about the naturally occurring small D small form of glucose the small L small form L Glucose Chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 464190891 Name small D small glucose ImageFile1 Glucose chain structure.svg ImageSize1 180 ImageCaption1 ImageFile2 D glucose chain 3D balls.png ImageSize2 180 ImageCaption2 PIN D glucose SystematicName 2 R ,3 S ,4 R ,5 R 2,3,4,5,6 Pentahydroxyhexanal OtherNames Blood sugar br Dextrose br Corn sugar br small D small Glucose br Grape sugar Section1 Chembox Identifiers ... Glucose ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 4167 KEGG Ref keggcite changed kegg KEGG C00031 ... sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 180.16 g mol ExactMass 180.063388 MeltingPt small D small glucose 146 C br small D small glucose 150 C Density 1.54 g cm sup 3 sup Solubility 91 ... Heat capacity measurements and thermodynamic functions of crystalline D glucose at temperatures ... icsc icsc eics0865.htm ICSC 0865 EUIndex not listed This article is about D glucose or dextrose, as noted in the hatnote at the top. The article is NOT about the term Glucose or its denotations. Keep the intro simple. Glucose IPAc en l u k o s or IPAc en k o z C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub , also known as small D small glucose , dextrose , or grape sugar is a simple sugar monosaccharide ... intermediate. Glucose is one of the main products of photosynthesis and starts cellular respiration . Glucose exists in several different structures, but all of these structures can be divided into two ... derived from the right handed form of glucose, denoted small D small glucose. small D small glucose is often referred to as dextrose. The term dextrose is derived from dextrorotatory glucose . ref citation ... and cellulose are polymer s derived from the dehydration of small D small glucose. The other stereoisomer, called L glucose small L small glucose , is hardly found in nature. The name glucose comes ... of the molecules. Function File Glucose metabolism.svg thumb Glucose metabolism and various ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date December 2009 The glucose cycle also known as the hepatic futile cycle occurs primarily in the liver and is the dynamic equilibrium between glucose and glucose 6 phosphate . This is important for maintaining a constant concentration of glucose in the blood stream . Function The glucose cycle is required for one of the liver functions the homeostasis of glucose in the blood stream. When blood glucose levels are in excess, glucose can be stored in the liver as glycogen . When glucose levels in the blood stream are low the glycogen can be catabolism catabolised and glucose may re enter the blood stream. The catabolic process occurs at the nonreducing end of glycogen. A phosphate group breaks the bond between C 1 of a glucose ring and the O that connects it to the next phosphorolysis . One glucose unit is thus split off. Glycogen with n glucose units is converted into G 1 P a PO sub 4 sub group now attaches to C1 where O used to and glycogen with n 1 glucose units by enzyme glycogen phosphorylase. G 1 P is then converted into G 6 P by enzyme phosphoglucomutase. A water molecule hydrolyses G 6 P to glucose, the enzyme is glucose 6 phosphatase. Cell specificity When glucose enters a cell it is rapidly changed to glucose 6 phosphate, by hexokinase . The glucose cycle can occur in liver cells due to a liver specific enzyme glucose 6 phosphatase , which catalyse the dephosphorylation of glucose 6 phosphate back to glucose. Glucose ... glucose in the blood due body being in catabolic state. Other cells such as muscle and brain cells do not contain glucose 6 phosphatase. As a result, any glucose 6 phosphate produced in those cells ... of glucose cycle Flux through the glucose cycle is regulated by several hormones including insulin and glucagon as well as allosteric regulation of both hexokinase and glucose 6 phosphatase. Diseases associated with glucose cycle A deficiency in glucose 6 phosphatase that disrupts the liver ... more details
Trigalloyl glucose may refer to 1,2,3 Trigalloyl glucose 1,2,3 trigalloyl glucopyranoside ref Plant phenolics as prolyl endopeptidase inhibitors. Seung Ho Lee, Mira Jun, Ji Young Choi, Eun Ju Yang, Jong Moon Hur, KiHwan Bae, Yeon Hee Seong, Tae Lin Huh and Kyung Sik Song, Archives of Pharmaceutical Research, Volume 30, Number 7, pp. 827 833, doi 10.1007 BF02978832 ref 1,2,6 Trigalloyl glucose 1,3,6 Trigalloyl glucose , a molecule also called corilagin References reflist Chemistry disambiguation ... more details
