File Groundglass stopper.jpg thumb Groundglass stoppers. Groundglass is glass whose surface has been ... matte finish. Groundglass surfaces have many applications, ranging from mere ornamentation ... In photography , a sheet of groundglass is used for the manual focus optics focusing in some camera ... of groundglass at the Cardinal point optics Focal points and planes focal plane to focus the scene ... is taken, the groundglass viewer is inserted in the back of the camera, and the lens opened to its widest aperture . This projects the scene on the groundglass upside down and backwards. The photographer ... the image of the old time photographer with his head stuck under a large black cloth. A groundglass ... camera. In motion picture cameras, the groundglass is a small, usually removable piece of transparent glass that sits between the rotary disc shutter and the viewfinder. The groundglass usually contains ... , or any other important information. Because the groundglass is positioned between the mirror shutter ... of that aspect ratio, but also for the groundglass to be properly aligned in the camera so that the markings ... Groundglass is widely used as a weather and heat proof light diffuser in ambient lighting, namely on glass .... Chemistry Groundglass surfaces are often found on the glass equipment of chemistry chemical laboratory ... by groundglass joint s, matching pairs of cone geometry conical or sphere geometry spherical surfaces that have been ground to a precise shape. Flasks and test tube s often have a small groundglass label area on the side. Pencil writing on groundglass is largely inert, rub proof and waterproof, but can be easily erased. Technical optics Microscopes often include a groundglass diffusing element ..., thus softening the edges for safer handling. See also Focusing screen Groundglass joint s Groundglass hepatocyte External links http www.panavision.com ground glass.php Ground glasses available from Panavision http www.xs4all.nl lommen9 focus index.html Groundglass focusing with the Speed ... more details
glass joint open.jpg right thumb A 45 50 groundglass joint between an Erlenmeyer flask and a Condenser laboratory Allihn condenser condenser . Image Groundglass joint closed.jpg right thumb The same joint, closed. Groundglass joints are used in laboratories to quickly and easily fit leak tight ... , and oil bubbler with groundglass joints may be rapidly fitted together to reflux a reaction ... inner spaces of the glassware components, groundglass joints are hollow on the inside and open at the ends, except for stoppers. History Crude versions of conically tapered groundglass joints have ..., groundglass joints can be precisely ground to a reproducible taper or shape. They are made to join ... joint with the groundglass surface facing outward and the other would have an outer or female joint of a correspondingly fitting taper with the groundglass surface facing inward. Joint types Two general types of groundglass joints are fairly commonly used joints which are slightly conically tapered ... Taper Symbol.svg frame right Standard Taper symbol The conically tapered groundglass joints ... of the inner joint. sup if possible mark on picture sup The second number represents the groundglass ... only by the maximum diameter number. Citation needed date February 2007 Image Conical GroundGlass Joints.PNG frame center Conically tapered groundglass joints. Inner male joint shown on the left and outer female joint shown on the right. Groundglass surfaces are shown with gray shading. By assembling ... they are fused. The ball tip is a hemisphere with a groundglass surface on the outside, which fits inside of the socket, where the groundglass surface is on the inside. Ball and socket joints ... diameter of the tube fused to the joint. ref name joints Image Ball and socket groundglass joints.PNG frame center Groundglass ball left and socket right joints. The groundglass surfaces ..., with some grease applied to the groundglass surfaces. For either standard taper joints or ball ... more details
Image Groundglass hepatocytes high mag cropped 2.jpg thumb right 350px Micrograph showing groundglass hepatocytes . H&E stain . In liver pathology , a groundglass hepatocyte , abbreviated GGH , is a liver parenchyma l cell biology cell with a flat hazy and uniformly dull appearing cytoplasm on light microscopy . The cytoplasm s granular homogeneous eosinophilic staining is caused by the presence of HBsAg. The appearance is classically associated with abundant hepatitis B antigen in the endoplasmic reticulum , but may also be drug induced. ref name pmid1162516 Cite journal last1 Cohen first1 C title Groundglass hepatocytes. journal S Afr Med J volume 49 issue 34 pages 1401 3 month Aug year 1975 doi pmid 1162516 ref ref name pmid18505413 Cite journal last1 Su first1 IJ last2 Wang first2 HC last3 Wu first3 HC last4 Huang first4 WY title Groundglass hepatocytes contain pre S mutants and represent preneoplastic lesions in chronic hepatitis B virus infection. journal J Gastroenterol Hepatol volume 