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Gamma ray burst





Encyclopedia results for Gamma ray burst

  1. Gamma-ray burst

    burst. Gamma ray bursts GRBs are flashes of gamma ray s associated with extremely energetic explosions ... the Milky Way. It has been hypothesized that a gamma ray burst in the Milky Way, pointing directly towards ... of gamma ray burst research Gamma ray bursts were first observed in the late 1960s by the U.S. ... Gamma Ray Observatory and its Burst and Transient Source Explorer CGRO Instruments BATSE instrument ... ray burst progenitors Magnetar giant flares giant flare , more related to soft gamma repeater SGR ... when the satellite BeppoSAX detected a gamma ray burst GRB 970228 ref group nb name grbnames GRBs ... spacecraft.jpg thumb NASA s Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift Spacecraft launched in November 2004 .... One of the most successful space missions to date, Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift , was launched ... emission following a burst. More recently, the Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope Fermi mission was launched carrying the Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope GBM Gamma Ray Burst Monitor , which detects bursts ... software that responds immediately to signals sent through the Gamma ray Burst Coordinates Network ... Image GRB BATSE 12lightcurves.png thumb 200px left Gamma ray burst light curves While most ... are extremely diverse and complex. ref Katz Katz 2002 , p. 37 ref No two gamma ray burst light curves ... their short counterparts. Almost every well studied long gamma ray burst has been associated with a rapidly ... their origins. Since then, several dozen short gamma ray burst afterglows have been detected and localized ... of a bright gamma ray burst occurring in a star forming region. Energy from the explosion is beamed ... by most bursts are expected to miss the Earth and never be detected. When a gamma ray burst is pointed ... GRBs. Because of the immense distances of most gamma ray burst sources from Earth, identification ... 104 have been cited as possible gamma ray burst progenitors. ref Plait Plait 2008 ref It is unclear if any star in the Milky Way has the appropriate characteristics to produce a gamma ray burst. ref ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray burst progenitors

    candidates for a hypernova Gamma ray burst progenitors are the types of celestial objects that can emit gamma ray bursts GRBs . GRBs show an extraordinary degree of diversity. They can last anywhere ... name hyper cite web url http cerncourier.com cws article cern 28913 title Gamma ray burst supports ... to a gamma ray burst under this theory the star must be very massive probably at least 40 Solar ... with the gamma ray burst of 25 April 1998 journal Nature volume 395 issue 6703 pages 663 doi 10.1038 ... be difficult to distinguish from other types of short gamma ray burst on the basis of the light ... be observed by the novel LOFAR Low Frequency Array LOFAR . See also Gamma ray burst emission mechanisms Quark nova References reflist 2 DEFAULTSORT Gamma Ray Burst Progenitors Category Gamma ray bursts ..., M. year 1975 title Theories of gamma ray bursts journal Texas Symposium on Relativistic Astrophysics ..., gamma ray bursts are far rarer than ordinary core collapse supernovae, which only require that the star ... is based largely on two lines of evidence. First, long gamma ray bursts are found without exception ... ray burst. While most GRBs occur too far away for current instruments to have any chance of detecting ... from two nearby long gamma ray bursts journal Nature ref ref cite web url http www.astronomy.com ... 2007 09 15 date December 20, 2006 ref when two nearby long gamma ray bursts lacked a signature ... systems? Short gamma ray bursts appear to be an exception. Until 2007, only a handful of these events ... Scale Environments of Short Hard Gamma Ray Bursts journal Astrophysical Journal volume 641 issue ... 2005Sci...309.1833B author Burrows, D. N. et al. year 2005 title Bright X ray Flares in Gamma Ray Burst Afterglows journal Science volume 309 pages 1833 1835 doi 10.1126 science.1116168 pmid 16109845 ... class of object from normal gamma ray bursts and excluded from subsequent GRB studies. However ... 1806 20 and was bright enough to saturate the detectors of every gamma ray satellite in orbit and significantly ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray Burst Coordinates Network