A glucose test is a type of blood test used to determine the amount of glucose in the blood. It is mainly used in Screening medicine screening for any prediabetes or diabetes . ref name medlineplus http www.nlm.nih.gov medlineplus ency article 003438.htm MedlinePlus Blood glucose monitoring Update Date 6 17 2008. Updated by Elizabeth H. Holt, MD, PhD. In turn citing American Diabetes Association. Standards of medical care in diabetes 2008. Diabetes Care. 2008 31 S12 S54. ref In people already having diabetes, blood glucose monitoring is used with frequent intervals in the management of the condition. ref name medlineplus There are several different kinds of glucose tests Fasting blood sugar FBS , fasting plasma glucose FPG 12 hours after eating Postprandial glucose test PC 2 hours after eating Glucose tolerance test continuous testing Random glucose test Reference ranges Fasting blood sugar A range of 4 to 7 mmol l 72 to 126 mg dl before a meal is normal. Continual fasting levels of 5.5 to 7 mmol l 101 125 mg dl causes concern of possible prediabetes and may be worth monitoring. 7 mmol l 126 mg dl and above means a risk of diabetes. After a 12 hour fast, a range of 3.9 to under 6.1 mmol l 70.2 to 100 mg dl is normal a level of 6.1 to under 7 mmol l 100 to 126 mg dl is considered a sign of prediabetes . ref name Medline GTT MedlinePlus 003466 Glucose tolerance test ref Postprandial glucose Main Postprandial glucose test A level of 10 mmol l 180 mg dl 90 minutes after a meal is normal. See also Blood sugar Diabetes Glucose meter Hypoglycemia Hyperglycemia References reflist 2 External links http my.webmd.com hw diabetes 1 2 hw8252.asp Web MD treatment stub Blood tests Category Blood tests ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE small L small Glucose chembox verifiedrevid 415308305 Name small L small Glucose ImageFile L Glucose structure.svg ImageSize 180px IUPACName small L small Glucose Section1 Chembox Identifiers Abbreviations L Glc CASNo 921 60 8 EINECS 213 068 3 PubChem 206 ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 180.16 g mol Density 1.54 g cm sup 3 sup Solubility 91 g 100 ml 25 C Section7 Chembox Hazards ExternalMSDS http www.inchem.org documents icsc icsc eics0865.htm ICSC 0865 EUIndex not listed small L small Glucose is an organic compound with formula C sub 6 sub H sub 12 sub O sub 6 sub or H C O CHOH sub 5 sub H, specifically one of the aldohexose monosaccharide s. Its molecular structure is an enantiomer of the more common glucose small D small glucose . small L small Glucose does not occur naturally in higher living organisms, but can be chemical synthesis synthesized in the laboratory. small L small Glucose is indistinguishable in taste from small D small glucose, ref name ... small L small glucose ref cite doi 10.1016 0005 2744 79 90232 8 ref Like the small D small isomer, small L small glucose usually occurs as one of four cyclic tautomerism tautomers and small L small ... form as an intermediate stage. Uses small L small Glucose was once proposed as a low calorie sweetener ... 2009 09 02 . ref The small L small glucose derivative, L Glucose pentaacetate small L small glucose ... of L glucose pentaacetate insulinotropic action journal Int. J. Mol. Med. year 1998 volume 2 issue 4 pages 383 88 url http www.biomedexperts.com Abstract.bme 9857221 The riddle of L glucose pentaacetate insulinotropic action review . ref small L small Glucose was also found to be a laxative , and proposed .... last5 Koch title An open label trial of L glucose as a colon cleansing agent before colonoscopy journal ... 2003 . ref References reflist DEFAULTSORT Glucose, L Category Aldohexoses Category Sweeteners ja L ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2008 Cleanup date April 2008 Method of glucose uptake differs throughout tissues depending on two factors the metabolic needs of the tissue and availability of glucose . The two ways in which glucose uptake can take place are facilitated diffusion a passive process and secondary ... ATP . Facilitated diffusion There are over 10 different types of glucose transporter however, the most ... throughout the body, as they are responsible for maintaining a basal rate of glucose uptake. Basal blood glucose level is approximately 5mM. The Michaelis Menten kinetics Km value an indicator of the affinity of the transporter protein for glucose molecules a low Km value suggests a high affinity of the GLUT1 and GLUT3 proteins is 1mM therefore GLUT1 and GLUT3 have a high affinity for glucose and uptake ... a low affinity for glucose. They are located in the plasma membrane s of hepatocyte s and pancreas pancreatic beta cell s, and their high Km allows for glucose sensing rate of glucose entry is proportional to blood glucose levels. GLUT4 transporters are insulin sensitive, and are found in muscle and adipose tissue. As muscle is a principle storage site for glucose and adipose tissue for triglyceride into which glucose can be converted for storage , GLUT4 is important in post prandial uptake of excess glucose from the bloodstream. The drug Metformin phosphorylates GLUT4, thereby increasing ... surface, and hence increasing glucose uptake. Secondary active transport Facilitated diffusion can ... environments is such that no ATP hydrolysis is required. However in the kidney, glucose ..., passes through the columnar epithelia lining the kidney tubule, and into the bloodstream where glucose is at a comparatively high concentration. Therefore the concentration gradient of glucose opposes its reabsorption, and energy is required for its transport. The secondary active transport of glucose ... gradient into the columnar epithelia, Co transport co transporting glucose. Once inside the epithelial ... more details