23 issue 8 Pt 1 pages 1169 74 month Aug year 2008 doi 10.1111 j.1440 1746.2008.05348.x pmid ... first3 C last4 Popper first4 H title Cytoplasmic hepatitis B antigen in groundglass hepatocytes ... ref Types of groundglass hepatocytes Several different types of GGHs are recognized ref name pmid14633616 ... N last5 Lei first5 HY last6 Su first6 IJ title Different types of groundglass hepatocytes in chronic ... HC last3 Wu first3 HC last4 Huang first4 WY title Groundglass hepatocytes contain pre S mutants ... Mallory body Viral hepatitis Drug reaction Additional images gallery Image Groundglass hepatocytes high mag cropped.jpg Micrograph showing groundglass hepatocytes . H&E stain . Image Groundglass hepatocytes high mag.jpg Micrograph showing groundglass hepatocytes . H&E stain . Image Groundglass hepatocytes intermed mag.jpg Micrograph showing groundglass hepatocytes . H&E stain . gallery References ... 10534 PAXIT052.JPG Image of groundglass hepatocyte med.ohio state.edu. http www.pathconsultddx.com ... more details
glass formed by meteorite impact, from esk Krumlov District Besednice , Bohemia File Roman diatretglas.jpg ... mouth blown window glass in Sweden Kosta Glasbruk , 1742 . In the middle is the mark from the glassblowing glassblower s pipe. Glass is an Amorphous solid amorphous non crystal crystalline solid material. Glasses are typically brittle , and often optically transparent . The most familiar type of glass, used for centuries in window s and List of glassware drinking vessels , is soda lime glass , made ... CaO , and several minor additives. Often, the term glass is used in a restricted sense to refer to this specific use. In science, however, the term glass is usually defined in a much wider sense, including ... a glass transition when heated towards the liquid state. In this wider sense, glasses can ... liquids, and polymers. For many applications Glass Bottles bottles , eyewear disambiguation eyewear polymer glasses acrylic glass , polyethylene terephthalate are a lighter alternative to traditional silica glasses. Glass, as a substance, plays an essential role in science and industry. Their chemical ... glass , container glass , optics and optoelectronics material, laboratory equipment , thermal insulator glass wool , reinforcement materials glass reinforced plastic , glass fiber reinforced concrete , and glass art art glass , studio glass . Silicate glass Silica the chemical compound SiO sub 2 sub is a common fundamental constitute of glass. In nature, vitrification of quartz occurs when ... History of glass The history of creating glass can be traced back to 3500 BCE in Mesopotamia . ref cite web url http www.glassonline.com infoserv history.html title Glass Online The History of Glass accessdate 2010 09 30 ref The term glass developed in the late Roman Empire . It was in the Roman glass making center at Trier , now in modern Germany, that the late Latin term glesum originated, probably ... G T Foulis & Co Ltd place Henley on Thames year 1972 isbn 0854291172 ref Glass ingredients Image Piasek ... more details
wiktionary groundGround may refer to Earth s surface Soil , a mixture of clay, sand and organic matter present on the surface of the Earth and serving as substrate for plant growth and micro organisms development Ground, in electrical engineering, something that is connected to the Earth or at the voltage defined as zero in the U.S., called ground in the UK, called earth Earthing system Ground electricity Ground and neutral Ground often grounds , in law , a rational motive, basis for a belief or conviction, for an action taken, such as a legal action or argument reason or cause Grounds for divorce Grounds for dismissal Common ground , in communication, people sharing some common understanding Coffee Coffee ground , grinded ground coffee beans Socially grounded argument, in philosophy , those which take as their starting point social conditions Ground bass , in music, a bass part that continually repeats, while the melody and harmony over it change Ground tissue , one of the three types of tissue systems in a plant Ground term, in First order logic symbolic logic , a term with no variables Ground surface, often on metals, created by various grinding operations Stadium Football stadium Ground unit , a unit of area used in India See also lookfrom intitle Grounding disambiguation Grounded disambiguation Earth disambiguation Grind disambiguation possible misspelling disambig de Gel nde Begriffskl rung fr Terrain ja pl Grunt uk ... more details
