Psychology sidebar pp move indef No footnotes date June 2010 Groupthink is a type of thought within a deeply ... June 2010 During groupthink, members of the group avoid promoting viewpoints outside the comfort zone ... as foolish, or a desire to avoid embarrassing or angering other members of the group. Groupthink ... coined the term in 1952, in Fortune magazine Fortune magazine bquote Groupthink being a coinage &mdash ... authorlink William Safire coauthors title Groupthink url http query.nytimes.com gst fullpage.html?res ... are as outdated as its etymology, we re all in trouble. Groupthink one word, no hyphen was the title of an article in Fortune magazine in March 1952 by William H. Whyte Jr. Groupthink is becoming a national philosophy, he wrote. Groupthink being a coinage and, admittedly, a loaded one a working .... Victims of Groupthink. Boston. Houghton Mifflin Company, 1972, page 9. ref Causes of groupthink Highly cohesive groups are much more likely to engage in groupthink, because their cohesiveness often ... sees group cohesion as the most important antecedent to groupthink, he states that it will not invariably lead to groupthink It is a necessary condition, but not a sufficient condition . ref Janis, Victims of Groupthink, 1972 ref According to Janis, group cohesion will only lead to groupthink if one ... which groupthink occurs Directive leadership. Homogeneity of members social background and ideology. Isolation of the group from outside sources of information and analysis. Symptoms of groupthink To make groupthink testable, Irving Janis devised eight symptoms indicative of groupthink 1977 . Illusions ... the group from dissenting information. Groupthink, resulting from the symptoms listed above, results ... that groupthink was responsible for the Bay of Pigs Invasion Bay of Pigs fiasco and other major examples ... to be a recent major example of groupthink. ref name Kamau In such real world examples, a number of the above groupthink symptoms were displayed. Groupthink and de individuation Cults are also studied ... more details
The following list presents topics on organizational thinking, that is, thinking by organizations or on an organizational level col start col break Attribution theory Communication Concept testing Evaporating Cloud The Fifth Discipline Fifth discipline Groupthink col break Group synergy Ideas bank Learning organization Metaplan Operations research Organizational communication col break Rhetoric Smart mob Strategic planning Systems thinking Theory of Constraints Think tank The Wisdom of Crowds Wisdom of crowds col end Category Society related lists ... more details
pp move indef Hive mind can mean In psychology Collective consciousness Conformity psychology Groupthink In animal behavior The apparent consciousness of colonies of social insect s such as ants, bees and termites In artificial intelligence, robotics and software Swarm intelligence Hivemind software , a software framework In philosophy Universal mind may be defined as the nonlocal and atemporal hive mind of all aggregates, components, constituents, relationships, personalities, entities, technologies, processes and cycles of the universe. In science fiction group mind science fiction , a type of collective consciousness disambig Category Public opinion Category Crowd psychology ... more details
Island mentality refers to the notion of isolated communities perceiving themselves as superior or exceptional to the rest of the world. This term does not directly refer to a geographically confined society, but to the cultural, moral, or ideological superiority of a community lacking social exposure. Island mentality can be characterized by narrow mindedness, ignorance, or outright hostility towards any artifact concept, ideology, lifestyle choice, art form, etc. originating from outside of the geographic area inhabited by the society. See also Groupthink Not Invented Here NIH Syndrome Ethnocentrism References http www.washingtonpost.com wp dyn content article 2010 01 31 AR2010013102080.html Israel and Pacific republics, united by an island mentality http www.guardian.co.uk commentisfree 2007 oct 14 deserttheislandmentality Desert the island mentality http www.timeshighereducation.co.uk story.asp?storycode 403402 Ditch the island mentality http opinion.globaltimes.cn commentary 2010 04 521782.html Taiwan s island mentality splits between isolation and integration Category Appeals to emotion ... more details
