ming Dynasty Ming there were two capitals thus there were two Guozijian, one in Nanjing and one in Beijing . In Qing there were also two Guozijian, one in Changsha and one in Beijing . The Guozijian Beijing Guozijian , located in the Guozijian Street or Chengxian street in the Dongcheng District, Beijing , the imperial college during the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties although most of its buildings were built during the Ming Dynasty ref cite web url http www.geissfoundation.org insider beijing temples guozijian.htm title Guozijian publisher James Geiss Academic James P. Geiss Foundation ref was the last Guozijian in China and is an important national cultural asset. References ... China hist stub ko ja pt Guozijian vi Qu c t gi m zh ... more details
File Guozijian 1.jpg thumb The glazed paifang at the entrance of the Beijing Guozijian File Biyong of Guozijian in Beijing.jpg thumb The Biyong Palace inside the Guozijian File Beijingguozijianpic4.jpg thumb The Emperor s reading room with an imperial throne File Beijingguozijianpic5.jpg thumb A room houses traditional Chinese instruments The Beijing Guozijian , located at the Guozijian Street or Chengxian Street in Beijing, China, was the imperial college during the Yuan ... guozijian.htm title Guozijian publisher James Geiss Academic James P. Geiss Foundation ref and it was the last Guozijian of China and is an important national cultural heritage. In 1898, the Guozijian ... Capital University, later known as the Peking University . The Guozijian , often translated ... educational system. Emperors in imperial China would also frequently visit the Guozijian to read Confucian ...?sight id 17 Tour Beijing ref History The Guozijian was first built in 1306 during the 24th year ... ref The administrative officials of Guozijian were called Jijiu the chief , Siye Dean of Studies and Jiancheng etc. ref name ebeijing The students who studied at the Guozijian were called Jiansheng , and they mainly studied Confucian classics. ref name ebeijing Location and layout The Guozijian is situated at the central area of the Guozijian Street and adjoining several other well known imperial structures of Beijing, and the complex of Guozijian accords with the Chinese tradition which dictate ... of the Guozijian, lies the Beijing Temple of Confucius Confucius Temple , the second largest ... in Beijing. The whole complex of Guozijian faces south, and it has a total building area of more than 10,000 square meters or 107,639 square feet. ref name ebeijing Along the central axis of Guozijian ... symmetrical layout. ref name ebeijing See also Guozijian History of Beijing Notes reflist 3 Education of the People s Republic of China commons Category Beijing Guozijian Beijing Guozijian ... more details
See also Guozijian File .jpg thumb 200px Entrance of Guozijian Street Guozijian Street Chinese character Chinese Pinyin Gu z ji n Ji , formerly known as Chengxian Street Chinese character Chinese Pinyin Ch ngxi n Ji , is a street in Dongcheng District, Beijing . It is listed as an important historical site. ref Name Erring cite book title The Horizontal Skyscraper last Erring first Bjorn B. authorlink Bjorn B. Erring year 2002 publisher Tapir Academic Press isbn 8251917638 page 15 ref The Beijing Guozijian Beijing Guozijian Imperial College , dating to 1306, and a Beijing Temple of Confucius Temple of Confucius , built in 1302, are located in this street. The Yonghe Temple is located next to its east entrance. References reflist Commons category Guozijian Street Category Streets in Beijing eu Guozijian kalea no Guozijiangaten zh ... more details
Education in China may refer to Education in the People s Republic of China Education in Hong Kong Education in Macau Education in the Republic of China Taiwan For historical perspectives, see History of education in China Imperial examination Guozijian Imperial Academies Academies China Hanlin Academy Yuelu Academy White Deer Grotto Academy Education of the People s Republic of China disambig zh ... more details