    Image GCN.PNG 300px thumb right small Diagram of the Gamma ray burst Coordinates Network. NASA GSFC small The Gamma ray burst Coordinates Network GCN is a system that distributes information about the location of a Gamma ray burst GRB , called Notices , when a burst is detected by various spacecraft. The GCN also automatically receives and distributes messages, called Circulars , about follow up observations to interested individuals and institutions. Follow up observations may be made by ground based and space based optical, radio, and X ray observatories. GCN has its origins in the BATSE COordinates DIstribution NEtwork BACODINE . The Burst And Transient Source Experiment BATSE was a scientific instrument on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory CGRO , and BACODINE monitored the BATSE real time telemetry from CGRO. The first function of BACODINE was calculating the right ascension RA and declination dec locations for GRBs that it detected, and distributing those locations to sites around the world in real time. Since the de orbiting of the CGRO, this function of BACODINE is no longer operational ... refined information about the GRB back to the GCN. In the case of Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission ... Energy Transient Explorer WMM and SXC INTErnational Gamma Ray Astrophysics Laboratory INTEGRAL InterPlanetary Network IPN Position Notices from WIND Konus and Ulysses probe Ulysses . Rossi X ray Timing Explorer PCA and ASM Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift provides data products not previously available ... X ray Imaging Sensors ALEXIS , BeppoSAX , the Imaging Compton Telescope COMPTEL on CGRO, and the X Ray Gamma Ray Spectrometer XGRS on NEAR Shoemaker . GCN Circulars The GCN system has the capability ... via GCN include AGILE spacecraft AGILE and Gamma ray Large Area Space Telescope . External links http gcn.gsfc.nasa.gov GCN Homepage at GSFC Category Gamma ray bursts Category Astrophysics ... data flow starts when gamma rays from a GRB hit a detector on a spacecraft. The spacecraft sends ...   more details



  1. History of gamma-ray burst research

    Orphan date October 2010 Refimprove date January 2010 The history of gamma ray burst research began with the serendipitous detection of a gamma ray burst GRB on July 2, 1967 by the U.S. Vela satellite ..., however, until the 1991 launch of the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory and its Burst and Transient Source ... serve as gamma ray burst detectors. ref Schilling Schilling 2002 , p. 58&ndash 60 ref After 10 years ... in February 1997, less than one year after it had been launched. BeppoSAX detected a gamma ray burst ... of a gamma ray burst explosion. ref Schilling Schilling 2002 , p. 124&ndash 126 ref Also, because ... 02 18 ref NASA s Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift satellite launched in November 2004. It combines ... 2008 12 05 publisher fermi.gsfc.nasa.gov ref Other gamma ray burst observation missions include and AGILE spacecraft AGILE . Discoveries of GRBs are made as they are detected via the Gamma ray Burst ... al. year 2004 title The Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission journal Astrophysical Journal volume 611 issue ... author Hakkila, J., et al. year 2003 title How Sample Completeness Affects Gamma Ray Burst Classification ... cite conference first K. last Hurley year 2003 title A Gamma Ray Burst Bibliography, 1973 2001 booktitle Gamma Ray Burst and Afterglow Astronomy, 2001 A Workshop Celebrating the First Year of the HETE ... al. year 1997 title Transient optical emission from the error box of the gamma ray burst of 28 February ... Aptekar cite journal author Aptekar, R., et al. year 1995 title Konus W gamma ray burst experiment for the GSS ... National Laboratory published the first paper on the subject, Observations of Gamma Ray Bursts of Cosmic ... developed in an attempt to explain their origins. Discovery Gamma ray bursts were discovered in the late ... had four satellites operational at any given time such that a gamma ray signal could be detected ... of detecting gamma ray bursts. ref name KatzVela Katz Katz 2002 , p. 4&ndash 5 ref On July 2, 1967 ... ref Nuclear bombs produce a very brief, intense burst of gamma rays less than one millionth of a second ...   more details