Infobox single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name Throw It On the Ground Cover Artist The Lonely Island Released Start date 2009 10 3 Recorded 2009 Format Music download Digital download Genre Comedy hip hop br Electro music Electro Length 2 44 Label Universal Republic Records Writer Andy Samberg , Akiva Schaffer , Jorma Taccone Certification Gold small Australian Recording Industry Association ARIA small , small Canadian Recording Industry Association CRIA small On the Ground also known as Throw It on the Ground is a song sung by the band The Lonely Island and an SNL Digital Shorts SNL Digital Short which aired on Saturday Night Live on October 3, 2009. Andy Samberg is the lone member of the band who appears in the video. He plays a character who walks down a city street and throws things he is given on the ground ref http www.imdb.com title tt0072562 episodes ref . Celebrity Appearances Elijah Wood and Ryan Reynolds both appear in the music video for On the Ground . Reynolds was the host of Saturday Night Live on the episode when the video premiered ref http www.thelonelyisland.com video on the ground ref . They both played themselves in the video. Plot The video starts with Samberg s character walking down a street as a man who is advertising an energy drink approaches him. The man claims that the drink will make him run faster, jump higher . Samberg then takes the drink and throws it on the ground. The scene changes to another location with a hot dog stand . The hot dog ... responds by saying that he is not a charity case and takes the hot dog and throws it on the ground ... takes it and throws it on the ground. Samberg then appears at a birthday party and a little boy hands him a piece of cake. Samberg responds saying happy birthday to the ground and throws the piece of cake on the ground. Samberg then comes across actors Ryan Reynolds and Elijah Woods having dinner together ... youtube UcPo4rTSPQo On the Ground Category The Lonely Island songs Category 2010 singles Category Saturday ... more details
Infobox Album Name To The Ground Type Album Artist Kerfuffle Commented out because image was deleted Cover Kerfuffle Links.jpg Released tbc, 2008 Recorded December 2007 January 2008 Genre Folk music Folk Length tbc Label RootBeat Records Producer Kerfuffle & Andrew Bell Reviews Last album Links album Links br 2006 This album To The Ground br 2008 Next album Lighten The Dark A Midwinter Album br 2009 To The Ground is the fourth album by folk band Kerfuffle . Track listing Katie Shaw Dr Letcher s Favourite Down by the Greenwood Side Rondo Arise Arise Castleton Carol Betty Corrigal s Lament The Trip The Snows Two Sisters Bonaparte s Retreat The Rogue s March references DEFAULTSORT To The Ground Category 2008 albums Category Kerfuffle albums 2000s folk album stub ... more details
Refimprove auto yes date December 2009 Glass tubes or glass tubing are hollow pieces of borosilicate or flint glass flint glass used primarily as laboratory glassware . Glass tubing is commercially available in various thicknesses and lengths. Glass tubing is frequently attached to Stopper plug rubber stopper s. In the past, scientists constructed their own laboratory apparatus prior to the ubiquity of interchangeable groundglass joint s. Today, commercially available parts connected by groundglass joints are preferred where specialized glassware are required, they are made to measure using commercially available glass tubes by specialist glassblower s. For example, a Schlenk line is made of two large glass tubes, connected by stopcocks and smaller glass tubes, which are further connected to plastic hoses. Modifying Although modifying glass tubing is no longer an essential laboratory technique , many are still familiar with the basic methods. A glass cutter is used to break pieces of glass tubing into smaller pieces. Freshly cut edges are Flame polishing flame polished before use to remove the rough edge. Glass tubing can be bent by heating evenly over a Bunsen burner Bunsen flame to red heat . Hose barb s can be added to tubing, giving a better grip and seal for attaching plastic or rubber tubing. ref cite book last Turpin first G. S. title Practical Inorganic Chemistry publisher Forgotten Books pages 29 32 url http books.google.com books?id 1HTOfyTaWgYC&printsec frontcover&dq practical inorganic chemistry&hl en&ei LyEMTduFJIWglAfjg8C0DA&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CCkQ6AEwAA v onepage&q&f false ref References Reflist Laboratory equipment DEFAULTSORT Glass Tube Category Laboratory glassware chemistry stub Glass stub he sr ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 blockquote This article is about a structural feature. For the expression concerning limitations on advancement, see glass ceiling . For the 2004 Maritime album, see Glass Floor . blockquote Image Looking down from Tower.jpg thumb right 200px Looking through the Glass Floor of the Blackpool Tower in Lancashire , England . A glass floor is a Transparency optics transparent section of a floor , found most often in building s usually in the observation decks of tower s or boat s in order to facilitate viewing directly beneath where one is standing. Usually made of a reinforced glass , the most common use is as a tourism tourist attraction . Glass bottom boat s are popular for allowing a better view into the body of water water . Glass as a flooring material is used in both residential and commercial structures. Special hollow glass block s known as glass paver s are often used in combination with a metal Space frame frame . At 4000 feet 1219 