Imperial Academy may refer to The Imperial Academy of Arts in St Petersburg. The Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow old name . The former Imperial Military Academy in St Petersburg . The Imperial Academy of Music in Vienna, now the University of Music and Performing Arts, Vienna . The Imperial Academy of Arts in Vienna, now the Academy of Fine Arts Vienna . The Imperial Iranian Academy of Philosophy . The Guozijian , the highest institution of learning in pre modern China. The fictional Imperial Academy in the Star Wars series. disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Cleanup date December 2007 Confusing date December 2007 Notability date December 2007 Image SixDynastiesJuniper.jpg thumb 250px The Juniperus chinensis from Six Dynasties One Juniperus chinensis , over 1500 years old is located near the Southeast University . It was planted in his Palace by the Emperor Wu of Liang in Six Dynasties . Later, the Palace was destroyed by the war, however, the tree luckily survived until today. In Ming Dynasty , the Guozijian highest national educational institution was built in the same place In the beginning of 20th century, the Liang Jiang Normal Institute was built here. It is the location of Southeast University . In Chinese long history, the war did not cease, but the great plant can be a proof of Chinese long living culture. Image LiuChaoSong carving.jpg thumb 250px See also Southeast University Nanjing Emperor Wu of Liang Six Dynasties Ming Dynasty Guozijian DEFAULTSORT Juniperus Chinensis From Six Dynasties Category Individual trees Category Nanjing zh ... more details
Taixue zh c l Greatest Study or Learning , or sometimes called the Imperial Academy , Imperial School , Imperial University or Imperial Central University , was the highest rank of educational establishment in Ancient China between the Han Dynasty and Sui Dynasty . It was replaced by the Guozijian . ref http www.legco.gov.hk yr99 00 english panels ed papers 711e01.pdf A Consultant Report to The University Grants Committee of Hong Kong ref The first nationwide government school system in China was established in 3 CE under Emperor Ping of Han , with the taixue located in the capital of Chang an and local schools established in the Zhou political division prefectures and in the main cities of the smaller xian counties . ref Yuan, 193&ndash 194. ref Taixue taught Confucianism and Chinese literature among other things for the high level civil service , although a civil service system based upon examination rather than recommendation was not introduced until the Sui and not perfected until the Song Dynasty 960&ndash 1279 . ref http www.education.monash.edu.au centres mcrie docs conferencekeynotes yang china higher ed massification mexico.pdf Higher Education in the People s Republic of China Historical Traditions, Recent Developments and Major Issues ref ref Ebrey, CIHC , 145&ndash 146. ref See also Shang Xiang Guozijian References Notes refs General references Ebrey, Patricia Buckley 1999 . The Cambridge Illustrated History of China . Cambridge Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0 521 66991 X paperback . Yuan, Zheng. Local Government Schools in Sung China A Reassessment, History of Education Quarterly Volume 34, Number 2 Summer 1994 193&ndash 213. External links http www.china corner.com article list.asp?id 783 Rise of Confucianism as Main State Ideology http www.china.org.cn english features beijing 31063.htm The Imperial College Guozijian http www.cctv.com english TouchChina GloryofChineseCivilization Education 20020320 100024.html Imperial College Education of the P ... more details
Image BeijingConfuciusTemple2.jpg thumb 200px Beijing Confucius Temple File BeijingConfuciusTemple7.jpg thumb 200px A stone tablet inside the Confucius Temple The Temple of Confucius at Beijing is the second largest Confucian Temple in China after Temple of Confucius, Qufu the one in Confucius hometown of Qufu . It was built in 1302 , and officials used it to pay their respects to Confucius until 1911. The compound was enlarged twice, during the Ming dynasty Ming and Qing dynasty Qing dynasties and now occupies some 20,000 square meters. From 1981 until 2005 ref http www.btmbeijing.com contents en btm 2006 01 whatshot capitalmuseumgetsmodernlook ref , the Temple of Confucius also housed part of the art collection of the Capital Museum . It stands on Guozijian Street near the Guozijian Imperial Academy . The complex includes four courtyards aligned along a central axis. From south to north, noteworthy structures includes the Xianshi Gate , Dacheng Gate , Dacheng Hall and Chongshengci . ref name travel http www.travelchinaguide.com attraction beijing confucius.htm ref Inside the temple there are 198 stone tablets positioned on either side of the front courtyard, and they contains more than 51,624 names of Jinshi imperial examination Jinshi the advanced scholars of the Yuan, Ming and Qing dynasties, and 14 stone stele pavilions of the Ming and Qing dynasties that hold the precious historical information of ancient China. ref name travel The temple also contains stone tablets recording the names of many generations of scholars who passed the Imperial Examination , a reproduction of a Western Zhou period stone drum made during the reign of Qianlong 1735 96 , and 189 stone stele s containing the Thirteen Confucian Classics , presented by the city of Jintan in Jiangsu Province . The Temple has many old trees, including one Cypress tree known as the Touch Evil Cypress Chu Jian Bai . Its name derives from a story that when a famously corrupt official pas ... more details
