wiktionary Tract may refer to Land lot , a section of land Census tract , a geographic region defined for the purpose of taking a census Tract literature , a short written work, usually of a political or religious nature Tract liturgy , a component of Roman Catholic liturgy A collection of related anatomic structures, such as Gastrointestinaltract Genitourinary tract Reproductive tract A grouping of feathers , e.g. primaries, auriculars, scapulars Businesses Tract imprint Tract , an imprint of the German group VDM Publishing devoted to the reproduction of Wikipedia content See also Tractate disambiguation Neural tract , fibres of white matter which connect different parts of the brain disambig fr Tractus nl Tractus sk Tractus fi Traktaatti ... more details
Italic title Gastrointestinal Nursing is a monthly healthcare journal which publishes original research and clinical articles relevant to the practice of human gastrointestinaltractgastrointestinal nursing . It is published by MA Healthcare . External links Official http www.gastrointestinalnursing.co.uk Category Gastrointestinal nursing journals Category Monthly journals nurse journal stub ... more details
A gastrointestinal series , also called a GI series , is a radiologic examination of the upper and or lower gastrointestinaltract. Upper GI series Lower GI series disambig ja ... more details
system digestive system , gastrointestinaltract peptide YY References references External links http www.vivo.colostate.edu hbooks pathphys endocrine gi overview.html Overview of Gastrointestinal Hormones Colorado State University website Gastrointestinal hormones Gastrointestinal physiology Category ...No footnotes date February 2011 The gastrointestinal hormones or gut hormones constitute a group of hormone s secreted by enteroendocrine cell s in the stomach , pancreas , and small intestine that control various functions of the digestive organs. Later studies showed that most of the gut peptides, such as secretin , cholecystokinin or substance P , were found to play a role of neurotransmitter s and neuromodulator s in the central and peripheral nervous systems. Enteroendocrine cells do not form endocrine glands but are spread throughout the digestive tract. They exert their autocrine and paracrine actions that integrate all of gastrointestinal function. Types of Gastrointestinal hormones The gastrointestinal hormones can be divided into three main groups based upon their chemical structure . Gastrin family Gastrin cholecystokinin family gastrin and cholecystokinin Secretin family secretin , glucagon , vasoactive intestinal peptide and gastric inhibitory peptide Somatostatin family Motilin family Substance P . Ghrelin is a peptide hormone released from the stomach and is often referred to as the hunger hormone since high levels of it are found in individuals that are fasting. Ghrelin antagonistic treatments can be used to treat illnesses such as anorexia and loss of appetites in cancer patients. Ghrelin treatments for obesity are still under intense scrutiny and no conclusive ... for gall bladder secretions, gastrointestinal motility as well as pancreatic exocrine secretions ... in control of gastrointestinal motility and satiation Amylin controls glucose homeostasis and gastric ... as well as satiation Glucagon like peptide 2 is responsible for gastrointestinal motility and growth ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 Gastrointestinal cancer refers to malignant conditions of the gastrointestinaltract , including the esophagus, stomach, biliary system, pancreas, bowels, and anus. The symptoms relate to the organ affected, and can include obstruction leading to difficulty swallowing or defecating , abnormal bleeding, or other associated problems. The diagnosis often requires endoscopy , followed by biopsy of suspicious tissue. The treatment depends on the location of the tumor, as well as the type of cancer cell and whether it has invaded other tissues or spread elsewhere in the body. This also determines the prognosis. Types Types of gastrointestinal cancer include Esophageal cancer Stomach cancer also called gastric cancer Hepatocellular carcinoma liver cancer also called hepatocellular carcinoma, HCC, and hepatoma Gallbladder cancer Pancreatic cancer Colorectal cancer also called colon cancer, bowel cancer, and rectal cancer Anal cancer Gastrointestinal stromal tumor s GIST Prognosis Prognosis is variable,and depends almost entirely on the specific type of cancer. Esophageal cancer has a dismal prognosis, largely because it is often detected late, while colon cancer has an excellent prognosis,when detected early. Pancreatic cancer also has a very poor prognosis, with only 5 of patients surviving more than 5 years after diagnosis. Digestive system neoplasia DEFAULTSORT Gastrointestinal Cancer Category Gastrointestinal cancer Oncology stub ... more details