m , the highest glass floor above ground is the novel outdoor application of the Grand Canyon Skywalk , operated by the Hualapai Indian tribe. The highest above ground level in a freestanding structure is in the CN Tower in Toronto , Ontario at 1122 feet 342 m . Picture gallery gallery Image Calgary Tower s Glass Floor.jpg Calgary Tower Image VIEW FROM CN TOWER..JPG CN Tower , Toronto Image CNTowerNastyFall.jpg CN Tower , Toronto Image Glassfloor.jpg Spinnaker Tower Image Ostankino glass floor.JPG Ostankino Tower , Moscow Image Tokyo Tower look down window.JPG Tokyo Tower , Tokyo gallery DEFAULTSORT Glass Floor Category Floors Category Glass architecture Element arch stub pt Piso de vidro ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2009 Expert subject Glass date February 2009 Glass of antimony , vitrum antimonii , is a transparent glass created from a preparation of antimony, historically used as an emetic . It was created using crude antimony , ground and calcined by a vehement fire, in an earthen crucible , until it no longer fumed, indicating that its sulfur was evaporated. The remaining substance calx was then Glass transition vitrified in a wind furnace , upon which it became transparent, ruddy, and shining. It has been considered the strongest emetic of any preparation of antimony. Yet, if dissolved in spirit of urine , it ceased to be either emetic or catharsis cathartic . See also antimonial antimonial cup Category Emetics Category Glass types pharma stub glass material stub ... more details
Duncan Glass Company s Georgian pattern on a pitcher in ruby red Elegant Glass is high quality glassware ... stores and given as wedding gifts ref name dep v eleg Elegant Glass is Not Depression Glass Just Glass Online. Designer Glassware, Vintage Art Glass, Depression Glass & Collectible Glass Just Glass ... collectibles elegant glass is not depression glass.html . ref . When new, Elegant Glass would cost more than its oft confused counterpart, Depression glass , because it was at least partially ... Glass was an alternative to fine china. Most of the Elegant Glassware manufacturers closed by the end ... Glass was at least partially hand made during production ref Depression Glass, Elegant Glass and Depression Glass Manufacturers Just Glass Online. Designer Glassware, Vintage Art Glass, Depression Glass & Collectible Glass Just Glass Online. Stephen Thornton Internet Consulting Services. Web. 7 January 2010. http www.justglass online.com depression glass depression glass elegant glass and depression glass manufacturers.html ref . Elegant Glass manufacturers produced vibrant colors that varied far more than Depression Glass ref name dep v eleg . Shades of red, blue, green, amber, yellow, smoke ... a look at a piece of cobalt Elegant Glass and place is along side a piece of cobalt Depression Glass. The intensity of the former piece is quite evident. Pressed Elegant Glass was fire polished to get rid of the flaws in the glass. The normal flaws found in pressed glass straw marks, raised seams, etc. were removed. The base of bowls, platters, etc. was ground so it would sit evenly on a table. Many patterns of Elegant Glass were embellished with acid etching, cutting, enamel decoration, gold encrustation, platinum and gold trim ref name dep v eleg . Sale and marketing Elegant Glass was sold ... expensive. Many consumers purchased Elegant Glass and placed it on display, only using it for very special occasions ref name dep v eleg . Products Elegant glass patterns had a wide range of items ... more details
Refimprove date January 2008 Architectural glass is glass that is used as a building material . It is most ..., including windows in the external walls. Glass is also used for internal partitions and as an architectural feature. When used in buildings, glass is often of a safety type, which include reinforced ... of every century from the 16th to the 20th included. Cast glass Cast glass windows, albeit ... luxurious villas of Herculaneum and Pompeii. ref Glass Online http www.glassonline.com infoserv history.html A Brief History of Glass ref Crown glass Image Window Glass 01 .JPG thumb The concentric arcs that distort some of these panes indicate they are crown glass, possibly of the 16th century. main Crown glass window One of the earliest methods of glass window manufacture was the crown glass method. Hot blown glass was cut open opposite the pipe, then rapidly spun on a table before it could cool. Centrifugal force shaped the hot globe of glass into a round, flat sheet. The sheet would then be broken ... of crown glass, a thick remnant of the original blown bottle neck would remain, hence the name bullseye. Optical distortions produced by the bullseye could be reduced by grinding the glass. The development ... panes could be conveniently cut from a piece of Crown glass, with minimum waste and with minimum distortion. This method for manufacturing flat glass panels was very expensive and could not be used to make ..., but it is still used in traditional construction and restoration. Cylinder glass main Cylinder blown sheet Machine drawn cylinder sheet In this manufacturing process glass is blown into a cylindrical ... is then placed in an oven where the cylinder unrolls into a flat glass sheet. Drawn Sheet glass Fourcault process Image DistortedGlass.wmg.jpg right thumb The uneven surface of old glass is visible in the reflection on this window pane. Drawn Sheet glass was made by dipping a leader into a vat of molten glass then pulling that leader straight up while a film of glass hardened just out of the vat ... more details