  1. Swift Gamma-Ray Burst Mission

    Infobox Space telescope name Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission image Image Swift spacecraft.jpg 270px Swift ... instrument 1 characteristics Burst Alert gamma ray Telescope instrument 2 name X ray Telescope XRT ... The Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission consists of a robotic spacecraft called Swift , which was launched ... to the study of gamma ray burst GRB science. Its three instruments work together to observe GRBs and their afterglows in the gamma ray , X ray , ultraviolet , and optical wavebands. Based on continuous ... BAT triggered and located on board an apparent gamma ray burst during launch and early operations ... location of a short duration gamma ray burst has been identified and the first detection of X ray afterglow in an individual short burst. On September 4, 2005, Swift detected GRB 050904 with a redshift ... cite news first Robert last Garner coauthors title NASA s Swift Catches Farthest Ever Gamma Ray Burst ... title New Gamma Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record url http www.nasa.gov mission pages swift bursts ... Gamma ray Burst Real time Sky Map based on Swift data http www.berkeley.edu news media releases ... Gamma Ray Burst Explorer hu Swift m hold nl Swift satelliet ja pl Swift satelita pt Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission ru Swift sk Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission fi Swift teleskooppi ... deorbit date wavelength Gamma ray ray X ray Ultraviolet UV Visible spectrum Visible mass 1470.0 ... two types of GRBs, only one of which can be explained with a hypernova , creating a gamma ray ... as a general purpose gamma ray X ray optical observatory platform, performing rapid Target of Opportunity ... of an imminent supernova . On June 14, 2006, Swift detected GRB 060614 , a burst of gamma rays ... 9, 2008, Swift was observing a supernova in NGC 2770 when it witnessed an X ray burst coming from ... 080319B , a burst of gamma rays amongst the brightest celestial objects ever witnessed. At a distance ... measures distance to gamma ray bursts Space observatories Explorer program NASA navbox Orbital launches ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray burst emission mechanisms

    Gamma ray burst emission mechanisms are theories that explain how the energy from a gamma ray burst progenitor ... close to the speed of light is a necessary requirement for producing the emission in a gamma ray burst ... photons, some photons gain energy, generating gamma rays. ref cite journal title Powerful GeV emission from a gamma ray burst shock wave scattering stellar photons author Giannios, Dimitrios journal ... Curves of Gamma Ray Burst Afterglows journal Astrophysical Journal Letters volume 497 issue 5 ... title Observation of contemporaneous optical radiation from a gamma ray burst journal Nature volume ... Gamma ray burst emission is believed to be released in jets, not spherical shells. ref cite journal ... gamma ray bursts journal The Astrophysical Journal Letters year 1994 volume 430 pages ... that has successfully described the spectrum of all gamma ray bursts though some theories work for a subset ... of most gamma ray bursts math N E begin cases E alpha exp left frac E E 0 right , & mbox ... beta alpha right , & mbox if E alpha beta E 0 mbox end cases math A few gamma ray bursts have shown ... Afterglow from Gamma Ray Bursts journal The Astrophysical Journal volume 476 issue 1 pages ... ph 0405503 author Piran, T year 1994 title Physics of Gamma Ray Bursts journal Arxiv astrophysics ... year 1993 title Gamma Ray Bursts Multiwaveband Spectral Predictions for Blast Wave Models journal ... z GRBs, such as the Lyman alpha forest . References reflist 3 Category Gamma ray bursts Category ... , making the burst far less luminous and also giving it a very different spectrum from what is observed. However, if the emitting system is moving towards Earth at relativistic velocities, the burst ... length of the GRB. Often this variability timescale is far shorter than the total burst length. For example ... could generate gamma rays by scattering photons from neighboring stars. About 30 of known galactic Wolf ... at longer wavelengths X ray, UV, optical, infrared, and radio known as the afterglow ref cite journal ...   more details



  1. Gamma-Ray Burst Optical/Near-Infrared Detector

    Gamma ray Space Telescope detected gamma ray burst GRB 080916C 080916C . On 19 February 2009, NASA ... and afterglow of the extremely energetic gamma ray burst GRB 080916C date 2009 02 04 eprint 0902.0761 ... Gly distant. ref cite press release title NASA s Fermi Telescope Sees Most Extreme Gamma ray Blast ... Physics Category Gamma ray bursts observatory stub es Detector ptico e infrarrojo cercano de brotes de rayos gamma no Grond tredje tideverv ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray

    Astronomical gamma ray source Gamma camera Gamma ray astronomy Gamma ray burst Gamma ray generation ...About the term s use in physics File Gamma Decay.svg thumb Illustration of an emission of a gamma ray .... A classical gamma ray source is a type of radioactive decay called gamma decay where an excited nucleus emits a gamma ray almost immediately on formation. However, gamma decay may also describe isomeric ... gamma ray emitters were discovered, the wavelength bands largely overlapped. The two types of radiation ... The Moon as seen by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , in gamma rays of greater than 20 MeV. These are produced ... common gamma ray emitting isotopes used in diagnostic nuclear medicine , technetium 99m , produces gamma radiation of about the same energy 140 keV as produced by a diagnostic X ray machine ... per area in the path of the gamma ray. For this reason, a lead shield is only modestly better 20 ... dominates at low energy. Above 5 MeV, pair production starts to dominate When a gamma ray passes .... The photoelectric effect is the dominant energy transfer mechanism for X ray and gamma ... may be estimated by analyzing the incoming gamma ray spectrums. ref cite journal last Bock first ... issn 0036 8075 doi 10.1126 science.1157087 pmid 18583607 ref Gamma ray production See also Gamma ray generation Gamma rays from radioactive gamma decay are produced alongside other forms of radiation ... state by emitting a gamma ray, in much the same way that an atomic electron can jump to a lower energy state by emitting infrared , visible, or ultraviolet light. Emission of a gamma ray from an excited ... ray. Isomeric transition is the name given to a gamma decay from such a state. The process of isomeric ... excited states of the nuclei. An emitted gamma ray from any type of excited state may transfer its ..., in which no real gamma ray photon is produced as an intermediate particle . File Cobalt 60 Decay ... broad overlap with X ray energies occurs. An example of gamma ray production follows First SimpleNuclide ...   more details



  1. Book:Gamma-Ray Bursts

    saved book title Gamma Ray Bursts subtitle cover image GRB080319B illustration NASA.jpg cover color black Gamma Ray Bursts Overview Gamma ray astronomy Gamma ray burst Gamma ray burst emission mechanisms Gamma ray burst progenitors Gamma ray generation Soft gamma repeater History of gamma ray burst research Individual bursts List of gamma ray bursts GRB 970228 GRB 970402 GRB 970508 GRB 971214 GRB 980425 GRB 990123 Beethoven Burst GRB 991216 GRB 991216 GRB 000131 GRB 011211 GRB 020813 GRB 030329 GRB 031203 GRB 050509b GRB 050709 GRB 050904 GRB 051221A GRB 060218 GRB 060614 GRB 070125 GRB 070714B GRB 080319B GRB 080913 GRB 080916C GRB 090423 GRB 100621A Soft gamma repeaters SGR 0501 4516 SGR J1550 5418 SGR 1627 41 SGR 1806 20 SGR 1900 14 Miscellany Gamma ray Burst Coordinates Network InterPlanetary Network Category Wikipedia books books without categories ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray (disambiguation)

    Gamma ray is a form of electromagnetic radiation. Gamma Ray may also refer to Gamma Ray band , power metal band, see Gamma Ray song , Beck single dab ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray astronomy

    the vicinity of the Earth. Later detectors determined that these gamma ray burst gamma ray burst s are seen ... 2007. Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift , a NASA spacecraft, was launched in 2004 and carries the BAT instrument for gamma ray burst observations. Following BeppoSAX and HETE 2, it has observed numerous ... Burst Monitor, for studying gamma ray bursts. Very energetic gamma rays, with photon energies over ... NASA s Swift gamma ray burst mission http ucdcms.ucdavis.edu solar2 index.php The CACTUS Ground Based .... Gamma ray astronomy is the astronomy astronomical study of the cosmos with gamma rays . Gamma ... Gamma rays accessdate 2010 11 14 publisher NASA ref Image Cartoon CGRO.jpg thumb Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Early history Long before experiments could detect gamma ray s emitted by cosmic sources ... ref Most gamma rays coming from space are absorbed by the Earth s atmosphere, so gamma ray astronomy ... using balloon s and spacecraft. The first gamma ray telescope carried into orbit, on the Explorer 11 satellite in 1961, picked up fewer than 100 cosmic gamma ray photons. They appeared to come from all directions in the Universe, implying some sort of uniform gamma ray background . Such a background ... gas. The first true astrophysical gamma ray sources were solar flares, which revealed ... of high energy ions accelerated in the flare process. These first gamma ray line observations ... of Gamma ray Astronomy accessdate 2010 11 14 ref Significant gamma ray emission from our galaxy was first ... Gamma ray accessdate 2010 11 14 work Science Clarified ref by the detector aboard the OSO 3 satellite. It detected 621 events attributable to cosmic gamma rays. However, the field of gamma ray astronomy ... ray background, produced the first detailed map of the sky at gamma ray wavelengths, and detected a number ... of these point sources with specific visible stars or stellar systems. Gamma ray A discovery in gamma ..., flickering, and then fading after briefly dominating the gamma ray sky. Studied since the mid 1980s ...   more details