unreferenced date December 2008 Gastrointestinal pathology is the subspecialty of surgical pathology ... s of the digestive tract and accessory organs, such as the pancreas and liver . Sub specialty recognition and Board Certification Gastrointestinal pathology including liver , gallbladder and pancreas ..., to surgical pathologists with a special interest and extensive experience in gastrointestinal pathology. There are approximately 30 gastrointestinal pathology fellowships offered within the United ... than 40 fellowship trained gastrointestinal pathologists being trained annually in the United States each year. Fellowship in gastrointestinal pathology involves diagnostic evaluation of surgical whole organ and biopsy pathology of gastrointestinal tissue, with the exception of at least one corporate ... , Colon anatomy colorectal surgeons and gastrointestinal Radiology radiologists to ensure understanding of the clinical aspects of gastrointestinal disease, treatment modalities and other diagnostic findings research in gastrointestinal physiology, disease mechanisms and histomorphology education of general pathologists and clinical colleagues. During the course of a one year gastrointestinal pathology fellowship, the GI liver pathology fellow will review between 8,000 and 15,000 gastrointestinal ... considerable debate among academic and private practice gastrointestinal pathologists regarding ... C. Haggitt Gastrointestinal Pathology Society. The decision to seek Board Certification was declined by the membership of the Society. History of the Rodger C. Haggitt Gastrointestinal Pathology Society ... to gastrointestinal pathology. Due to its success, the first evening subspecialty conference devoted to gastrointestinal pathology was presented the following year at the IAP annual meeting in March ..., headed by Henry Appelman, organized a group for gastrointestinal pathologists. Every gastrointestinal ... for the organization was the Gastrointestinal Pathology Club. Only later did it achieve Society status ... more details
Infobox symptom Name Gastrointestinal bleeding Image PosFOB.JPG Caption A positive fecal occult blood test DiseasesDB 19317 ICD10 ICD10 K 92 2 k 90 ICD9 ICD9 578.9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 003133 eMedicineSubj radio eMedicineTopic 301 eMedicine mult eMedicine2 radio 302 eMedicine2 emerg 381 MeshID D006471 Gastrointestinal bleeding or gastrointestinal hemorrhage describes every form of hemorrhage loss of blood in the gastrointestinaltract , from the pharynx to the rectum . It has diverse causes, and a medical history, as well as physical examination , generally distinguishes between the main forms. The degree of bleeding can range from nearly undetectable to acute, massive, life threatening bleeding. Initial emphasis is on resuscitation by infusion of intravenous therapy intravenous fluids and blood transfusion , treatment with proton pump inhibitor s and occasionally with vasopressin analogues ... the source of bleeding and carry out therapeutic interventions. Definition Gastrointestinal bleeding ... of upper GI bleed is different from that for lower GI bleeds. Differential diagnosis Gastrointestinal bleeding can be roughly divided into two clinical syndromes. Upper gastrointestinal main Upper gastrointestinal bleeding Upper gastrointestinal bleeding is from a source between the pharynx ... vomiting up blood and melena tarry stool containing altered blood . Lower gastrointestinal main Lower gastrointestinal bleeding Lower gastrointestinal bleeding may be indicated by red blood ... Initial focus in any patient with a form of gastrointestinal hemorrhage is on resuscitation , as any ... reflist Ghosh S, Watts D, Kinnear M. Management of gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Postgrad Med J 2002 78 4 14. PMID 11796865. Gastroenterology Hemodynamics Category GI tract disorders Category Conditions diagnosed by stool test ar da Gastrointestinal bl dning de Gastrointestinale Blutung ... przewodu pokarmowego pt Sangramento gastrointestinal zh ... more details