remain deliberately visible afterwards or frit , ground or powdered glass. Moulds ...File Higgins glass A.jpg thumb Higgins Glass , fused and slumped ashtray and bowl File Grotjohann 04.JPG thumb upright Fused glass piece with dichroic glass highlights Warm glass or kiln formed glass is the working of glass , usually for art glass artistic purposes, by heating it in a kiln . The processes used depend on the temperature reached and range from Stained glass fusing fusing and slumping to glass casting casting . Warm glass is in contrast to the many cold working glass processes, such as leaded glass . Hot glass, glass blowing or lampworking is the working of glass in a direct flame, such as for laboratory glassware and beadmaking . Processes Warm glass working uses a variety of processes, according to the working temperature and the time the glass spends at this temperature. The glass becomes progressively softer, less rigid and less viscous with temperature. Kiln worked glass unlike lamp working responds slowly though, and so the amount by which this affects the glass depends ... and also on slight variations of temperature. These processes are Fusing Fusing The glass retains its shape, but becomes sticky and adjacent glass pieces join together. Slumping Slumping The glass deforms in shape, becoming flexible but still retaining its approximate solid form. Casting Casting The glass ... mould . It is common for one piece to use several of these processes in turn. Coloured glass may be fused together to make a composite multi coloured sheet. This glass is then cut cold and re ... to shape it. Glass is usually worked for only one process in a heating cycle. Where a piece requires ... thumb Fused glass platter Commonscat inline Glassfusing main Stained glass fusing Fusing is the use of heat to join the glass by fusion welding , either with or without an associated change in shape, depending ... Warm Glass publisher year isbn ref Walker, Contemporary Warm Glass url http www.warmglass.com ... more details
would stain ordinary steel knives. They were molded in tempered glass with ground edges. Citation needed date October 2008 In popular culture Glass knives are the weapon of choice of the antagonist ...Unreferenced date March 2011 A glass knife is a knife with a blade composed of glass . The cutting edge of a glass knife is formed from a fracture line, and is extremely sharp. Glass knives were used in antiquity ... electron microscope electron microscopy , glass knives are used to make the ultrathin sections needed for imaging. History Beginning in the Stone Age , glass knives and other tools, such as arrowheads ... glass knives were once the blade of choice for the ultrathin sectioning required in Transmission ... with the sharpness of broken glass. The advent of diamond knives quickly relegated glass knives to a second rate status. However, some labs still exclusively use glass knives because they are several thousand times less expensive than diamond knives. A common practice is to use a glass knife only to cut the block which contains the sample to near the location of the specimen to be examined. Then, the glass ... performance is critical. However, this practice of facing with a glass knife brings the risk of glass shards becoming embedded in the sample, thus damaging the diamond knife during sectioning. Manufacture Glass knives can be produced by hand using pliers with two raised bumps on one jaw ... are used in most electron microscopy laboratories to ensure repeatable results. The glass used typically starts out as convert 1 in mm adj mid wide strips of convert 1 4 in mm adj mid thick plate glass, which is cut into convert 1 in cm squares. The glass square is then scored across the diagonal with a steel or tungsten carbide glass cutting wheel to determine where the square will break, and pressure ..., Dur X glass fruit and cake knives were sold for use in kitchens under a 1938 US Patent. Before ... to be molecule thin at the edges. References refs DEFAULTSORT Glass Knife Category Microscopy ... more details