Image Beta D Glucose.svg thumb GlucoseGlucose transporters are a wide group of membrane protein s that facilitate the transport of glucose over a plasma membrane . Because glucose is a vital source of energy ... family that is found in most mammal mammalian cell s. Synthesis of free glucose Most non Autotroph autotrophic cells are unable to produce free glucose because they lack expression of glucose 6 phosphatase and, thus, are involved only in glucose uptake and catabolism . Usually only produced ... are able to produce glucose following activation of gluconeogenesis . Glucose transport in yeast In Saccharomyces cerevisiae glucose transport takes place through facilitated diffusion . ref ... identified. ref http www.uniprot.org uniprot ?query glucose transporter&sort organism&desc false&page 94 uniprot list of possible glucose transporters in S. cerevisiae ref class wikitable Name Properties Notes Snf3 low glucose sensor repressed by glucose low expression level repressor of Hxt6 Rgt2 high glucose sensor low expression level Hxt1 Michaelis Menten kinetics Km 100 mM ref name molgen ... A, Boles E, Fuhrmann G F title Characterisation of glucose transport in Saccharomyces cerevisiae ... 539 550 year 2002 pmid 12702270 doi 10.1111 j.1567 1364.2002.tb00121.x ref low affinity glucose transporter induced by high glucose level Hxt2 Km 1.5 ref name Maier 10 mM ref name molgen high intermediate affinityglucose transporter induced by low glucose level ref name molgen Hxt3 Vm 18.5, Kd 0.078, Km 28.6 34.2 ref name Maier 60 mM ref name molgen low affinity glucose transporter ref name molgen Hxt4 Vm 12.0, Kd 0.049, Km 6.2 ref name Maier intermediate affinity glucose transporter ref name ... 10.1002 yea.779 ref Moderate glucose affinity. Abundant during stationary phase, sporulation and low glucose conditions. Transcription repressed by glucose. ref name SILS Hxt6 Vm 11.4, Kd 0.029, Km 0.9 14 ref name Maier , 1.5 mM ref name molgen high glucose affinity ref name molgen Hxt7 Vm 11.7, Kd ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Glucose paradox is a theory formulated by biochemist Dr. J. D. McGarry and his research associates. It is a theory that demonstrates the importance of lactic acid in carbohydrate metabolism . The paradox is that the large amount of glycogen 10 in the liver cannot be explained by its relatively minimal glucose absorption. After the digestion of carbohydrates and their entering the circulatory system in the form of glucose blood sugar , some glucose will be absorbed directly into the muscle tissue and will be converted into lactic acid in the Fermentation biochemistry anaerobic energy system rather than going directly to the liver and being converted into glycogen . This is true especially in situations of energy depletion and exercise. The lactate is then taken to and converted by the liver into the building blocks for liver glycogen. Much of the body s liver glycogen is produced indirectly from lactate rather than directly from glucose in the blood. References 10 THINGS YOU SHOULD KNOW ABOUT LACTIC ACID OLD MYTHS AND NEW REALITIES, by Thomas Fahey, Ed.D., Professor of Exercise Physiology, California State University at Chico BRASS C.A., CRAWFORD J.M., NARCISO J., GOLLAN J.L.. 1992 Hypoxic liver injury and the ameliorating effects of fructose the glucose paradox revisited. Am. J. Physiol. 263 G293 300. biochem stub Category Endocrinology ... more details
other uses pentagalloyl glucose disambiguation chembox Verifiedfields changed verifiedrevid 456494263 Name 1,2,3,4,6 Pentagalloyl glucose ImageFile Beta penta O galloyl glucose.svg ImageSize 250px ImageName Chemical structure of pentagalloyl glucose IUPACName nowiki 2S,3R,4S,5R,6R 2,3,5 tris 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoyl ... 1,2,3,4,6 penta O galloyl D glucose br 1,2,3,4,6 pentakis O galloyl beta D glucose br beta penta O galloyl glucose br PGG Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 14937 32 7 CASNo Ref cascite changed ... MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility 1,2,3,4,6 Pentagalloyl glucose is the pentahydroxy gallic acid ester of glucose . It is the common precursor of gallotannin s and the related ellagitannin s. ref http ... 273, Issue 1, 15 August 1989, Pages 58 63 ref Pentagalloyl glucose can precipitate proteins ref ..., pentagalloyl glucose and epicatechin16 4 8 catechin procyanidin . Hagerman A. E., Rice M. E. and Ritchard ... Evidence for pentagalloyl glucose binding to human salivary amylase through aromatic amino acid ... O galloyltransferase uses 1 O galloyl beta D glucose and 1,2,3,6 tetrakis O galloyl beta D glucose to produce glucose D glucose and Pentagalloyl glucose. Metabolism Metabolism of ellagitannins Tellimagrandin II , first of all ellagitannins, forms from pentagalloyl glucose by oxydative dehydrogenation and coupling of 2 galloyl groups. glucogallin 1,2,3,4,6 pentagalloyl d glucose ... the galloylation of 1,2,3,4,6 penta O galloyl d glucose to 3 O digalloyl 1,2,4,6 tetra O galloyl d glucose hexa galloylglucose . ref Gallotannin biosynthesis purification of glucogallin 1,2,3,4,6 pentagalloyl d glucose galloyltransferase from sumac leaves. Phytochemistry, Volume 49, Issue 2, 28 September 1998, pp. 327 332, doi 10.1016 S0031 9422 98 00014 4 ref Chemistry Pentagalloyl glucose ... afficheN&cpsidt 16579565 Reaction pH and protein affect the oxidation products of pentagalloyl glucose ... reflist Gallotannin DEFAULTSORT Pentagalloyl glucose, 1,2,3,4,6 Category Gallotannins Category ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 464363195 ImageFileL1 Glucose 6 Phosphate.svg ImageFileR1 Beta D glucose 6 phosphate ... O O O OC O C H 1O MeSHName Glucose 6 phosphate Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 6 sub H sub ... Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Glucose 6 phosphate also known as Robison ester is glucose ... majority of glucose entering a cell will become phosphorylated in this way. Because of its prominent position in cellular chemistry , glucose 6 phosphate has many possible fates within the cell. It lies ... to these metabolic pathways, glucose 6 phosphate may also be converted to glycogen or starch for storage ... s, and in intracellular starch or glycogen granules for most other organisms. Production of glucose 6 phosphate From glucose Within a cell, glucose 6 phosphate is produced by phosphorylation of glucose ... ATP is consumed in this reaction. Enzymatic Reaction foward enzyme Hexokinase reverse enzyme Glucose 6 phosphatase substrate small D small Glucose product small D small Glucose 6 phosphate reaction ... ADP minor reverse product s adenosine triphosphate ATP substrate image D glucose wpmp.png product image Alpha D glucose 6 phosphate wpmp.png KEGG compound C00031 KEGG enzyme 2.7.1.1 KEGG compound C00668 KEGG reaction R01786 The major reason for the immediate phosphorylation of glucose is to prevent diffusion out of the cell. The phosphorylation adds a charged phosphate group so the glucose 6 phosphate cannot easily cross the cell membrane . From glycogen Glucose 6 phosphate is also produced during glycogenolysis from glucose 1 phosphate , the first product of the breakdown of glycogen polymers ... reduction in erythrocytes . This will cause the G6P to be dehydrogenated by glucose 6 phosphate ... needs energy or carbon skeletons for synthesis then glucose 6 phosphate is targeted for glycolysis . Glucose 6 phosphate is first isomerized to fructose 6 phosphate by phosphoglucose isomerase . Enzymatic ... small D small Glucose 6 phosphate product small D small Fructose 6 phosphate reaction direction ... more details
unreferenced date June 2010 chembox verifiedrevid 443837963 ImageFile Glucose 1 phosphate.svg ImageSize 150px ImageFile2 Cori ester.gif ImageSize2 150px IUPACName Glucose 1 phosphate OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 388311 InChI 1 C6H13O9P c7 1 2 3 8 4 9 5 10 6 14 2 15 16 11,12 13 h2 10H,1H2, H2,11,12,13 t2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6? m1 s1 InChIKey HXXFSFRBOHSIMQ GASJEMHNBR StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C6H13O9P c7 1 2 3 8 4 9 5 10 6 14 2 15 16 11,12 13 h2 10H,1H2, H2,11,12,13 t2 ,3 ,4 ,5 ,6? m1 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey HXXFSFRBOHSIMQ GASJEMHNSA N CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 59 56 3 PubChem 65533 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 16077 SMILES O P O OC1O C H C H O C H O C H 1O CO O MeSHName glucose 1 phosphate Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C6H13O9P MolarMass 260.136 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Section3 Chembox Hazards Solubility MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Glucose 1 phosphate also called cori ester is a glucose molecule with a phosphate group on the 1 carbon. Reactions Catabolic In glycogenolysis , it is the direct product of the reaction in which glycogen phosphorylase cleaves off a molecule of glucose from a greater glycogen structure. To be utilized in cellular catabolism it must first be converted to glucose 6 phosphate by the enzyme phosphoglucomutase . One reason that cells form glucose 1 phosphate instead of glucose during glycogen breakdown is that the very polar phosphorylated glucose cannot leave the cell membrane and so is marked for intracellular catabolism. Anabolic In glycogenesis , free glucose 1 phosphate can also react with UTP to form UDP glucose , by using the enzyme UDP glucose pyrophosphorylase . It can then return to the greater glycogen structure via glycogen synthase . See also Pentose phosphate ... metabolic intermediates Fructose and galactose metabolic intermediates de Glucose 1 ... more details
enzyme Name Glucose oxidase EC number 1.1.3.4 CAS number 9001 37 0 IUBMB EC number 1 1 3 4 GO code 0046562 image 77 1gpe.gif width caption The Heart and Smiley pdb77 1 The glucose oxidase enzyme GOx EC number 1.1.3.4 is an Oxidoreductase oxido reductase that catalyses the oxidation of glucose to hydrogen ... down into its metabolite s. Glucose oxidase is widely used for the determination of free glucose in body ... of Glucose Oxidase , Interchim ref It is often extracted from Aspergillus Aspergillus niger niger .... The active site where glucose binds is in a deep pocket. The enzyme, like many proteins that act outside of cells, is covered with carbohydrate chains. Activity The glucose oxidase binds specifically to D glucopyranose a hemiacetal form of the six carbon sugar glucose and does not act on D glucose. But it is able to act on