Inline citations date September 2011 Refs linked in the infobox Infobox disease Name Gastrointestinal perforation Image Free air2010.JPG Caption Free air under the right hemidiaphragm from a bowel perforated. DiseasesDB 34042 ICD10 K63.1, S36.9 ICD9 ICD9 569.83 , ICD9 863.9 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 000235 eMedicineSubj med eMedicineTopic 2822 MeshID Gastrointestinal perforation is a complete penetration of the wall of the stomach, small intestine or large bowel, resulting in intestinal contents flowing into the abdominal cavity. Perforation of the intestines results in the potential for bacterial contamination of the abdominal cavity a condition known as peritonitis . Perforation of the stomach can lead to a chemical peritonitis due to leaked gastric acid . Perforation anywhere along the gastrointestinaltract is a surgical emergency . Signs and symptoms Sudden attack of pain in epigastrium to the right of midline in case of perforation of duodenal ulcer. In case of gastric ulcer the pain is in epigastrium. There is history of burning pain in epigastrium, flatulence and dyspepsia . History of drug intake without sufficient food intake may be present. In case of intestinal perforation pain starts from the site of perforation, visceral, and then spreads all over the abdomen. In any case there is board like rigidity of abdomen, tenderness, and rebound tenderness. After sometimes the abdomen becomes silent, heart sounds can be heard all over. Patient stops passing flatus and motion, abdomen is distended. Gastrointestinal perforation results in severe abdominal pain intensified by movement, nausea and vomiting . Later symptoms include fever and or chills. Causes Underlying causes include gastric ulcer , appendicitis , gastrointestinal cancer , diverticulitis , superior mesenteric artery syndrome , Physical trauma trauma and ascariasis . Typhoid fever, NSAID drugs,ingestion of corrosives may also be responsible. cn date September 2011 Diagnosis On X rays, free gas may be visible ... more details
Gastrointestinal physiology is a branch of human physiology addressing the physical function of the gastrointestinal system gastrointestinal GI system . The major processes occurring in the GI system are that of motility, secretion, regulation, digestion and circulation. The function and coordination ... Motility The GI tract generates motility using smooth muscle subunits linked by gap junctions . These subunits ... of the tract, as well as in the anterior stomach. The other type of contractions, called phasic ... per minute varies based upon the location in the digestive tract. This number ranges from 3 ... in wave patterns traveling down short lengths of the GI tract from one section to the next. The contractions ... along the tract. The ions secreted primarily consist of H , K , Cl , HCO3 and Na . Water follows the movement of these ions. The GI tract accomplishes this ion pumping using a system of proteins ... determines the net movement of ions and water in the tract. H and Cl are secreted by the parietal ... Enzymes The second vital secretion of the GI tract is that of digestive enzymes that are secreted ... remain embedded in the wall of the GI tract, others are secreted in an inactive proenzyme form. ref name silverthorn When these proenzymes reach the lumen of the tract, a factor specific ... mucosa of the tract. It is composed of a specific family of glycoproteins termed mucins and is generally ..., the sensory information comes from the GI tract itself in others, information is received from sources other than the GI tract. When the latter situation occurs, these reflexes are called feedforward reflexes. This type of reflex includes reactions to food or danger triggering effects in the GI tract ... when nervous. The feedforward and emotional reflexes of the GI tract are considered cephalic reflexes ..., and the GI tract. The effects range from excitatory or inhibitory effects on motility and secretion ... of Bristol MeshName Digestive Physiology References reflist Gastrointestinal physiology Category ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Vestibulocerebellar tract Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 611 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Vestibulocerebellar tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1009 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12816750 The vestibulocerebellar tract is a tract in the pontine tegmentum which connects the vestibular nerve and the cerebellar cortex . External links http vestibular.wustl.edu vestibular4.html Pons Cerebellum Neural tracts Neuroanatomy stub Category Brainstem Category Central nervous system pathways ... more details