  1. Astronomical gamma-ray source

    distribution Image BATSE 2704.jpg thumb left 250px Positions on the sky of all gamma ray burst s detected ... XR 4 Cygnus X 3 Dark matter Electron positron annihilation Gamma ray astronomy Gamma ray burst Gamma ray burst emission mechanisms Gamma ray burst progenitors Gamma ray generation Hercules X 1 History of gamma ray burst research Index table for X ray and gamma ray sources List of gamma ray bursts Neutrino ...An astronomical gamma ray source is an astronomical source of gamma ray s. These rays can be emitted ... in the visible portion of the electromagnetic spectrum and later observed with a gamma ray observatory in orbit around Earth is also an astronomical gamma ray source. The location may be associated with a known ... detected say in the visible portion of the spectrum and later observed with a gamma ray observatory in orbit around Earth is also an astronomical gamma ray source. Striving to understand the generation ... these affect us on Earth. Gamma ray main Gamma ray Gamma radiation , also known as gamma rays denoted ... limit for such energies is about 20 MeV, and there is no lower limit. Gamma ray Gamma radiation ... doi 10.1016 S1384 1076 00 00039 7 ref Galactic diffuse gamma ray intensity at energies 10 sup ..., Lawrence W. Jones year 2009 title Galactic diffuse gamma ray flux at the energy about 175 TeV journal ... PT, Weekes TC title Gamma ray observations of the Crab Nebula at TeV energies journal Ap J. month ... of generating something such as electromagnetic radiation or a star . Celestial gamma ray ... celestial body accessdate 19 May 2010 ref This also applies to differentiating a celestial gamma ray source from an astronomical gamma ray source. The celestial sphere has been divided into 88 constellation ... remarkable gamma ray sources. Image Gamma sun.jpg thumb 200px right The Sun as seen in gamma rays by Compton Gamma Ray Observatory COMPTEL during a June 15, 1991, solar flare. Credit COMPTEL team, University of New Hampshire. The only major celestial gamma ray source that does not belong to a constellation ...   more details



  1. List of gamma-ray bursts

    The following is a list of significant gamma ray burst s GRBs listed in chronological order. GRBs are named ... GRB detected GRB 790305b The first observed Gamma ray burst progenitors Magnetar giant flares SGR ... thoroughly studied afterglow to date. GRB 050509b z    0.225 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift ... Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift First GRB with an accompanying supernova which could be tracked starting ...   0.125 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift Either a long duration burst in which the presence of a bright supernova is ruled out, or a short duration burst with extremely long lasting gamma ray emission. GRB 080319B z    0.937 Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift The most optically ... of any gamma ray burst. GRB 080916C z    4.35 ref group Ref Greiner Greiner 2009 ref Fermi Gamma ray Space Telescope Fermi The most energetic gamma ray burst observed to date. GRB 090423 Right ... Gamma Ray Burst Mission Swift Current record holder for most distant observed object in the universe ... news2 gamma.html Gamma Ray Burst Afterglows Surprises from the Sky , P. Vreeswijk, N. Tanvir, T. Galama ... , http fr.arxiv.org abs astro ph 9802055 The X Ray Characteristics of a Classical Gamma Ray Burst and its ...?fobjectid 24887 Yet another record Ulysses detects most distant gamma ray burst , 19 Oct 2000 . Retrieved ... of the region of the Gamma ray burst GRB 970402 url http www.asdc.asi.it bepposax first grb970402.html ... J et al. year 2009 title The redshift and afterglow of the extremely energetic gamma ray burst GRB ... New Gamma Ray Burst Smashes Cosmic Distance Record publisher NASA url http www.nasa.gov mission ... grbox.php GRBOX Gamma Ray Burst Online Index http grb.sonoma.edu Real time GRB map and catalog at Sonoma ... ar it Lista di gamma ray burst ... and gamma rays. Brightest observed afterglow before the launch of Swift. GRB 991216 BATSE First burst ... burst with a detected radio, optical, and X ray counterpart, as well as an unambiguous association ...   more details