Infobox Korean name hangul hanja rr Gukhak mr Kukhak The Gukhak , or National Confucian Academy , was the sole recorded institution of higher learning in the Silla period of medieval History of Korea Korean history . ref name Gyeongju City http eguide.gj.go.kr detail view Detail view.jsp?cid 8283&tab 1 Gyeongju Hyanggyo a local school annexed to the Confucian shrine Gyeongju City Transportation System, Retrieved on August 2, 2009 ref It provided training in the Chinese classics . An earier institution, the Taehak, had been founded in 372. The Gukhak was established early in the Unified Silla period, in 682 the second year of Sinmun of Silla King Sinmun . ref name Gyeongju City During the reign of King Gyeongdeok of Silla Gyeongdeok r. 742 765 its name was changed briefly to Daehakgam , but reverted to Gukhak during the following reign of King Hyegong of Silla Hyegong r. 765 780 . Like its counterpart in Tang China, the Gukhak was established primarily to train local officials in the Confucian classics and the composition skills requisite for the governance of an enlarged Silla state and diplomatic interaction in the China centered East Asia of the period. The establishment of such an institution was increasingly critical by the 7th century with the maturation of Silla s bureaucratic system modeled upon that of Tang China. The Gukhak was not successful and the Seonggyungwan was established in Gaegyeong in 992 during the reign Korean Goryeo dynasty. See also List of Korea related topics Korean Confucianism Gukjagam Seonggyungwan Guozijian , the Tang Dynasty model for the Gukhak. References reflist Korea hist stub Category Korean Confucianism Category Education in Korea Category Silla Category Educational institutions established in the 7th century Category 682 establishments ko zh ... more details
Image .jpg thumb right 120px Zhan Ruoshui Zhan Ruoshui zh c p Zh n Ru shu w Chan Joshui , 1466 1560 , was a Chinese philosopher , educator and a Confucian scholar. Biography Zhan was born in Zengcheng Zengcheng, Guangdong . He was appointed the president of Nanjing Guozijian , the Imperial Nanjing University in 1524. He was later appointed the Minister of Department of Li , Li Bu, which mainly administers national ceremony, sacrifice, imperial examination, education, diplomacy, etc. , Minister of Governmental Personnel , and then Minister of Military Affairs for War at Nanjing of Ming Dynasty . As a scholar, Zhan is famous for mind theory. He was also a famous educator. In his life he founded and jointly founded more than 40 Shuyuan , Confucian academies . Zhan was a lifelong friend of the philosopher, general, and administrator Wang Yangming . He shared an appreciation of Lu Xiangshan idealism xinxue , Daoism , and Buddhism with Wang, although their intellectual paths ultimately diverged. ref Mote, F.W. Imperial China 900 1800. p. 678. ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Zhan Ruoshui Category Chinese philosophers Category Chinese educators Category 1466 births Category 1560 deaths zh ... more details
There are many landmarks in Beijing . The best known ones include the Badaling stretch of the Great Wall of China , the Temple of Heaven , the Tian anmen and the Forbidden City , a number of temples, hutong s and parks, relics of ages gone by. Please add any other sites you can think of. Attractions Buildings, monuments and landmarks Sections of the Great Wall of China Great Wall World Heritage Site at Badaling Juyongguan Mutianyu Simatai Jinshanling Jiankou Beijing National Stadium Forbidden City World Heritage Site Tiananmen Square Tiananmen Gate of Heavenly Peace Qianmen Zhengyangmen Great Hall of the People National Museum of China Monument to the People s Heroes Mausoleum of Mao Zedong National Centre for the Performing Arts China National Centre for the Performing Arts The Summer Palace World Heritage Site The Old Summer Palace The Ming Dynasty Tombs World Heritage Site Peking Man Site at Zhoukoudian World Heritage Site Beijing Gulou and Zhonglou Bell Tower and Drum Tower Historic Hutong s and Siheyuan s in many older neighborhoods Lugou Bridge Marco Polo Bridge and the Wanping Fortress Baliqiao Eight Mile Bridge Prince Gong Mansion Prince Gong s Mansion Prince Chun Mansion Zheng Yici Peking Opera