Weslandia is a novel by Newbery Medal winner Paul Fleischman , with illustration by Kevin Hawkes . It was published in 1999 by Candlewick Press. The story follows a protagonist, Wesley, in the creation of an eponymous micro nation in his parents backyard. His efforts are successful, and instead of being a social outcast, he gains a group of followers made up of his former grade school tormentors. The over arching theme of the story is that unique personalities can lead to innovation and success, demonstrating the problem of groupthink in adolescent peer relationships and potentially encouraging social outcasts to follow their own path. There are also certain higher level, if simplistic, social critiques built into the story. One illustration shows Wesley s suburban neighborhood from above, which basically shows a landscape of identical houses with the only variation being garage on the left or garage on the right. This architectural blandness is a mirror of the groupthink that initially leads Wesley s classmates to bully him for being unusual, but it s perpetrated by home owning adults instead, who are unable or afraid to Thinking outside the box think outside the box . Also, the plant that magically sprouts in the protagonist s backyard which he calls the swist allows him to create food, shelter, and entertainment. This could be considered as a lesson on environmentalism and self sufficiency. One of Wesley s neighbors asks him if the newly sprouted plant is a tomato, bean, or brussel sprout because those are the only plants that the neighbor could fathom growing in a garden. A lot of teachers use this book to teach their students about creating their own civilization and also sustainability. The book s ISBN number is 9780613635318 http isbn.nu 9780613635318 for the hardcover version and 9780606259873 http isbn.nu 9780606259873 for the paperback reprint. Category 1999 novels Category Micronations fict location stub 1990s novel stub ... more details
they still had time to enjoy the afternoon. Groupthink The phenomenon may be a form of groupthink ... of groupthink in that both theories appear to explain the observed behavior of groups in social contexts ... is legitimately desired by the group s members or merely a result of this kind of groupthink ... Groupthink Pluralistic ignorance Prediction market Pseudoconsensus The Wisdom of Crowds References ... more details
citations missing article date July 2008 File KTM premium red li hing mui.jpg thumb 180px Red li hing mui sold in Hawaii Li hing mui is salt y dried plum . It can be found in Hawaii an and Asia n markets. It has a strong, distinctive flavor, and is often said to be an acquired taste , as it has a combination of sweet, sour, and salty taste. It has also been described as tart, and even tangy. Originally from China, the name li hing mui means traveling plum . Li hing is traveling and mui is plum. Powder File Li hing powder.jpg thumb 180px Packaged li hing powder found in Hawaii The red powder, called li hing powder that covers the dried plum can be sold separately. Li hing powder is used for many things, but is usually sprinkled on fruits like apples and pineapples. Some Hawai ian children like to put li hing powder on sour gummy bears, sour gummy worms, sour watermelon candy, sour patch kids, shaved ice , sour apple candy, rock candy , popcorn, and arare food arare also known as kakimochi and mochi crunch . Alcoholic beverages Recently, people have also been putting li hing powder into their alcoholic drinks mainly tequila and cocktail s. Many bars in Hawaii replace salt with this powder, since this powder is not only salty, but sweet and sour as well. Other people also feel that it gives a tart and sometimes tangy twist. Many bars in Hawaii also rim their glasses with li hing powder in addition to putting it in the drink. See also Umeboshi Saladitos References Chan, Janna. GroupThink Asian American Foods and Recipes. GroupThink. 05 July 2005. Janna Chan. 4 Jul 2008. http www.jannachan.com groupthink archives 000072.html FoodNerd. FoodNerd li hing mui. FoodNerd . 17 May 2008. www.paisleysky.net. 2 Jul 2008. http www.paisleysky.net foodnerd archives 000458.html . Kathy. A Passion for Food Gecko on the Curtains, Li Hing, Fried Rice, Shoyu Poke Costco, and Xi Mui Soda. A Passion For Food. 24 May 2008. A Passion For Food. 7 Jul 2008. http apassionforfood.blogspot.com 200 ... more details
Irving L. Janis Janis wrote or co wrote more than a dozen books, the best known of which are Groupthink ... cite book last Janis first Irving authorlink title Victims of groupthink a psychological study of foreign ... more details
Refimprove date November 2007 Pack journalism is an often derogatory term used to describe the tendency of news reporting to become wiktionary Homogeneous homogeneous . The term was coined by Timothy Crouse . http www.timporter.com firstdraft archives 000433.html Pack journalism occurs because the reporters often rely on one another for news tips or are all similarly dependent on a single source for access which is often the very person they are covering . A type of groupthink occurs, as the journalists are constantly aware of what the others are reporting and an informal consensus emerges on what is newsworthy. The term can also be applied in kind to entire news organizations . For example, pack journalism can occur when a news organization decides to make a particular story the lead story only because other news organizations are doing so. The media coverage of the U.S. presidential election, 1972 1972 presidential election campaigns is the most famous example. The coverage of the campaigns was deplored in depth by both Timothy Crouse in his 1973 book The Boys on the Bus , and by Hunter S. Thompson in Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail 72 . journalism stub Category Journalism ... more details