glucose, because in solution, the glucose is under cyclic form at pH7, 63.6 of D glucose and 36.4 of D glucose, the linear form being negligible and the oxidation displaces the equilibrium to D glucose. ref name GOxTechData GOx catalyst catalyze s the oxidation of D glucose into Glucono delta lactone D glucono 1,5 lactone , which then hydrolysis hydrolyze s to gluconic ... peroxide H sub 2 sub O sub 2 sub . Applications Glucose oxidase is widely used, coupled to peroxidase reaction that vizualizes colorimetrically the formed H2O2, for the determination of free glucose ... Julio Raba and Horacio A. Mottola title Glucose Oxidase as an Analytical Reagent journal Critical ... glucose levels in fermentation, bioreactors, and to control glucose in vegetal raw material and food products. Enzyme electrode biosensor s detect levels of glucose by keeping track of the number ... with tiny electrodes as glucose sensors for Diabetes mellitus diabetic s. In manufacturing, GOx is used ... oxidants such as bromate. It also helps remove oxygen from food packaging, or D glucose from egg white to prevent browning. Glucose oxidase is found in honey and acts as a natural preservative. GOx ... more details
Diagnostic infobox Name CSF glucose Image Alt Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD9 ICDO MedlinePlus eMedicine MeshID LOINC LOINC 2342 4 MCnc , LOINC 14744 7 SCnc HCPCSlevel2 reference range CSF glucose or glycorrhachia is a measurement used to determine the levels of glucose in cerebrospinal fluid . ref name urlMedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia CSF glucose cite web url http www.nlm.nih.gov medlineplus ency article 003633.htm title MedlinePlus Medical Encyclopedia CSF glucose work accessdate 2009 03 04 ref ref name pmid14722369 cite journal author Mohammadi M, Mohebbi MR, Naderi F title CSF Glucose Concentrations in Infants with Febrile Convulsions and the Possible Effect of Acetaminophen journal Indian Pediatr volume 40 issue 12 pages 1183 6 year 2003 month December pmid 14722369 doi url http www.indianpediatrics.net dec2003 dec 1183 1186.htm ref ref name pmid14524396 cite journal author Seehusen DA, Reeves MM, Fomin DA title Cerebrospinal fluid analysis journal Am Fam Physician volume 68 issue 6 pages 1103 8 year 2003 month September pmid 14524396 doi url http www.aafp.org afp 20030915 1103.html ref It can be useful in distinguishing among causes of meningitis . It is more likely to be decreased in bacterial meningitis than in viral meningitis . Normal CSF glucose is between 45 and 80 mg dl. ref name isbn0 07 140816 9 cite book author Karen Roos title Principles of neurologic infectious diseases publisher McGraw Hill, Medical Pub. Division location New York year 2005 pages 4 isbn 0 07 140816 9 oclc doi accessdate ref References div style float right border solid 10px white Test sample values div Reflist CSF tests Category Body fluids Category CSF tests medicine stub fr Glycorachie ... more details
enzyme Name glucose 1 dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.47 CAS number 9028 53 9 IUBMB EC number 1 1 1 47 GO code 0047936 image width caption In enzymology , a glucose 1 dehydrogenase EC number 1.1.1.47 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction beta D glucose NAD P math rightleftharpoons math D glucono 1,5 lactone NAD P H H sup sup The 3 substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are beta D glucose , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NAD sup sup , and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP sup sup , whereas its 4 product chemistry products are Glucono delta lactone D glucono 1,5 lactone , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide NADH , nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADPH , and hydrogen ion H sup sup . This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductase s, specifically those acting on the CH OH group of donor with NAD or NADP as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is beta D glucose NAD P 1 oxidoreductase . Other names in common use include D glucose dehydrogenase NAD P , and hexose phosphate dehydrogenase . This enzyme participates in pentose phosphate pathway . Structural studies As of late 2007, 9 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1G6K , PDB link 1GCO , PDB link 1GEE , PDB link 1RWB , PDB link 1SPX , PDB link 2B5V , PDB link 2B5W , PDB link 2CD9 , and PDB link 2CDA . References reflist 1 cite journal author K, Rick W, Staudinger HJ year 1975 title A glucose dehydrogenase for the determination of glucose concentrations in body fluids ... 3 cite journal author Brink NG year 1953 title Beef liver glucose dehydrogenase. 1. Purification and properties ... S rensen first5 Nils Andreas cite journal author Pauly HE and Pfleiderer G year 1976 title D Glucose ... HJ, KORKES S year 1952 title Glucose dehydrogenase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 196 pages 769&ndash 84 pmid 12981017 issue 2 cite journal author Thompson RE, Carper WR year 1970 title Glucose ... more details