multiple issues orphan June 2010 context June 2010 unreferenced June 2010 The interstitiospinal tract is one of ten descending neuronal tract s in humans that provides motor control to specific upper cervical somatic segment s. The origin of the this uncrossed tract is in the interstitial nucleus of Cajal related to the oculomotor nucleus which is subsequently found in the Edinger Westphal nucleus of the midbrain . This tract also contributes to the make up of the medial longitudinal fasciculus MLF . Within the terminal segments of the upper cervical segments the interstitiospinal tract synapses in rexed laminae VII and VIII. It is believed to function in head and neck reflex movements in response to primarily visual and possibly vestibular stimuli. Category Nerves of the head and neck ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name Rubrospinal tract Latin tractus rubrospinalis GraySubject 192 GrayPage 870 Image Spinal cord tracts English.svg Caption Rubrospinal tract is labeled in red on the left of the diagram. Image2 Gray678.png Caption2 Schematic representation of the chief ganglionic categories Rubrospinal tract not labeled, but red nucleus visible near center System MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Rubrospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1476 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817153 refimprove date October 2011 The rubrospinal tract is a part of the nervous system . It is a part of the Anatomical terms of location Directional terms lateral indirect extra pyramidal tract . Function In humans, the rubrospinal tract is one of several major motor control pathways. It is smaller and has fewer axons than the corticospinal tract , suggesting that it is less important in motor control. It is one of the pathways for the mediation of voluntary movement. The tract is responsible for large muscle movement as well as fine motor control, and it terminates primarily in the cervical spinal cord, suggesting that it functions in upper limb but not in lower limb control. It primarily facilitates Flexion in the upper extremities see decorticate posture . It is small and rudimentary in humans . In some other primates, however, experiments have shown that over time, the rubrospinal tract can assume almost all the duties of the corticospinal tract when the corticospinal tract is lesioned. Path In the midbrain , it originates in the magnocellular red nucleus , crosses to the other side of the midbrain, and descends in the lateral part of the brainstem tegmentum . ref http neuroscience.uth.tmc.edu s3 chapter02.html ref In the spinal cord , it travels through the lateral funiculus of the spinal cord in the company of the lateral corticospinal tract . See also Upper motor neuron References Reflist External links BrainInfo hier 803 Spinal cord Neural tracts DEFAULTSORT Rubrospinal Tract Category Central nervous ... more details
Madhupur tract a large upland area of 4,244 km in north central of Bangladesh , stretching from east of Jamalpur, Bangladesh Jamalpur in the north, to Fatullah and Narayanganj , in the south. The tract is mostly one large tract, unlike the Barind Tract . It is approximately one to ten metres above the nearby floodplain s. ref cite web year month url http banglapedia.search.com.bd HT M 0028.htm title Madhupur Tract publisher Asiatic Society of Bangladesh accessdate 2007 08 18 ref The tract is considered an area of jungle covered old alluvium . ref cite web year month url http www.britannica.com eb topic 355785 Madhupur Tract title Madhupur Tract region, Bangladesh publisher Encyclop dia Britannica accessdate 2007 08 18 ref It is an elevated plateau , with hillocks of varying height, ranging from 30 to 60 feet. There are also cultivated valleys. ref cite web year month url http www.britannica.com eb article 9109737 Bangladesh 33422.toc title Bangladesh publisher Encyclop dia Britannica accessdate 2007 08 18 ref See also Bhawal National Park Geology of Bangladesh Geography of Bangladesh Footnotes reflist This is the same as reflist External links http banglapedia.search.com.bd Maps MM 0028.GIF Map coord missing Bangladesh Category Geography of Bangladesh Bangladesh geo stub ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Reticulospinal tract Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Spinal cord tracts English.svg Caption Reticulospinal tract is labeled in red, near center in figure text tag at left . Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 802 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Reticulospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1471 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817131 The reticulospinal tract or anterior reticulospinal tract is an extrapyramidal motor tract which travels from the reticular formation . Functions 1. Integrates information from the motor systems to coordinate automatic movements of locomotion and posture. 