Theatre Huguang Guild Hall Pagoda of Cishou Temple Pagoda of Tianning Temple Beijing Pagoda of Tianning Temple Guozijian Beijing Guozijian Imperial College Liulichang Beijing Ancient Observatory Tuancheng Fortress Temples, cathedrals and mosques Expand list date February 2011 Temple of Heaven World Heritage Site Temple of Earth Temple of Sun Temple of the Moon China Temple of Moon Beijing Dongyue Temple Dongyue Temple Guangji Temple Beijing Temple of Confucius Confucius Temple Imperial Ancestral Temple Temple of Agriculture Xiannongtan Xiancantan Zhongshan Park Beijing Altar of Earth and Harvests Guanghua Temple Beijing Guanghua Temple White Cloud Temple Big Bell Temple Fayuan Temple Miaoying Temple Wanshou Temple Zhihua Si Temple Zhenjue Temple Wofo Temple Guangji T ... more details
Infobox Korean name hangul hanja rr Mun wang mr Mun wang hangulborn hanjaborn rrborn Dae Heum mu mrborn Tae Choy ng Kings of Balhae Emperor Mun of Balhae r. 737 793 was the personal name of Dae Heum mu , the third and longest reigning ruler of the Balhae , the successor state to Goguryeo . He succeeded his father Mu of Balhae King Mu , upon his death in 737. Reign During Emperor Mun s reign, diplomatic ties with Tang Dynasty China were established, and many Balhae scholars went to China to study, ref http xenohistorian.faithweb.com neasia korea.html PoHai A Concise History of Korea Bot generated title ref extending the influence of Buddhism and Confucianism in Balhae s governance. He also strengthened relations with Silla , which unified the Korean peninsula to the south of Balhae, overseeing the development of the trade route called Silla road Hangul , Hanja . Balhae also increased diplomacy and trade with Japan . Emperor Mun moved the capital of Balhae several times List of Provinces of Balhae Sanggyeong and List of Provinces of Balhae Donggyeong , stabilizing and strengthening central rule over various ethnic tribes in his realm, which was expanded temporarily. He also authorized the creation of the Jujagam Hangul , Hanja , the national academy, based on the Guozijian national academy of Tang . Although China recognized him as a king, Balhae itself referred to him as the Daeheung Boryeok Hyogam Geumryun Seongbeop Daewang Hangul , , Gadokbu Hangul , Hanja , Seongwang Hangul , Hanja and Giha Hangul , Hanja , ref s 219 New Book of Tang vol.209 ref Some Korean historians referred to him as the posterity of heaven and an emperor . ref http www.seelotus.com gojeon gojeon hanmun ya cheong do.htm ref The tomb of his fourth daughter, Mausoleum of Princess Jeonghyo Princess Jeonghyo , was discovered in 1980. The tombstone of his elder daughter, Princess Jeonghye , has also been found. re ... more details
Shang Xiang zh c p sh ng xi ng w shang hsiang , was a school founded in the Yu Shun era in China . Shun Chinese leader Shun , 2257 BCE 2208 BCE , the Emperor of the Kingdom of Yu , or Youyu , founded two schools. One was Shang Xiang shang , means up, high , and the other one was Xia Xiang , xia means down, low ref Classic of Rites System of King Youyushi Yu provided for noble elders in Shang Xiang, and provided for plebeian elders in Xia Xiang. Zheng Xuan Shang Xiang was a Daxue , great study, big school, today it translates to English as university and it s located in the west of capital city . ref . Shang Xiang was a place to educate noble youth. Teachers at Shang Xiang were generally erudite, elder and noble persons. The original meaning of Xiang is provide for , and Xiang, including Shang Xiang and Xia Xiang, were initially places to provide for the aged persons, and then became places for aged persons with their knowledge and experiences to teach youth. Shang Xiang is classified as a kind of Guo Xue , meaning the National School in capital city, which is the imperial central school, the nation s supreme school in China, in contrast with regional schools. Cheng Jun is also a kind of ancient institution with educational function in the Five Emperors eras before Shang Xiang as recorded in literature ref Dong Zhongshu Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors The Five Emperors named Daxue as Cheng Jun and it is similar to Xiang in Yu era . ref . The imperial school was called Dong Xu , literally eastern school in Xia Dynasty , while Xi Xu , western school was equivalent to Xia Xiang. In Shang Dynasty the upper school was You Xue , literally right school and the lower school was Zuo Xue , left school . The imperial central school was named Taixue in Han Dynasty . From Sui Dynasty to Qing Dynasty it was named Guozijian . Shang Xiang was also one of the five imperial schools ... more details