File Corn syrup.jpg right 300px Corn syrup on a black surface thumb Glucose syrup is a food syrup , made ... case the syrup is called corn syrup , but glucose syrup is also made from other starch crops ... Peter Hull title Glucose Syrups Technology and Applications publisher Wiley Blackwell location year 2010 pages isbn 1 4051 7556 7 oclc doi accessdate ref sup p.21 sup . Glucose syrup containing over 90 glucose is used in industrial fermentation food fermentation ref name isbn0 7514 0269 9 cite book ... amounts of glucose , maltose and higher oligosaccharide s, depending on the grade, and can typically contain 10 to 43 glucose. ref name Jackson cite book author E. B. Jackson title Sugar Confectionery ... sup p.132 sup Glucose syrup is used in foods to soften texture, add volume, prevent crystallization of sugar, and enhance flavor. By converting some of the glucose in corn syrup into fructose using an enzyme enzymatic process , a sweeter product, high fructose corn syrup can be produced. Types of glucose ... reaction has been allowed to proceed, different grades of glucose syrup are produced, which ..., and the higher the DE. Depending on the process used, glucose syrups with different compositions ... glucose syrups were manufactured by acid hydrolysis of corn starch at high temperature and pressure ... patent country US number 6287826 status patent title Enzymatic preparation of glucose syrup from starch ... confectioner s syrup contains 19 glucose, 14 maltose, 11 maltotriose and 56 higher molecular ... sup High maltose glucose syrups main High maltose corn syrup By using Amylase .CE.B2 Amylase amylase or fungal Alpha Amylase amylase , glucose syrups containing over 50 maltose, or even over 70 ... because these enzymes remove two glucose units i.e. one maltose molecule at a time from the end of the starch molecule. High maltose glucose syrup has a great advantage in the production of hard candy at a given moisture level and temperature, a maltose solution has a lower viscosity than a glucose ... more details
other uses Trigalloyl glucose disambiguation chembox verifiedrevid 443914203 ImageFile 1,2,6 Trigalloyl glucose.svg ImageSize 200px ImageName Chemical structure of 1,2,6 trigalloyl glucose IUPACName 2 R ,3 S ,4 S ,5 R ,6 S 3,4 dihydroxy 5,6 bis 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoyl oxy oxan 2 yl methyl 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoate OtherNames 1,2,6 trikis O galloyl beta D glucose br 1 O,2 O,6 O Trigalloyl beta D glucose br 1,2,6 tri O gallose beta D glucopyranose br 1,2,6 tris O 3,4,5 trihydroxybenzoyl beta D glucopyranose Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 20015942 InChIKey SMILES1 StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C27H24O18 c28 11 1 8 2 12 29 19 11 36 18 35 23 40 25 45 27 43 10 5 15 32 21 38 16 33 6 10 24 41 22 39 17 34 7 44 26 42 9 3 13 30 20 37 14 31 4 9 h1 6,17,22,24 25,28 34,36 39,41H,7H2 t17 ,22 ,24 ,25 m1 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey XVILXNSBQKKWKL UZLUZJFJSA N CASNo 79886 49 0 CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASOther PubChem 440308 SMILES O C H 1 C H COC C2 CC O C O C O C2 O O C H OC C3 CC O C O C O C3 O C H OC C4 CC O C O C O C4 O C H 1O InChI MeSHName Section2 Chembox Properties C 27 H 24 O 18 ExactMass 636.096264 u Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility 1,2,6 Trigalloyl glucose is a gallotannin found in cell cultures of Cornus officinalis . ref Gallotannin production in cell cultures of Cornus officinalis Sieb. et Zucc. Yazaki K. and Okuda T., Plant cell reports, 1989, vol. 8, no6, pp. 346 349, INIST 7353523 , doi 10.1007 BF00716670 ref References reflist Gallotannin DEFAULTSORT Trigalloyl glucose, 1,2,6 Category Gallotannins Category Trihydroxybenzoic acids Category Pyrogallols Natural phenol stub ... more details
refimprove date November 2010 Image glucose meters.jpg right thumb 300px Four generations of blood glucose ... minutes modern meters typically provide results in 5 seconds . A glucose meter or glucometer is a medical device for determining the approximate concentration of glucose in the blood . It is a key element of home blood glucose monitoring HBGM by people with diabetes mellitus or hypoglycemia . A small ... test strip that the meter reads and uses to calculate the blood glucose level. The meter then displays ... levels of glucose in the blood for as much of the time as possible, guided by HBGM several times ... Ref improve section date November 2010 There are several key characteristics of glucose meters ... strips A consumable element containing chemicals that react with glucose in the drop of blood is used ... with glucose oxidase and other components. Each strip is used once and then discarded. Instead ... of test strips or on a chip that comes with the test strip. By entering the coding or chip into the glucose ... blood in reflecting rapidly changing glucose levels in the rest of the body. Testing times ... The glucose value in mg dl or mmol l is displayed in a small window. The preferred measurement unit ... 4 align center style background BCD2EE International Blood Glucose Units of Measure ref http www.abbottdiabetescare.com.au ... width 150 align center style background ivory width 150 align center style background ivory Glucose vs. plasma glucoseGlucose levels in plasma one of the components of blood are generally 10 &ndash 15 higher than glucose measurements in whole blood and even more after eating . This is important because home blood glucose meters measure the glucose in whole blood while most lab tests measure the glucose ..., even though they are measuring whole blood glucose. The plasma equivalent is calculated from the whole blood glucose reading using an equation built into the glucose meter. This allows patients to easily compare their glucose measurements in a lab test and at home. It is important for patients ... more details