2. Facilitates and inhibits voluntary movement, influences muscle tone. 3. Mediates autonomic functions 4. Modulates pain impulses 5. Influences blood flow to lateral geniculate Components The tract is divided into two parts, the medial or pontine and lateral or medullary reticulospinal tracts MRST and LRST . The MRST is responsible for exciting anti gravity, extensor muscles. The fibers of this tract arise from the caudal pontine reticular nucleus and the oral pontine reticular nucleus and project to the lamina VII and lamina VIII of the spinal cord BrainInfo The LRST is responsible for the inhibiting excitatory axial extensor muscles of movement. The fibers of this tract arise from the medullary reticular formation, mostly from the gigantocellular nucleus, and descend the length of the spinal cord in the anterior part of the lateral column. The tract terminates in the gray spinal laminae BrainInfo . The sensory tract conveying information in the opposite direction is known as the spinoreticular tract . Clinical significance If the superior ... tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts hiercentraldirectory.aspx?ID 802 , pontine reticulospinal tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts ancilcentraldirectory.aspx?ID 975 , and medullary reticulospinal tract http braininfo.rprc.washington.edu Scripts ancilcentraldirectory.aspx ... more details
Image Respiratory system complete numbered.svg thumb right 250px In humans the respiratory tract is the part of the anatomy involved with the process of Respiration physiology respiration . The respiratory tract is divided into 3 segments Upper respiratory tract human nose nose and nasal passages, paranasal sinus es, and throat or pharynx Respiratory airways voice box or larynx , Vertebrate trachea trachea , bronchus bronchi , and bronchiole s Lung s respiratory bronchiole s, alveolar duct s, alveolar sac s, and alveoli The respiratory tract is a common site for infections. Upper respiratory tract infection s are probably the most common infections in the world. Most of the respiratory tract exists merely as a piping system for air to travel in the lungs, and alveoli are the only part of the lung that exchanges oxygen and carbon dioxide with the blood . Moving down the respiratory tract starting at the trachea, the tubes get smaller and divide into more and more tubes. There are estimated to be about 20 to 23 divisions, ending up at an alveolus. Even though the cross sectional area of each bronchus or bronchiole is smaller, because there are so many, the total surface area is larger. This means there is less resistance at the terminal bronchioles. Most resistance is around the 3 4 division from the trachea due to turbulence. General histology The respiratory tract is covered in an epithelium , the type of which varies down the tract. There are gland s and mucus produced by goblet cell s in parts, as well as smooth muscle , elastin or cartilage . Most of the epithelium from the nose ... in the bronchi they are interspersed plates. Glands are abundant in the upper respiratory tract ... of elastic tissue. Summary Upper respiratory tract nose, pharynx & associated structures Lower respiratory tract larynx, trachea, bronchi & lungs References reflist http www.kcom.edu faculty chamberlain Website lectures syllabi3.htm Syllabus Infectious Diseases see Respiratory Tract Infections by Neal ... more details
A polyglutamine tract or polyQ tract is a portion of a protein consisting of a sequence of several glutamine units. A tract typically consists of about 10 to a few hundred such units. Several gene s, both in humans and in other species, contain a number of repetitions of the nucleotide triplet cytidine C Adenosine A Guanosine G . When the gene is translation genetics translated into a protein, each of these triplets gives rise to a glutamine unit, resulting in a polyglutamine tract. Different allele s of such a gene often have different numbers of CAG triplets. Several inheritable neurodegenerative disorder s, the polyglutamine disease s, occur if a mutation causes a polyglutamine tract in a specific gene to become too long. Important examples of polyglutamine diseases are spinocerebellar ataxia and Huntington s disease . It is believed that cells cannot properly dispose of proteins with overly long polyglutamine tracts, which over time leads to damage in neuron nerve cell s. The longer the polyglutamine tract, the earlier in life these diseases tends to appear. ref Laura Bonetta, http www.hhmi.org biointeractive neuroscience polyglutamine disease.html Polyglutamine Diseases A Devastating Genetic Stutter , Howard Hughes Medical Institute . Retrieved 30 December 2008. ref References reflist Category Peptides ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Infobox Brain Name Optic tract Latin tractus opticus GraySubject 189 GrayPage 814 Image Gray773.png Caption The left optic nerve and the optic tracts. Image2 Caption2 IsPartOf Visual system Components Artery Vein BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 443 