Image Tei Do Monument.JPG right thumb 200px Monument to Jana Ueekata in Naha, Okinawa . nihongo Jana Ueekata Rizan 1549 1611 , also known by the Okinawan family name Chinese style name nihongo Tei D , was a Ryukyuan people Ryukyuan aristocrat and bureaucrat in the royal government of the Ry ky Kingdom . A member of the Sanshikan , the king s closest advisors, Rizan was the only Ryukyuan official to refuse to recognize the suzerainty of Japan s Satsuma Domain over the kingdom he was executed as a result. Jana Ueekata is actually a title, not a name, reflecting that Rizan was of ueekata rank, and assigned to the region or territory of Jana. This name structure, along with the fact that he possessed a separate, Chinese style, name Tei D was typical of the Ryukyuan aristocracy. Biography Rizan was, like most officials in the royal government, originally from Kumemura , a community descended from Chinese immigrants and the primary center of learning in the Ry ky Kingdom. Having been chosen to start on the track to becoming a bureaucrat, he traveled to China to study at the age of 16, remaining at the Guozijian Imperial Academy in Beijing for six years. ref name jinmei Jana Ueekata. Okinawa rekishi jinmei jiten , Encyclopedia of People of Okinawan History . Naha Okinawa Bunka sha, 1996. p36. ref He would return there a number of times over the course of his career, heading tribute missions and being involved in other diplomatic activities. In 1606, ref name jinmei at the age of 57, he became a member of the Sanshikan , the king s closest advisors. The court at this time was split between pro Chinese and pro Japanese factions Jana Ueekata was strongly pro Chinese, and it is said he behaved rudely to Japanese envoys from Satsuma. When Toyotomi Hideyoshi , through agents of Satsuma, demanded that the Kingdom supply forces and supplies to aid in his Japanese invasions of Korea 1592 1598 invasions of Korea , King Sh Nei ignored the demand, largely upon ... more details
Infobox Museum name Capital Museum image Capital Museum in Beijing.jpg imagesize 240px map type map caption latitude longitude established 1981 dissolved location Xicheng District , Beijing type art museum visitors director curator publictransit website http www.capitalmuseum.org.cn The Capital Museum Chinese located at 16 Fuxingmenwai Dajie, Xicheng District is an art museum in Beijing , China . It opened in 1981 while the present building was built in the late 1990s and it houses a variety of items from imperial China as well as other Asian cultures. Part of the museum s collections were formerly housed in the Beijing Confucius Temple Confucius Temple on Guozijian Road in Beijing. Overview The Capital Museum today contains over 200,000 cultural relics in its collection, ref http www.regenttour.com chinaplanner pek bj sights museum.html 4 Capital Museum . ref only a small fraction of it are exhibited, and a significant percentage of the museum s art collection came from artifacts unearthed in Beijing. ref name studio The Capital Museum was established in 1981 with a collection of some 83,000 objects. ref name studio cite web url http www.studio international.co.uk museology capital.asp title Beijing s New Arts Centre The Capital Museum publisher Studio International ref Although initially the Museum pales in comparison to the visitors received in other major art museums in Beijing, such as the Palace Museum in the Forbidden City, the National Museum of China and the National Art Museum of China it has since then became one of the leading cultural institutions in the city, with the first five months of 2007 receiving more than 166,000 visitors. ref name studio The present Capital Museum s building s massive roof and the gradient at the entrance square was influenced by the design from ancient Chinese architecture, ref name capital http www.capitalmuseum.org.cn en index.htm Capital Museum , Beijing, China. ref and the stone made exterior wall was meant to symbo ... more details