Original research date April 2009 Distributed moderation is a form of Moderation system comment moderation that allows the users to moderate each other. Distributed moderation comes in two types User Moderation and Spontaneous Moderation. When a website utilizes a function to allow user generated submissions to be posted on the site such as a comment system , there are three basic choices about how that content will be moderated first, by the website owner unilaterally deleting editing posts unilateral moderation second, by the users being given the option of voting other users submissions up or down user moderation and third, by allowing no official moderation, which results in other users moderating through the use of responding to others comments spontaneous moderation . The latter two, user moderation and spontaneous moderation, are examples of distributed moderation. Distributed moderation is an example of crowdsourcing , and as such suffers from groupthink . Although it is a more fair system than unilateral moderation, it is not necessarily more free unpopular comments in a distributed moderation setting are often removed or otherwise hidden, even in circumstances where unilateral moderation might have left the comment alone. See also Moderation system Meta moderation system Wikipedia is an example of distributed moderation. Category Internet forum terminology Category Internet culture Category Reputation management ... more details
No footnotes date March 2011 Inappropriate tone date December 2008 Communal reinforcement is a Socialization social phenomenon in which a concept or idea is repeatedly asserted in a community , regardless of whether sufficient empirical evidence has been presented to support it. Over time, the concept or idea is reinforced to become a strong belief in many people s minds, and may be regarded by the members of the community as fact. Often, the concept or idea may be further reinforced by publications in the mass media , literature books , or other means of communication. The phrase millions of people can t all be wrong is indicative of the common tendency to accept a communally reinforced idea without question, which often aids in the widespread acceptance of urban legend s, myths, and rumor s. Communal reinforcement works both for true and false concepts or ideas, making the communal reinforcement of an idea independent of its truth value . Therefore, the fact that many people in a given community believe a certain thing is not indicative of its truth or falsehood, for just as a false concept or idea can be accepted as fact in a community via communal reinforcement, so can a true concept or idea. Communal reinforcement can be seen as a positive force in society if it reinforces a concept or idea which is true or beneficial to society, such as the discouragement of driving under the influence . Conversely, it can be seen as a negative force if it reinforces a concept or idea which is untrue or harmful to society, such as the avoidance of bathing in Medieval Europe. See also Appeal to belief Confirmation bias Meme Groupthink Social constructionism Bandwagon effect Truthiness List of common misconceptions Reference reflist 1 http skepdic.com comreinf.html Skeptic dictionary entry Conspiracy theories Category Sociology ro Consolidarea ideilor ntr o comunitate ru ... more details
Janis may refer to As a first name Janis Joplin 1943 1970 , American singer and songwriter. Janis Bojars born 1956 , Soviet shot putter. Janis Kelly born 1971 , Canadian volleyball player. Janis Ian born 1951 , American songwriter and folksinger. Janis Tanaka , a bassist. Fictional characters Janis Ian, a character in the film Mean Girls . Named after the singer songwriter. Janis Gold , a fictional character on 24 TV series . Janis Hawk, a main character in the TV series FlashForward . As a surname Irving Janis , a social psychologist who pioneered the groupthink theory. Elsie Janis 1889 1956 , American musical theatre and vaudeville performer. Byron Janis born 1928 , American concert pianist. No relation to Conrad Janis. Conrad Janis born 1928 , American actor and jazz musician. No relation to Byron Janis. Jaroslav Jani , Czech auto racing driver. Other J nis , ancient Latvian god, or J nis, the most popular modern Latvian given name Janis software , a program by Nuclear Energy Agency NEA to view nuclear information Janis film Janis film , a 1974 film about Janis Joplin Janis , the name of two different albums by Janis Joplin Janis , upcoming pop sensation from Krus na Ligas, Diliman Janis , Japanese software developer disambig de Janis ja no Janis ... more details