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Optic tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1684 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817061 The optic tract is a part of the visual system in the brain . It is a continuation of the optic nerve and runs from the optic chiasm where half of the information from each eye crosses sides, and half stays on the same side to the lateral geniculate nucleus . Right vs. left The relationships of the retinal fibers to the optic tracts are illustrated below, with the nasal retinal fibers in blue and the temporal retinal fibers in red. File Gray722.png thumb Click for a larger image. class wikitable optic tract temporal retinal fibers nasal retinal fiber right optic tract from the right eye from the left eye left optic tract from the left eye from the right eye In split brain patients whom have undergone a corpus callosotomy usually to treat severe epilepsy the information from one optic tract does not get transmitted to both hemispheres. In carefully controlled experiments, split brain patients shown an image in his or her left left visual field that is, the left half of what both eyes see , will be unable to vocally name what he or she has seen as the speech control center is in the left ... optic tract will cause right sided homonomous hemianopsia . Additional images gallery Deleted image removed Image Optic tract.JPG Optic tract. Image Hippocampus brain .jpg Diagram of hippocampus Image ... brainstem anterior view 2 description.JPG Human brainstem anterior view Image Optic tract and optic nerve.jpg Optic tract and optic nerve gallery Visual system Sensory system Cranial nerves DEFAULTSORT Optic Tract Category Visual system Neuroscience stub it Tratto ottico pl Droga wzrokowa th ... more details
Context date October 2009 The hypothalamotegmental tract is a pathway from the hypothalamus to the reticular formation . Axons from the posterior hypothalamus descend through the midbrain reticular formation mesencephalic and pontine reticular formation pontine reticular formation reticular formations . They connect with reticular neurons important in visceral and autonomic activity. The tract is a continuation of the medial forebrain bundle in the lateral portion of the tegmentum. It is not visible without special stains. References Unreferenced date June 2007 See Also Midbrain reticular formation Medial forebrain bundle Mammillothalamic tract Category Neuroanatomy Category Cerebrum Category Central nervous system neuroscience stub ... more details
Infobox Anatomy Name PAGENAME Latin tractus tectospinalis GraySubject 185 GrayPage 760 Image Gray670.png Caption Diagram showing possible connection of long descending fibers from higher centers with the motor cells of the ventral column through association fibers. Tectospinal fasciculus labeled at center right. Image2 Gray672.png Caption2 Diagram of the principal fasciculi of the spinal cord . Tectospinal fasciculus labeled at center right, in red. System Precursor MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Tectospinal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 759 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817309 In humans, the tectospinal tract also known as colliculospinal tract is a nerve pathway which coordinates head and eye movements. It is part of the indirect extrapyramidal tract . Specifically, the tectospinal tract connects the midbrain tectum and the spinal cord . It is responsible for motor impulses that arise from one side of the midbrain to muscles on the opposite side of the body . The function of the tectospinal tract is to mediate reflex postural movements of the head in response to visual and auditory stimuli. The portion of the midbrain from where this tract originates is the superior colliculus , which receives afferents from the visual nuclei primarily the oculomotor nuclei complex , then projects to the contralateral decussating ventral to the mesencephalic duct and ipsilateral portion of the first cervical neuromeres of the spinal cord , the oculomotor and trochlear nuclei in the midbrain and the abducens nucleus in the caudal portion of the pons. The tract descends to the cervical spinal cord to terminate in Rexed laminae VI, VII, and VIII to coordinate head , neck , and human eye eye movements, primarily in response to visual stimuli. See also Upper motor neuron Spinotectal tract External links http faculty.etsu.edu currie images neuro2.jpg Diagram at etsu.edu http sky.bsd.uchicago.edu lcy ref synap spmotor.html Overview and diagram at uchicago.edu BrainInfo hier 783 neuroscience st ... more details