Definitions of Art Glass can be as complex and contentious as definitions of what constitutes Art and will inevitably include many refinements and exceptions. On the one hand Art Glass is not quite of the size, uniqueness and scope to be considered as Art unlike glass art but on the other, was designed ... than for any possible or originally intended use. Art Glass has been almost exclusively intended ... work. However this last distinction today is becoming moot as glass artists strive to produce works of ever increasing distinction whether commissioned or not. At its broadest level Art Glass can most easily be defined in opposition to glass for utilitarian purposes where the usability is more ... and for the catering & hospitality industries as well as glass packaging, scientific, industrial and architectural glass. Terminology Manufacturing techniques There are two main techniques used to produce Art glass moulding or pressing & Glassblowing but there are many others. Some techniques sound very similar but have very important distinctions. Moulded glass Moulded Glass also known by collectors as Pressed Glass is most often made by machine but can be done by hand although in practise, much less often. Blown glass Glassblowing is historically the most used technique in Art Glass and is still favoured by most of today s Studio glass artists. This is because of its intimacy with the material .... Blown Glass refers only to individually hand made items but can include the use of moulds for shaping, ribbing & spiking to produce decorative bubbles. Not all blown glass is Art Glass . One ... and blow methods Similar sounding terms Glass production Forming process blow and blow & press and blow methods are very different mechanized, commercial techniques used for glass packaging such as bottles and containers for food, toiletries and cosmetics. Contemporary art glass As a small scale craft based industry, contemporary art glass survives on the patronage of those with the means to buy ... more details
, and later gave its name to Darwin Crater , a probable impact crater , and the inferred source of the glass. Occurrence Fragments of Darwin glass are found scattered over a 410 km area. Such an area is called a strewn field . On slopes and flat ground between 250 and 500 m elevation, the glass ...Image Darwin glass.jpg thumb 250px right Assorted fragments of Darwin glass scale in mm Darwin glass is a natural glass found south of Queenstown, Tasmania Queenstown in West Coast, Tasmania . It takes ... than 500 m, the bedrock is directly exposed to the air, and Darwin glass occurs occasionally on the surface. In valleys below 220 m the Darwin glass is buried below peat and sediments. The glass occurs ... . Darwin glass is rare in the crater itself. In controlled excavations of gravel deposits the abundance of Darwin glass was found to vary from 0.3 to 47 kg m . The highest abundance was found about ... glass, or about 10000 m , occurs in this 50 km area. The amount of glass is large compared with the size of the crater. Preservation is helped by acid ground water which does not dissolve the glass, but this alone cannot explain the glass abundance. There is so much glass present that the glass ... Glass . KT Howard and PW Haines ref Nature The glass is light to dark green, white or black. The glass ... glass when composition is measured. Type 1 is normally white or green whereas type 2 is normally black to dark green. The dark glass contains less silica and more magnesium and iron than the light green glass. The dark glass is also enriched in chromium , nickel and cobalt . A possible explanation ... rock s, the type 2 glass also contains a component of extraterrestrial material from the meteorite ... In Darwin Impact Glass , 66th Annual Meteoritical Society Meeting 2003 ref Darwin glass has been ... Science 37, p 1555 2002 http argonlab.gl.ntu.edu.tw papers Lo MPS02.pdf paper ref Crater The glass ... references External links Commonscat Desert glass Desert glass http www.meteorite times.com Back ... more details
sections date February 2011 wikify date February 2011 A dappen glass also called a Dappen Dish is a small, dense glass or ceramic vessel which has each end ground or hollowed out to provide a bowl for mixing substances. Generally these dishes have ten equal walls decagon with a large bowl on one side and a smaller bowl ground out on the other. Dappen glasses are most commonly used in dentistry, as vessels for mixing dental medicaments or fillings, ref name webster http www.merriam webster.com medical dappen 20dish Merriam Webster definition ref though they have also come to be used by artists for mixing inks or paints , the cosmetics beauty industry for holding small quantities of nail polishes or dyes, and chemistry labs. The term Dappen Glass is sometimes mistakenly applied to any dish that has two or more concave surfaces that is used for storing or mixing substances. references Category Laboratory glassware ... more details