Image North Korea Rungrado May Day Stadium 01.jpg thumb Spectator cards complement a mass dance display, Kaeseong , North Korea A collective identity refers to individual s sense of belonging the Identity social science identity to a group the collective . From the perspective of the individual, the collective identity forms a part of his or her Identity social science personal identity . Sometimes, the sense of belonging to a particular group will be so strong that it will trump other aspects of the person s personal identity for example, the person may be willing to assume great risks for the group, even as great as loss of life . Risks Within a collective, agreement is sometimes valued over debate, creating a comfortable cocoon for groupthink . Though this can be overcome through a culture of tolerance for minority opinions or anonymity in the process of the expression of them. See also Collective consciousness Cultural identity Communalism Identity crisis psychology Identity politics Team sport s Collective identity in science fiction Collective identities featured in fiction and in particular, in science fiction may not fit the scientific definition of the term, and may be closer to mind control or the imposition of an artificial identity. Popular examples include Borg Star Trek The Borg House Ordos The Executrix Council The Executrix Council External links http www.globalautonomy.ca global1 glossary entry.jsp?id CO.0075 Globalization and Autonomy Glossary Entry http repositories.cdlib.org csd 01 07 Collective Identity and Expressive Forms http ssh.dukejournals.org cgi content refs 28 3 439 What a Mighty Power We Can Be http www.findarticles.com p articles mi hb3518 is 200212 ai n8309369 Perception of the minority s collective identity and voting behavior The case of the Palestinians in Israel http www.uni kiel.de psychologie ispp references.php references in social pychology http www.history.ucsb.edu faculty marcuse present 972ident.htm http blogs.zdnet.com Ra ... more details
Infobox Book name Figments of Reality title orig translator image image caption author Jack Cohen scientist Jack Cohen and Ian Stewart mathematician Ian Stewart illustrator cover artist country UK language English language English series subject Sociobiology genre publisher Cambridge University Press release date 1997 english release date media type pages 339 isbn 0 52 157155 3 dewey 153.4 2 21 congress BF311 .S679 1997 oclc 36017160 preceded by followed by Figments of Reality The Evolution of the Curious Mind 1997 is a book about the evolution of the intelligent and conscious human mind by biologist Jack Cohen scientist Jack Cohen and mathematician Ian Stewart mathematician Ian Stewart . In this book Cohen and Stewart give their ideas on how the sentient human being evolved. Various chapters discuss scientific and philosophical ideas such as emergence and chaos, free will , perception versus reality, objectivity versus subjectivity, self awareness , the ego and id, groupthink , and extelligence . A theme is that the traditional reductionist approach of trying to understand things as interaction of simpler things can not alone explain such complex concepts as intelligence or culture. To better understand them one has to consider also the context in which they have evolved and the fact that the evolution is a recursive process, often changing the context so that previously unseen evolutionary paths became available. The authors claim that intelligence is an inevitable result of letting evolution progress for long enough. Topics are illustrated with humorous science fiction snippets dealing with a hypothetical alien intelligence, the Zarathustrians, whom Cohen and Stewart use as metaphors of the human mind itself, an alternative evolution story, and various philosophical concepts. References Jack Cohen and Ian Stewart Figments of Reality The Evolution of the Curious Mind , Cambridge University Press, 1997, ISBN 0 52 157155 3 Category Biology books Category Evolutionar ... more details
An availability cascade is a self reinforcing cycle that explains the development of certain kinds of collective beliefs. A novel idea or insight, usually one that seems to explain a complex process in a simple or straightforward manner, gains rapid currency in the popular discourse by its very simplicity and by its apparent insightfulness. Its rising popularity triggers a chain reaction within the social network individuals adopt the new insight because other people within the network have adopted it, and on its face it seems plausible. The reason for this increased use and popularity of the new idea involves both the availability of the previously obscure term or idea, and the need of individuals using the term or idea to appear to be current with the stated beliefs and ideas of others, regardless of whether they in fact fully believe in the idea that they are expressing. Their need for social acceptance, and the apparent sophistication of the new insight, overwhelm their critical thinking. It has been claimed by Holman W. Jenkins, Jr. in an op ed for the Wall Street Journal ref http www.opinionjournal.com columnists hjenkins The Science of Gore s Nobel ref that scientific opinion on climate change might be the result of an availability cascade. The idea of the availability cascade was first developed by Timur Kuran and Cass Sunstein , building upon the concept of information cascades and on the availability bias as identified by Daniel Kahneman and Amos Tversky . The concept has been highly influential in finance theory and regulatory research. ref http papers.ssrn.com sol3 papers.cfm?abstract id 138144 Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation ref References reflist See also Availability bias Information cascade Reputation cascade Circular logic Groupthink The Emperor s New Clothes Category Belief ... more details