refimprove date March 2011 Italic title Image Yongle Dadian Encyclopedia 1403.jpg thumb 200px Yongle Encyclopedia 1403 The Yongle Encyclopedia zh t s p Y ngl D di n literally The Great Canon or Vast Documents of the Yongle Era was a Chinese compilation commissioned by the China Chinese Ming Dynasty emperor Yongle Emperor Yongle in 1403 and completed by 1408. It was the world s largest known general encyclopedia for 600 years, and one of the earliest. Development of the work Two thousand scholars worked on the project under the direction of the Yongle Emperor reigned 1402 1424 , incorporating eight thousand texts from ancient times up to the early Ming Dynasty . They covered an array of subjects, including agriculture , art , astronomy , drama , geology , history , literature , medicine , natural sciences , religion and technology , as well as descriptions of unusual natural events. The encyclopedia, which was completed in 1408 ref name eb at Nanjing Guozijian Nanjing University Imperial University in Nanking , comprised 22,877 or 22,937 ref name eb http www.britannica.com eb article 9078157 Yongle dadian Yongle dadian . Encyclop dia Britannica . ref manuscript rolls, or chapters, in 11,095 volumes occupying roughly 40 cubic meters 1400 ft and using 3.7 billion Chinese characters . ref . National Library of China . 2008 http www.nlc.gov.cn old2008 service wjls pdf 04 04 04 a4b7c3.pdf ref It was designed to include all that had ever been written on the Confucian canon, history, philosophy, and the arts and sciences. It was a massive collation of excerpts and works from the mass of Chinese literature and knowledge. Transcription and disappearance Because of the vastness of the work, it could not be block printing block printed , and it is thought that only one other manuscript copy was made. In 1557, under the supervision of the Jiajing Emperor of China Emperor Jiajing , the encyclopedia was narrowly saved from being destroyed by ... more details
Infobox University name Hunan University native name image Image Hunan University.jpg 200px motto established 976 976 AD type National university president Zhong Zhihua city Changsha province Hunan country PRC students 46,000 faculty 4,600 former names Yuelu Academy website http www.hnu.cn English index.html www.hunu.edu.cn Hunan University zh s t p H n n D xu , located in Changsha , Hunan province, is one of the oldest and most important national universities in China . History Hunan University traces its history back to the Yuelu Shuyuan Yuelu Academy founded in the Song Dynasty , originally in 976, over 1000 years ago . Shuyuan academy were once two main forms of higher learning school in China, and another form was government sponsored schools including imperial central school Taixue or Guozijian and regional schools. Yuelu Academy had no degree granting mechanism, and no some other features of a Western university. The Yuelu Academy was a venue for Chinese scholars and their students to meet and study deep issues in broad areas of Confucian Studies . In 1903 it was changed to be a modern school with the incorporation of the school which was founded in 1897, initially called Shiwu Xuetang and once in 1902 called Hunan Daxuetang . The school name Hunan University was proposed in 1912, and in 1926 Hunan University was formed with the merger of three specialized public schools of Hunan. The Hunan University was later changed for several times. The name Hunan University was again adopted in 1959. The Chinese calligraph of Yuelu Academy was written by Emperor Zhenzong of Song in 1015, and the Chinese calligraph of Hunan University was written by Mao Zedong in 1950 as soon as the People s Republic of China was founded. Unsourced image removed Image .jpg thumb left 150px Mao s calligraph Image Yuelu Academy Hunan pond.jpg thumb left 150px Pond at Hunan University. Image Yuelu Academy Hunan sign.jpg thumb right 150p ... more details
The Sh yu n sh yu n , usually known in English as Academies or Academies of Classical Learning , were a type of school in ancient China . Unlike national academy and district schools, shuyuan were usually private establishments built away from cities or towns, providing a quiet environment where scholars could engage in studies and contemplation without restrictions and worldly distractions. History The shuyuan originated in 725 during the Tang dynasty . They were places where scholars could teach and study the classics, and where books collected from around the country could be preserved. By the late Tang dynasty, private academies had appeared all over China. During the Northern Song 960 1127 , many academies were established with government encouragement. Each academy had its own teaching and administrative structure and was economically independent. The bestowal of a calligraphic signboard by the Emperor was an extremely important symbol of an academy s status during the Northern Song period. The following academies received this honour 997 Taishi Academy Songyang Academy , bestowed by the Taizong emperor 1009 Yingtianfu Academy, bestowed by the Zhenzong emperor 1015 Yuelu Academy , bestowed by the Zhenzong emperor 1035 Shigu Academy, bestowed by the Emperor Renzong of Song China Renzong emperor Besides signboards, emperors also bestowed books. In 977, the Taizong Emperor bestowed on the White Deer Grotto Academy a copy of the Nine Confucian Classics printed by the Guozijian . The Yuelu Academy, the Songyang Academy and other academies also received books from the Emperor on a number of occasions. However, academies had begun to decline by the 12th century. The White Deer Grotto Academy, which had fallen into ruin, was rebuilt by the prominent neo Confucianist Zhu Xi in 1179 80 during the Southern Song dynasty and reopened in 1180. It became an important centre of Confucian thought during eight centuries. Zhu Xi himself taught here during the Southern Son ... more details