mouth blown technique. In addition, beads can be fused from sheet glass or using groundglass. Modern ... from commercially available glass seed beads and recycled glass. Molded groundglass, if painted ...Refimprove date December 2009 The technology for glass beadmaking is among the oldest human arts, dating back 3,000 years Dubin, 1987 . Citation needed date November 2008 Glass bead s have been dated back to at least Ancient Rome Roman times. Perhaps the earliest glass like beads were Egyptian faience ... glass beads Common types of glass bead manufacture Glass beads are usually categorized by the method used to manipulate the glass wound beads, drawn beads, and molded beads. There are composites, such as millefiori beads, where cross sections of a drawn glass cane are applied to a wound glass core. A very minor industry in blown glass beads also existed in 19th century Venice and France. Wound glass beads Probably the earliest beads of true glass were made by the winding method. Glass at a temperature ... of the bead may be decorated with fine rods called stringers of colored glass. These are a type of lampwork beads. Drawn glass beads The drawing of glass is also very ancient. Evidence of large scale drawn glass beadmaking has been found by archeologists in India, at sites like Arekamedu dating to the 2nd ... to Great Zimbabwe in southern Africa. Kanungo, A. K. 2004 Glass Beads in Ancient India ... of glass in such a way as to incorporate a bubble in the center of the strand to serve as the hole ... of hot glass and pulling the glass strand out around it, to form a continuous glass tube. In the Venetian bead industry, molten glass was gathered on the end of a tool called a puntile puntying up , a bubble was incorporated into the center of a gather of molten glass, and a second puntile was attached ..., strung onto hanks for sale. The most common type of modern glass bead is the bead Seed beads ... in very large quantities.They are a modern example of mechanically drawn glass beads. The micro ... more details
. Handles and feet were applied separately. The rod was subsequently allowed to cool as the glass slowly Annealing glass annealed and was eventually removed from the center of the vessel, after which the core material was scraped out. Glass shapes for inlay s were also often created in moulds. Much early glass production, however, relied on grinding techniques borrowed from stone working. This meant that the glass was ground and carved in a cold state. By the 15th century BCE extensive glass production ... glass is tinted in two ways firstly, a natural coloring agent is ground and melted with the glass ... from Olbia 2 retouched.jpg thumb Ancient Greece Ancient Greek glass amphora , Hellenistic period ... . Origins of glass making Naturally occurring glass , especially the volcanic glass obsidian , has ... suggests that the first true glass was made in coastal north Syria, Mesopotamia or Old Kingdom Old Kingdom Egypt . ref cite web url http www.glassonline.com infoserv history.html title Glass Online The History of Glass accessdate 2007 10 29 ref Because of Egypt s favorable environment for preservation, the majority of well studied early glass is found there, although some of this is likely to have been imported. The earliest known glass objects, of the mid third millennium BCE, were beads, perhaps ... of Egyptian faience faience , a pre glass vitreous material made by a process similar to glazing ... of the first glass. ref During the Late Bronze Age in Egypt e.g., the Ahhotep I Ahhotep Treasure and Western ... Lilyquist title Granulation and Glass Chronological and Stylistic Investigations at Selected ... in glass making technology. Archaeological finds from this period include colored glass ingots , vessels ... stones and the ubiquitous beads. The alkali of Syrian and Egyptian glass was soda ash , sodium ... see saltwort . The earliest vessels were core wound , produced by winding a ductile rope of glass ... of thin glass of different colors made with admixtures of oxides were subsequently wound around ... more details
glass floats. Floats from this production are found in the ground where this factory was located, but are unmarked. The earliest evidence of glass floats being used by fishermen comes from Norway in 1844 where small egg sized floats were used with fishing line and hooks. Around the same time, glass was also used to support fishing nets. By the 1940s, glass had replaced wood or cork throughout much of Europe, Russia, North American, and Japan. Japan started using the glass floats as early as 1910. Today, most of the remaining glass floats originated in Japan because it had a large deep sea fishing industry which made extensive use of the floats some made by Taiwan , Korea and China . Glass floats ...Image Large Glass Fishing Float with Net 1.JPG thumb 250px right A Japanese glass fishing float Glass floats , glass fishing floats , or Japanese glass fishing floats are popular collectors items. They were ... near the surface by hollow glass balls or cylinders containing air to give them buoyancy. These glass floats are no longer being used by fishermen, but many of them are still afloat in the world ... and decorators. Replicas are also being manufactured. History Image Glass Float Small.JPG right 200px thumb Small glass float from southern tip of Taiwan Norway was the first country to start production and use of glass fishing floats around 1840, many of which can still be found in local boathouses. Christopher Faye, a Norwegian merchant from Bergen, is credited for their invention. The glass float .... Berg. The first time these modern glass fishing floats are mentioned is in the production registry ..., there might have been some other versions of glass floats in use before that time. In the early ... left 300px Mark of the Asahi Glass Company The earliest floats, including most Japanese glass fishing floats, were hand made by a glassblowing glassblower . Recycled glass, especially old sake bottles, was typically used and air bubbles in the glass are a result of the rapid recycling process. After ... more details