  1. Compton Gamma Ray Observatory

    duration gamma ray burst s 20 to 600 keV and conducted full sky surveys for long lived sources ... antimatter cloud above the center. The BATSE instrument averaged one gamma ray burst event detection ... GRB 990123 Gamma ray burst 990123 23 January 1999 was one of the brightest bursts recorded at the time, and was the first GRB with an optical afterglow observed during the prompt gamma ray emission ... Swift Gamma Ray Burst Mission References Reflist External links http cossc.gsfc.nasa.gov NASA ...Infobox Space Telescope name Compton Gamma Ray Observatory background subheadings background colour don ... telescope instrument 4 name Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope EGRET instrument 4 characteristics ... NASA Compton Gamma Ray Observatory as of stats ref The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory CGRO was the second ... Washington University in St. Louis , Nobel prize winner, for work involved with gamma ray physics ... heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov docs cgro epo brochures compton bro5.html title Gamma Ray Astronomy in the Compton Era The Instruments accessdate 2007 12 07 work Gamma Ray Astronomy in the Compton Era publisher ... 100 s. Image STS 37 Compton Gamma Ray Observatory deployment.jpg thumb right 230px The Compton Gamma ... ie, particle and gamma ray events from the rear produced slow rise time 1 s pulses, which could ... typically operated in pairs of two. During a gamma ray source observation, one detector would take .... The instrument had a field of view of one steradian . For cosmic gamma ray events, the experiment ... be determined. EGRET main Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope The Energetic Gamma Ray Experiment Telescope , EGRET measured high energy 20 MeV to 30 GeV gamma ray source positions to a fraction ... thumb right The Moon as seen by the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory, in gamma rays of greater than ... of gamma ray bursts must originate in distant galaxies, not nearby in our own Milky Way , and therefore must be enormously energetic. The discovery of the first four Soft gamma repeater soft gamma ray ...   more details



  1. Terrestrial gamma-ray flash

    ref Discovery Terrestrial gamma ray flashes were first discovered in 1994 by BATSE , or Burst and Transient Source Experiment, on the Compton Gamma Ray Observatory , a NASA spacecraft Fishman et al. 1994 ... 2006 , http www.agu.org pubs crossref 2006 2005JD006987.shtml Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flashes Observed Aboard Compton Gamma Ray Observatory Burst And Transient Source Experiment and ELF VLF Radio Atmospherics ...Image Tgf.jpg thumb right Artist s conception of gamma ray flash and related phenomena. Credit NASA Terrestrial gamma ray flashes TGFs are bursts of gamma rays in the Earth s atmosphere. TGFs have been ... and electrons produced by terrestrial gamma ray flashes. ref http www.bbc.co.uk news science environment ... are very unusual. See also Gamma ray bursts Red sprite Blue jet Lightning References Barrington Leigh ... Gamma ray Flashes after CGRO prospects for HESSI . Retrieved April 2, 2005, from University of California ... and terrestrial gamma ray flashes , Geophys. Res. Lett., 32, CiteID L08811 Dwyer, J. R. 2003 . A fundamental ... A comparison between Monte Carlo simulations of runaway breakdown and terrestrial gamma ray flash ... gamma ray flashes, J. Geophys. Res., 113, D10103, doi 10.1029 2007JD009248. Dwyer, J. R., Grefenstette ... of intense gamma ray flashes of atmospheric origin , Science, 264, 1313 1316. Gurevich, A. V., G. M ... gamma ray flashes by an electromagnetic pulse from a lightning return stroke , Geophys. Res ... , http www.agu.org pubs crossref 2006 2006GL027085.shtml Terrestrial gamma ray flashes and lightning ... . http www.newscientist.com article.ns?id dn7025 Earth creates powerful gamma ray flashes . http ... 2005 , http www.sciencemag.org cgi content abstract sci 307 5712 1085 Terrestrial gamma ray flashes ... 04 05 02 21 flashes.asp New satellite observations of terrestrial gamma ray flashes reveal surprising ... it Terrestrial Gamma Ray Flash pl Ziemski b ysk gamma ... years, due to its having been constructed to study gamma rays from outer space, which last much longer ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray logging