Orphan date December 2010 File Yu Baoxuan.jpg thumb Yu Baoxuan 200px Chinese name Yu Chinese name Yu Yu Baoxuan traditional Chinese lang zh tw simplified Chinese lang zh pinyin Y B oxu n, Wade Giles Y Pao hs an born 1875 was a politician in the Republic of China . He was a member of the Anhui Clique . Later he became an important politician during the Reformed Government of the Republic of China and the Wang Jingwei regime Republic of China Nanjing . Chinese style name Adult name was Zi ang or Zhi ang . He was born in Jiangdu , Jiangsu . Biography Yu Baoxuan spent early years in Sichuan , where his father was a prefect. First he became a Jiansheng lang zh tw student of Guozijian , then he went to Japan for his higher eduction. After the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, he returned to China and first joined the Department of Police in Peking under the Qing Dynasty . Subsequently he was transferred to the Ministry for Interior in recognition of his useful services. He was appointed Senior Clerk and acted concurrently as a member of the Bureau of Constitutional Reform. On the establishment of the Republic of China in 1912, Yu Baoxuan was appointed Chief of the Statistical Bureau and division Chief of the Police Department, Ministry for Interior. In same year he was also elected an expectant member of the Senate. In 1914 he was appointed Director of the Civil Affairs Bureau, Ministry for Interior. In 1916 he became Senator upon the restoration of Parliament. Upon the second dissolution of the Parliament in 1917, Yu Baoxuan was appointed Secretary to the Ministry for Communications. In same December he was promoted to be Vice Minister for Interior, and supported Minister Qian Nengxun lang zh tw . He became concurrently in February 1918, Chief of the Parliamental Election Bureau under the Parliament Anhui Clique Anfu Club controlled. On June 13, 1919 he was appointed acting Minister for Interior. Three days later, however, he was relieved of the Vice Mini ... more details
File Gong Xinzhan.jpg thumb Gong Xinzhan 180px Chinese name Gong surname Gong Gong Xinzhan traditional Chinese lang zh tw simplified Chinese lang zh pinyin G ng X nzh n Wade Giles Kung Hsin chan 1871 December, 1943 was a politician in the end of Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China . He was a professional of finance in the Beiyang Government Beijing Government , and was regarded a member of the Anhui clique . He also worked as the acting Prime Minister temporarily. His Chinese style name adult name was Xianzhou lang zh tw and Xiandan lang zh tw . He was born in Hefei , Anhui . Biography In the end of Qing, Gong Xinzhan was became a Jiansheng lang zh tw student of Guozijian , after graduating he went to study to Great Britain. He successively held the positions of Attendant of legations in Japan, United States, France, Italy and Philippine. Later he returned to China, he was appointed to the governor of prefecture lang zh tw and the acting Provincial Judge in Guandong . He also worked for local official in Yunnan . After establishing the Republic of China, Gong Xinzhan successively held the positions of Chief of the Minting Factory in Wuchang , Manager of the Hankou branch, Bank of China , etc. In 1914, he was appointed to the Chief of the Financial Agency in Anhui Province. On next June, he was promoted to the Vice Minister for Finance in Beijing Government, and also held the governor of the Salt Affairs Agency. On December, he was appointed to the Governor of the Border of Rice Lands Affairs Bureau lang zh tw . In April 1916, he was transferred to the Councilor of the National Council lang zh tw . In July 1918, Gong Xinzhan was appointed to the Governor of Anhui Province, but he didn t took office. Next Year, he was appointed to the Minister for Finance and the Governor of the Monetary Bureau and the President of the Minting Factory. From June to September, he also held the acting Prime Minister temporarily. In November 1924, Duan ... more details
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