beakers and a test tube . Borosilicate glass is a type of glass with the main glass forming constituents ... C , making them resistant to thermal shock , more so than any other common glass. Such glass is less ... glass was first developed by German glassmaker Otto Schott in the late 19th century ref name vogel Werner Vogel Glass Chemistry Springer Verlag Berlin and Heidelberg GmbH & Co. K 2nd revised ... Incorporated Corning Glass Works introduced Pyrex in 1915, it became a synonym for borosilicate glass in the English speaking world. The European manufacturer of Pyrex, Arc International, uses borosilicate glass in its Pyrex glass kitchen products ref http www.arc international cookware.com en ... tempered soda lime glass . ref cite web url http www.snopes.com food warnings pyrex.asp title Exploding Pyrex accessdate 2009 10 27 ref Thus Pyrex can refer to either soda lime glass or borosilicate glass when discussing kitchen glassware, while Pyrex, Bomex, Duran and Kimax all refer to borosilicate glass when discussing laboratory glassware . Most borosilicate glass is colorless. Colored borosilicate, for the studio glass trade, was first widely brought onto the market in 1986 when Paul Trautman ... employee Henry Grimmett started Glass Alchemy and developed the first cadmium Crayon Colors and aventurine ... glass. Typically, the resulting glass composition is about 70 silica , 10 boron oxide , 8 sodium ... to make than traditional glass Corning conducted a major revamp of their operations to make it , it is economical ... process Borosilicate glass is created by adding boron to the traditional glassmaker s frit of silicate sand , sodium carbonate soda , and ground lime. Since borosilicate glass melts at a higher temperature than ordinary silicate glass , some new techniques were required for industrial .... Composition and physical characteristics Borosilicate glass has a very low thermal expansion coefficient, about one third that of ordinary glass. This reduces material stresses caused by temperature ... more details
Crown glass is either of two kinds of glass Crown glass window was a type of hand blown window glass. Crown glass optics is a type of optical glass used in lenses. disambig ... more details
Glass melting might refer to Glass production Hot end Commercial glass melting using fossil fuel s Commercial electric glass melting Glass Glassmaking in the laboratory Glass melting in the laboratory disambig ... more details
colors for their intricate crests and creatures. In the medieval period the glass was abraded ground ... of the glass in a special glass paint which contains finely ground lead or copper filings, ground ... introduced, most of them coloured by groundglass particles. They were a form of enamel. Painting on glass ... glass. The term stained glass can refer to coloured glass as a material or to works produced ... as windows, the creations of modern stained glass artists also include three dimensional structures and sculpture . Modern vernacular usage has often extended the term stained glass to include domestic ... lamps of Louis Comfort Tiffany . As a material stained glass is glass that has been coloured by adding Salt chemistry metallic salts during its manufacture. The coloured glass is crafted into stained glass windows in which small pieces of glass are arranged to form patterns or pictures, held ... stain are often used to enhance the design. The term stained glass is also applied to windows in which the colours have been painted onto the glass and then fused to the glass in a kiln. Stained glass ... survived. In this context, the purpose of a stained glass window is not to allow those within a building ... stained glass windows have been described as illuminated wall decorations . The design of a window ... the arts and sciences or within a home flora, fauna, or landscape. Manufacture Glass production Glass factories were set up where there was a ready supply of silica, the essential material for glass ... the weakened network and make the glass more stable. Glass is colored by adding metallic oxides while it is in a molten state. Copper oxides produce green, cobalt makes blue, and gold produces red glass. Much modern red glass is produced using copper, which is less expensive than gold and gives a brighter, more vermilion shade of red. Glass colored while in the clay pot in the furnace is known as pot metal glass, as opposed to flashed glass . Cylinder glass or Muff Using a blow pipe, a gather glob ... more details
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