Doppelganger week , the first week of February, is an internet meme whereby users of social networking websites change their profile pictures to that of celebrities with whom they share appearance traits. ref name Date cite web accessdate 2010 02 03 url http www.torontosun.com news canada 2010 02 03 12724686.html title Be a celeb for Facebook s Doppelganger Week work Toronto Sun date 2010 02 03 author QMI Agency. ref ref name Date2 cite news accessdate 2010 02 03 url http www.guardian.co.uk media pda 2010 feb 03 digital media facebook doppelganger week title It s Celebrity Doppelganger Week on Facebook work The Guardian date 2010 02 03 author Mercedes Bunz. location London ref The meme started in 2010. ref cite news url http www.time.com time business article 0,8599,1960458,00.html title Facebook s Doppelg nger Week Is Viral Groupthink publisher Time magazine Time accessdate 5 February 2010 date 2010 02 05 first Dan last Fletcher ref Although it was reportedly started by Bob Patel, ref http www.huffingtonpost.com alex grossman interview with bob patel b 438025.html ref who was constantly told by workmates that he looks like Tom Selleck , the earliest record of Doppelganger Week can be found on facebook s Doppelganger Week Page ref http www.facebook.com pages Doppelganger Week 284699971582 ref It s Doppelg nger week on Facebook change your profile picture to someone famous actor, musician, athlete, etc. you have been told you look like. After you update your profile with your twin or switched at birth photo then cut paste this to your status. See also Doppelg nger References http abcnews.go.com Technology celeb doppelgangers fad sweeps facebook story?id 9721883 references Internet stub Category Internet memes ... more details
specialized websites, user moderation will often lead to groupthink , in which any opinion ... will very likely be modded down and censored, leading to the perpetuation of the groupthink mentality ... more details
orphan date August 2009 When people are in groups, they make decisions about risk differently from when they are alone. In the group, they are likely to make riskier decisions, as the shared risk makes the individual risk less. Overview It s a phenomenon in which the initial positions of individual members of a group are exaggerated toward a more extreme position. An example of groupshift is when the fans of a sports team celebrate the win of their team and their celebration turns to destruction of property. What appears to happen in groups is that the discussion leads to a significant shift in the positions of members to award a more extreme position in the direction in which they were already leaning before the discussion . So conservative types become more cautious and the more aggressive types take on more risk. For example, one study examined what would occur if prejudiced students were asked to discuss racial issues and what would happen if non prejudiced students discussed the same racial issues. The prejudiced students became more prejudiced whilst the non prejudiced students became more non prejudiced Myers & Bishop, 1970 . The group discussion tends to exaggerate the initial position of the group. This idea seems to correlate quite well with the basic principles of groupthink , which is a mode of thinking that people engage in when they are deeply involved in a cohesive group, when the members strivings for unanimity override their motivation to realistically appraise alternative courses of action. Groupshift can be seen to be evident within groupthink as a sub set of typical thinking patterns that occur in group situations and can be observed in society in situations such as student bodies, government, sporting teams and jury s Origin The first term for groupshift was Risky Shift that was first coined in the early 1960 s and was used to describe the tendency for groups to take more risks than the same individuals within these groups would have taken had t ... more details
POV check date December 2007 Democracy Anticipatory democracy is a theory of civics relying on democratic decision making that takes into account futurology predictions of future events that have some credibility with the electorate. The phrase was apparently coined by Alvin Toffler in his book Future Shock and was expanded on in the 1978 book Anticipatory Democracy , edited by Clement Bezold . Other well known advocates of the anticipatory approach include Newt Gingrich , Heidi Toffler , K. Eric Drexler , and Robin Hanson . They all advocate approaches where the public, not just experts, participate in this anticipation . To do this anticipation, prediction market s and other risk management techniques may be embedded into bureaucracies and agencies to overcome the groupthink inherent in such bodies, Fact date February 2007 which makes it quite difficult for them to anticipate uncomfortable future events. The FutureMAP