enzyme Name Glucose 6 phosphatase. EC number 3.1.3.9 CAS number 9001 39 2 IUBMB EC number 3 1 3 9 GO code 0004346 image width caption Image Glucose 6 Phosphate.svg thumb Glucose 6 phosphate Image Beta D Glucose.svg thumb GlucoseGlucose 6 phosphatase Glc 6 Pase is an enzyme that hydrolyzes glucose 6 phosphate resulting in the creation of a phosphate group and free glucose. Glucose is then exported from the cell via glucose transporter membrane protein s. ref name pmid12093795 cite journal author Ghosh A, Shieh JJ, Pan CJ, Sun MS, Chou JY title The catalytic center of glucose 6 phosphatase. HIS176 ... plays a key role in the homeostatic regulation of blood glucose levels. ref name isbn0 ... Ghosh A, Shieh JJ, Pan CJ, Chou JY title Histidine 167 is the phosphate acceptor in glucose 6 phosphatase ... transport model to account for the catalytic properties of glucose 6 Pase. In this model, glucose 6 Pase has a low degree of selectivity. The transfer of the glucose 6 phosphate is carried out by a transporter ... group T2 and glucose T3 . ref name pmid11879177 cite journal author van Schaftingen E, Gerin I title The glucose 6 phosphatase system journal Biochem. J. volume 362 issue Pt 3 pages 513 32 ... bj3620513.htm pmc 1222414 ref Glucose 6 Pase consists of 357 amino acids, and is anchored to the endoplasmic ... to the ER, the exact structure of glucose 6 Pase remains unknown. However, sequence alignment has shown that glucose 6 Pase is structurally similar to the active site of the vanadium containing chloroperoxidase ... KJ, Annabi B, Hemrika W, Chou JY title Transmembrane topology of glucose 6 phosphatase journal J. Biol ... 6 Pase catalysis, it was proposed that the hydrolysis of Glucose 6 Phosphate was completed via a covalent phosphohistidine glucose 6 Phosphate intermediate. The active site of Glc 6 Pase was initially ... oxygen attached to glucose, and His176, which completes a nucleophilic attack ... charged oxygen then transfers its electrons reforming a carbonyl and breaking its bond with glucose ... more details
enzyme Name UDP glucose glycoprotein glucose phosphotransferase EC number 2.7.8.19 CAS number 84861 40 5 IUBMB EC number 2 7 8 19 GO code 0047358 image width caption Orphan date February 2009 In enzymology , an UDP glucose glycoprotein glucose phosphotransferase EC number 2.7.8.19 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction UDP glucose glycoprotein D mannose math rightleftharpoons math UMP glycoprotein 6 D glucose 1 phospho D mannose Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are UDP glucose and glycoprotein D mannose , whereas its two product chemistry products are uridine monophosphate UMP and glycoprotein 6 D glucose 1 phospho D mannose . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring non standard substituted phosphate groups. The systematic name of this enzyme class is UDP glucose glycoprotein D mannose glucosephosphotransferase . Other names in common use include UDP glucose glycoprotein glucose 1 phosphotransferase , GlcPTase , Glc phosphotransferase , and uridine diphosphoglucose glycoprotein glucose 1 phosphotransferase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Koro LA, Marchase RB date 1982 title A UDP glucose glycoprotein glucose 1 phosphotransferase in embryonic chicken neural retina journal Cell. volume 31 pages 739&ndash 48 pmid 6297779 doi 10.1016 0092 8674 82 90328 2 issue 3 Pt 2 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.8 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Caption ICD10 ICD9 MeshID D015309 OtherCodes Glucose clamp technique is a method for quantifying insulin secretion and resistance. It is used to measure either how well an individual metabolizes glucose or how sensitive an individual is to insulin. ref Linda von Wartburg, What s a Glucose Clamp, Anyway? Diabetes Health. Nov 7, 2007. http www.diabeteshealth.com read 2007 11 06 5500 whats a glucose clamp anyway ref Two types of clamps are quite commonly used. The hyperglycemic clamp, which requires maintaining a high blood sugar level by perfusion or infusion with glucose, is a way to quantify how fast beta cells respond to glucose. The hyperinsulinemic clamp, which requires maintaining a high insulin level by perfusion or infusion with insulin, is a way ... glucose concentration is acutely raised to 125 mg dl above basal levels by a continuous infusion of glucose. This hyperglycemic plateau is maintained by adjustment of a variable glucose infusion, based on the rate of insulin secretion and glucose metabolism . Because the plasma glucose concentration is held constant, the glucose infusion rate is an index of insulin secretion and glucose ... ml by a continuous infusion of insulin. Meanwhile, the plasma glucose concentration is held constant at basal levels by a variable glucose infusion. When the steady state is achieved, the glucose infusion rate equals glucose uptake by all the Tissue biology tissues in the body and is therefore a measure ... resistance . The glucose clamp technique was developed by Professors Andres and Tobin in 1979. ref DeFronzo RA, Tobin JD, Andres R. Glucose Clamp Technique a Method for Quantifying Insulin Secretion ... evaluation. ref Marcus Hompesch and Klaus Rave. An Analysis of How to Measure Glucose during Glucose Clamps Are Glucose Meters Ready for Research? J. Diabetes Sci. Technol. 2008, 2, 896 898. http ... Glucose Clamp Technique Category Insulin therapies ... more details