    and different spectra of natural gamma ray gamma radiation . In particular, shale s usually emit more gamma rays than other sedimentary rocks, such as sandstone , gypsum , halite salt , coal , dolomite ... and thorium as well. A common gamma ray log records the total radiation, and cannot distinguish between the radioactive elements, while a spectral gamma ray log see below can. For standard GR logs ... can cause clean sand reservoirs to appear shaley. Spectral Gamma ray is used to provide an individual ... such as carnallite . When this is the case, spectral gamma ray logging can be done to identify these anomalies ... emissions. The characteristic gamma ray line that is associated with each component that is the best method for File df Potassium Gamma ray energy 1.46 MeV Thorium series Gamma ray energy 2.62 MeV Uranium Radium series Gamma ray energy 1.76 MeV Use in mineral exploration Gamma ray logs are also used ... Gamma Ray Logging Category Well logging Category Petroleum technology ...original research date December 2010 Unreferenced date October 2006 Well logging Image Gama Ray Log.GIF thumb right Example gamma ray log. Blue and black lines indicate the measured gamma rays. Sand section of interest is located at bottom of log where the log moves to the left. Gamma ray logging is a method of measuring naturally occurring gamma radiation to characterize the rock or sediment in a borehole ... in radioactivity between shales and sandstones carbonate rocks allows the gamma tool to distinguish between shales and non shales. The gamma ray log, like other types of well logging , is done simply by lowering an instrument down the hole and recording gamma radiation at each depth. In the United States , the device most commonly records measurements at 1 2 foot intervals. Gamma radiation is usually recorded in API unit s, a measurement originated by the petroleum industry. Gamma logs are affected ... gamma logs are most often used in a qualitative way, corrections are usually not necessary. Three ...   more details



  1. Gamma ray spectrometer

    photon . Gamma ray s are electromagnetic radiation at the short wavelength , or high frequency , end ... and analysis of gamma ray spectra for scientific and technical use is called gamma spectroscopy , and gamma ... that they are typically observed by counting individual photons. Gamma ray spectroscopy Atomic atomic ... keV , generally termed X ray s, overlaps somewhat with the low end of the nuclear gamma ray range ... have been performed to observe the gamma ray spectra of the Sun and other astronomical source s, both galactic and extra galactic. The Hard X ray Low Energy Gamma ray experiment A 4 on HEAO 1 ... Experiment on CGRO , the C1 germanium Ge gamma ray instrument on HEAO 3 , and the Ge gamma ray ... to solar observations. Planetary gamma ray spectrometers Image Moonthorium med.jpg thumb Source of image data Los Alamos National Laboratory Gamma ray spectrometers have been widely used for the elemental ... Prospector Gamma Ray Spectrometer author D. J. Lawrence, W. C. Feldman, B. L. Barraclough, A. B. Binder ... used a gamma ray spectrometer and two neutron detectors. GRS instruments supply data on the distribution ... counter s can be used as gamma ray spectrometers. The gamma photon energy is discerned from the intensity ... ray spectrometer used on the Odyssey spacecraft consists of four main components the gamma sensor head ... right 150px The Gamma Ray Spectrometer weighs 30.5 kilograms 67.2  lb and uses 32 watts of power ... Odyssey Gamma Ray Spectrometer Instrument Suite author W.V. Boynton, W.C. Feldman, I.G. Mitrofanov ... http www.lpi.usra.edu expmoon Apollo16 A16 Orbital gamma.html Apollo 16 Gamma Ray Spectrometer ... References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Gamma Ray Spectrometer Category Spectrometers ms Spektrometer Sinar ...for the more general field of spectroscopy as opposed to the instruments , Gamma spectroscopy Image Co60 Spectrum.JPG thumb right 250 px Spectrum of sup 60 sup Co, peaks at 1.17 and 1.33 MeV A Gamma Ray Spectrometer , or GRS , is an instrument for measuring the distribution or spectrum see Gamma spectroscopy ...   more details