program of the Information Awareness Office program of the United States of America United States government proposed a prediction market prior to its cancellation on July 29, 2003. Variants Bioregional democracy can appear as a variant of anticipatory democracy in that it anticipates using a similar scientific process the ecological health outcomes of any given action. However it usually relies more on far less fragile means, and less on compared measures and quantities. An alternative, deliberative democracy , may combine with either the anticipatory or the bioregional model. It relies less on formal models and a market system for betting on future events, and more on discussion. Deliberative, anticipatory and bioregional approaches can all be considered variants of participatory democracy with different thresholds of ease of participation, Legal burden of proof burden of proof , concern for non human life or future generations, and reflection of participants tolerances versus preferences or ideals of truth . Sometimes a deliberative model is descr ... more details
Psychology sidebar Unreferenced date July 2010 Diffusion of responsibility is a social phenomenon which tends to occur in groups of people above a certain critical size when responsibility is not explicitly assigned. This phenomenon rarely ever occurs in small groups. In tests, when in groups of three or fewer, everyone in the group took action. This is as opposed to when in groups of over ten, where in almost every test no one took action. This mindset can be seen in the phrase No one raindrop thinks it caused the flood . Diffusion of responsibility can manifest itself in a group of people who, through action or inaction, allow events to occur which they would never allow if they were alone. Examples include groupthink and the bystander effect . in a group of people working on a task that loses motivation because people feel less responsible and hide their lack of effort in the group social loafing . in hierarchical organization s, such as when underlings claim that they were just following orders and supervisors claim that they were just issuing directives and not doing the deeds. Examples Kitty Genovese , a New York woman, was stabbed to death near her apartment. The initial reports of inaction by witnesses prompted research into possible reasons for that, which helped develop the concepts of diffusion of responsibility and bystander effect . In a firing squad , one or more of the shooters may be randomly issued a weapon containing a blank cartridge rather than a bullet. This allows each of the members of the firing squad to believe that he did not fire a fatal shot. In some electric chair s there are many switches, only one of which is connected. The executioners may then choose to believe that they pulled a non functional switch. Legal uses The third definition of diffusion of responsibility was famously used as a legal defense by many of the Nazi Party Nazis being tried at Nuremberg Trials Nuremberg and later the perpetrators of the My Lai massacre . It has al ... more details
A suggestion box is a device for obtaining additional comments, questions, and requests. In its most basic and traditional form, it is a receptacle with an opening, not unlike an offering box or voting box. The box is used for collecting slips of paper with input from customer s and patron s of a particular organization. Suggestion boxes may also exist internally, within an organization, such as means for garnering employee input. Variations on this method include paper feedback forms which can be sent via postal mail , such as the We value your input or How was the service today? cards found in some restaurants solicitations to provide comments over the telephone , such as a voluntary survey at the end of a transaction with a call center , or even an invitation on a printed store receipt to call and complete a customer satisfaction survey sometimes offered with a product discount or the placement of feedback form web forms on an institution s website . Including mechanisms for customer comments beyond an ordinary point of service has several benefits. Suggestion boxes provide some degree of detachment or sometimes, especially with computer mediated communication , complete anonymity from the person or service economics service that a customer may be critiquing, and may therefore yield more frank and open feedback, thereby providing greater opportunities for obtaining accurate market research data and improving customer relations . The internal routing of comments within an organization may also provide those without direct contact with customers a realistic appraisal of the quality of customer care being given. The external routing of responses to received suggestions, such as by posting responses to questions and requests on a physical or virtual bulletin board, may also help educate consumers and improve a company s image and customer loyalty . Gathering employee comments with a suggestion box can also be fruitful, especially in groupthink prone environments and ... more details
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