enzyme Name phosphoglucomutase glucose cofactor EC number 5.4.2.5 CAS number 37278 22 1 IUBMB EC number 5 4 2 5 GO code 0047468 image width caption In enzymology , a phosphoglucomutase glucose cofactor EC number 5.4.2.5 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction alpha D glucose 1 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math D glucose 6 phosphate Hence, this enzyme has one substrate biochemistry substrate , alpha D glucose 1 phosphate , and one product chemistry product , D glucose 6 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of isomerase s, specifically the phosphotransferases phosphomutases , which transfer phosphate groups within a molecule. The systematic name of this enzyme class is alpha D glucose 1,6 phosphomutase glucose cofactor . Other names in common use include glucose phosphomutase , and glucose 1 phosphate phosphotransferase . This enzyme has at least one effector biology effector , D Glucose . References reflist 1 cite journal author FUJIMOTO A, INGRAM P, SMITH RA date 1965 title D GLUCOSE I PHOSPHATE D GLUCOSE 6 PHOSPHOTRANSFERASE journal Biochim. Biophys. Acta. volume 96 pages 91&ndash 101 pmid 14285271 Boyer, P.D. Ed. , The Enzymes, 3rd ed., vol. 6, 1972, p. 407 477. isomerase stub Category EC 5.4.2 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ... more details
Random glucose test is a blood sugar test taken from a non fasting subject. This test, also called random blood glucose RBG , assumes a recent meal and therefore has higher reference values than the fasting glucose test. Reference values The reference values for a normal random glucose test in an average adult are 70 140 miligram mg deciliter dl 3.9 7.8 milimole mmol l , between 140 200 miligram mg deciliter dl is considered pre diabetes, and 200 miligram mg deciliter dl is considered diabetes according to ADA guidelines you should visit your doctor or a clinic for additional tests however as a random glucose of 200 miligram mg deciliter dl does not necessarily mean you are diabetic . See also Blood glucose Diabetes mellitus Hypoglycemic Defining hypoglycemia Hypoglycemia External links http www.labtestsonline.org understanding analytes glucose glance.html Glucose Tests Lab Tests Online http www.diabetes.org diabetes basics prevention pre diabetes how to tell if you have.html ADA page that hints at random glucose levels Med diagnostic stub Blood tests Category Blood tests Category Diabetes Category Diabetes related tests ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Oral glucose gel is an Over the counter drug over the counter medication , consisting primarily of dextrose and water , along with small amounts of other compounds. It is frequently used by Diabetes diabetics and those with hypoglycemia to raise their blood sugar when it becomes very low. Diabetics and other people with hypoglycemia, or low blood sugar, run out of energy when their glucose levels drop too low. These reactions can lead to unconsciousness if not treated in a timely matter. Reactions can occur suddenly, however glucose levels can be brought back to normal by eating or drinking carbohydrates. It is recommended by The American Diabetes Association ADA to carry something containing 15 grams of glucose at all times in order to treat these sometimes sudden reactions. Use Oral glucose gel is used to raise dangerously low blood glucose concentration or blood glucose that has dropped too low for the person s adaptive compensatory mechanisms to cope with. The gel may be self administered or given by an Emergency medical technician EMT responding to a diabetic emergency. As glucose molecules will absorb directly though oral tissue it is either swallowed directly, or allowed to stay in the mouth momentarily to facilitate rapid absorption via various areas of the mouth cavity http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pubmed 9572913 and then swallowed to allow absorption into the blood via the small intestine. Product Oral glucose gel usually is found in single use tubes providing a dose of 15 grams of glucose, or resealable tubes with a total of 45 grams of glucose. It is usually fruit flavored. Common brands include GlucoBurst Glucose Gel manufactured by PBM Products Insta Glucose manufactured by Valeant and Glutose manufactured by Paddock Labs , as well as several store brands. Category Diabetes related supplies and medical equipment gastrointestinal drug stub ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