the dorsal horn layer VII Subdivisions of the tract The tract is divided into dubious Concerns about wikitable date January 2011 class wikitable Division Information Limbs Dorsal spinocerebellar tract dorsal posterior spinocerebellar tract from muscle spindle s lower limb Ventral spinocerebellar tract ventral anterior spinocerebellar tract from Golgi organ golgi tendon organs lower limb spinocuneocerebellar tract from muscle spindle s upper limb rostral spinocerebellar tract from Golgi organ golgi ... tract, the sensory neurons synapse in an area known as Clarke s nucleus or Clarke s column . This is a column ... tract . The neurons in the accessory cuneate nucleus have axons leading to the ipsilateral ... tracts Some neurons of the ventral spinocerebellar tract instead form synapses with neurons ... side. For this reason the tract is sometimes termed the double crosser. The Rostral Tract synapses ... more details
Image Digestive system showing bile duct.png thumb Digestive system diagram showing the common bile duct The biliary tract or biliary tree is the common anatomy anatomical term for the path by which bile is secreted by the liver then transported to the first part of the small intestine , also known as the duodenum . A structure common to most members of the mammal family, it is referred to as a tree because it begins with many small branches which end in the common bile duct, sometimes referred to as the trunk of the biliary tree. The duct, the branches of the Common hepatic artery hepatic artery and the hepatic portal vein portal vein form the central axis of the portal triad . Bile flows in the direction opposite to that of the blood present in the other two channels. The name usually excludes the liver , ref MeshName Biliary tract ref but sometimes does include it. ref name urlDorlands Medical Dictionary biliary tract cite web url http www.mercksource.com pp us cns cns hl dorlands split.jsp?pg ppdocs us common dorlands dorland eight 000109910.htm title Dorlands Medical Dictionary biliary tract work accessdate ref Clinical significance Pressure inside in the biliary tree can give rise to gallstone s and lead to cirrhosis of the liver . Blockage can cause jaundice . ref name urlDefinition biliary tract from Online Medical Dictionary cite web url http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?biliary tract title Definition biliary tract from Online Medical Dictionary format work accessdate ref The biliary tract can also serve as a reservoir for intestinal tract infections. Since the biliary tract is an internal organ, it has no somatic nervous system somatic nerve supply , and colicky pain due to infection and inflammation of the biliary tract is not a somatic pain. Rather, pain may be caused by luminal distension, which causes stretching of the wall. This is the same mechanism that causes pain in bowel obstruction s. Citation needed date April 2010 Path An image might say mo ... more details
Infobox Brain Name Solitary tract Latin tractus solitarius medullae oblongatae GraySubject 187 GrayPage 785 Image Gray695.png Caption Transverse section of medulla oblongata below the middle of the olive. Fasciculus solitarius labeled at upper right. Image2 Gray700.png Caption2 The formatio reticularis of the medulla oblongata, shown by a transverse section passing through the middle of the olive. 15 is fasciculus solitarius IsPartOf Components Artery Vein Acronym BrainInfoType hier BrainInfoNumber 782 MeshName MeshNumber NeuroLex Solitary tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1483 DorlandsPre t 15 DorlandsSuf 12817166 The solitary tract lang la tractus solitarius is a compact fiber bundle that extends longitudinally through the posterolateral region of the Medulla oblongata medulla . The solitary tract is surrounded by the nucleus of the solitary tract , and descends to the upper cervical segments of the spinal cord . Composition The solitary tract is made up of primary sensory fibers and descending fibers of the Vagus nerve vagus , glossopharyngeal nerve glossopharyngeal , and facial nerve s. Function The solitary tract conveys afferent information from stretch receptors and chemoreceptors in the walls of the cardiovascular, respiratory, and intestinal tracts. Afferent fibers from cranial nerves facial nerve 7 , glossopharyngeal nerve 9 and vagus nerve 10 convey taste special visceral afferent SVA in its rostral portion, and general visceral sense general visceral afferent fibers GVA in its caudal part. Taste bud s in the mucosa of the tongue can also generate impulses in the Anatomical terms of location Directional terms rostral regions of the solitary tract. The efferent fibers are distributed to the solitary tract nucleus. Synonyms There are numerous synonyms for the solitary tract round fasciculus Latin fasciculus rotundus solitary fasciculus Latin fasciculus solitarius solitary ... www.emedicine.com asp dictionary.asp?keyword solitary tract isbn 0 7817 3390 1 page 2011 Rhombencephalon ... more details
Hatnote Pyramidal tract redirects here. This page refers to the nerve fibres underlying the pyramids ... Corticospinal tract Latin tractus corticospinalis GraySubject 185 GrayPage 759 Image Gray684.png Caption Deep dissection of brain stem. Lateral view. pyramidal tract visible in red, and pyramidal decussation ... Tracts MeshNumber A08.186.854.633 NeuroLex Pyramidal tract NeuroLexID birnlex 1464 The corticospinal or pyramidal tract is a collection of axon s that travel between the cerebral cortex of the brain and the spinal cord . The corticospinal tract contains mostly motor axon s. It consists of two separate tracts in the spinal cord the lateral corticospinal tract and the anterior corticospinal tract ... by the opposite side of the brain. The corticobulbar tract is also considered to be a pyramidal tract, though it carries signals to motor neurons of the cranial nerve nuclei, rather than the spinal ... are sometimes referred to as pyramidal tract neurons PTN , because their axons form part of the pyramidal ... ref Pyramidal tract neurons, however, are not to be confused with pyramidal neurons a super class of neurons ... pyramidal tract neurons because their axons pass through the medullary pyramids and pyramidal neurons because their cell body is shaped like a pyramid . The corticospinal tract is concerned specifically ... called fractionated movements . The motor pathway The corticospinal tract originates from pyramidal ... of the midbrain cortico mesencephalic tract , pons Corticopontine tract , and medulla oblongata cortico bulbar tract , decussating just before they reach their target nuclei. These are called geniculate ... cord corticospinal tract . Most of the corticospinal fibers about 80 cross over to the contralateral ... in the lateral corticospinal tract . 10 Enter Or Ten percent enter the lateral corticospinal tract ... , and these travel in the anterior corticospinal tract . Whichever of these two tracts it travels ... of the corticospinal tract itself. From cerebral to motor neurons The motor axons move closer together ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Unreferenced date September 2009 The Harcon Tract is a small tract of land that was north of the Rio Grande but is now south thereof since the river was diverted. It ceased to be a territory of the United States of America since a treaty with Mexico finalized in the late 1970s. Persons born while it was a territory may be eligible for benefits in the U.S. coord missing Mexico Category Geography of Mexico Mexico geo stub ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 Infobox Anatomy Name Spinoreticular tract Latin tractus spinoreticularis GraySubject GrayPage Image Caption Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber The spinoreticular tract is an ascending pathway in the white matter of the spinal cord , positioned closely to the lateral spinothalamic tract. The tract is from spinal cord to reticular formation ref name urlChapter 25 Neural Mechanisms of Cardiac Pain The Anterolateral System cite web url http symptomresearch.nih.gov chapter 25 sec3 crfs3pg3.htm title Chapter 25 Neural Mechanisms of Cardiac Pain The Anterolateral System work accessdate 2009 11 26 ref to thalamus . It is responsible for automatic responses to pain, such as in the case of injury. Pathway The spinoreticular tract utilizes four levels of neurons, unlike most ascending tracts which have first through third order neurons. The tract begins with first order neurons, which immediately synapse with second order neurons in the posterior horn of the spinal column. These neurons decussate to the opposite side anterolateral , and travel up the spinal column. It terminates in the brainstem at the medullary pontine reticular formation. Information is sent from there to the intradmedian nucleus of the thalamic intralaminar nuclei. The thalamic intralaminar nuclei project diffusely to entire cerebral cortex where pain reaches conscious level and promotes behavioral arousal. It is still undetermined if the spinoreticular tract possesses ipsilateral fibers in addition to those that decussate. It is hypothesized that during development the tract was bilateral, but that the ipsilateral synapses became ineffective during development. References Reflist Saladin, Kenneth S. Anatomy & Physiology The Unity of Form and Function. New York McGraw Hill. 2010. Mense, Siegfried & Gerwin, Robert D. Muscle Pain Understanding and Mechanisms. New York Springer. 2010. Further reading cite book title Neurophysiological Basis ... more details
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