  1. Gamma-ray generation

    positron annihilation Flare star Gamma ray Gamma ray burst Gamma ray astronomy Gamma ray telescope ...Image Gamma sun.jpg thumb 200px right The Sun as seen in gamma rays by Compton Gamma Ray Observatory ... being in fixed orbits, the accelerations or decelerations may give off gamma ray s. Gamma ray Gamma ... to produce gamma ray s, but during the solar flare of June 15, 1991, streams of neutrons poured into the intrastellar medium above the photosphere to create gamma rays. The Compton Gamma Ray Observatory ... for several hours. This phenomenon was not observed before Compton Gamma Ray Observatory CGRO and represents ... Image Gammaspektrum Uranerz.jpg thumb 250px Gamma spectroscopy Gamma ray energy spectrum of sup ..., hours, days, or occasionally far longer, before emitting a gamma ray. Isomeric transition is the name .... Each gamma ray emitted by such a transition from an excited state to a less excited or ground state ... The gamma ray spectrum of sup 238 sup U is from several nuclides which are in the decay chain of this nuclide. One of the most common gamma ray emitting isotopes used in diagnostic nuclear medicine ... state which then lowers its energy by emitting a gamma ray. Image Cobalt 60 Decay Scheme.svg thumb ... emitted radiation energies depends on the application. The gamma ray spectrum depends on the anode ... sec1 3.html Diagram of continuum and characteristic lines ref The gamma ray photon generating effect ... gamma ray photons, or dose, is adjusted by controlling the current flow and exposure time. In a tube ... gamma ray of energy equal to the difference in binding energies between the electron shells. An electron ... 0 150 keV, none, or any intermediate quantity. The peak energy of Bremsstrahlung Gamma ray gamma radiation ... to be the cause of terrestrial gamma ray flash es. Ionization main Ionization Similar to fluorescence .... Synchrotron gamma ray generation see also Synchrotron radiation Synchrotron light source Synchrotron ..., X ray s, and gamma ray s. It is distinguished by its characteristic polarization and spectrum ...   more details



  1. Formation evaluation gamma ray

    The formation evaluation gamma ray log is a record of the variation with depth of the natural radioactivity ... wells are useful because shale s and sandstone s typically have different gamma ray levels. Shales and clay s are responsible for most natural radioactivity, so gamma ray log often is a good indicator ... gamma ray radiation is one form of spontaneous radiation emitted by unstable nuclei. Gamma &gamma ... radioactivity in rocks image PTK gamma ray spectra 1.png thumb Fig1 Gamma ray Spectra Isotopes naturally ... sup years, which emits 0 &alpha , 1 &beta , and 1 &gamma ray Thorium sup 232 sup Th with half life of 1.4 x 10 sup 10 sup years, which emits 7 &alpha , 5 &beta , and numerous &gamma ray with different ... &beta , and numerous &gamma ray with different energies Each of these elements emits gamma rays with distinctive energy. Figure 1 shows the energies of emitted gamma ray from the three main isotopes. Potassium 40 decays directly to stable argon 40 with the emission of 1.46 MeV gamma ray. Uranium 238 ... isotope. The spectrum of the gamma rays emitted by these two isotopes consists of gamma ray of many ... and igneous rocks, sands containing volcanic ash, and clays. Gamma ray measurement has the following applications Well to well correlation gamma ray log fluctuates with changes in formation mineralogy. As such, gamma ray logs from different wells within the same field or region can be very ... Gamma ray tools is typically run in every logging tools runs in a well. Being a common measurement, logging data can be put on depth with each other by correlating the gamma ray feature of each ... concentration in shales than in other sedimentary lithologies, the total gamma ray measurement is frequently ... in the sand. Interpretation Gamma ray detected by Gamma ray detector in an oil or gas wells ... sections, resulting in an increase in gamma ray activity. Tubing, Casing, etc. Their effect depend ... Bed Thickness Gamma ray reading does not reflect the true value in a bed with a thickness ...   more details



  1. File:Gamma Ray Beck.jpg

    Summary album cover fur REQUIRED Article Gamma Ray song Use Infobox HIGHLY RECOMMENDED Source ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Name Gamma Ray Artist Beck American musician Beck Label DGC Records XL Recordings Graphic Artist Item front cover Type single Website Owner DGC Records XL Recordings Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Portion Low resolution Purpose Replaceability other information Licensing Non free album cover ...   more details



  1. Gamma Ray discography

    Infobox artist discography Artist Gamma Ray Image Gamma Ray band .jpg Caption Gamma Ray after a show in Barcelona, Spain Alt Studio 10 Live 4 Compilation 2 Video 3 Music videos 8 Tribute EP 3 Singles 7 B sides Soundtrack The following is a comprehensive discography of Gamma Ray band Gamma Ray , a Germany German power metal band, formed in 1988 in Hamburg , Germany. They have released 10 Studio albums, 4 Live albums, 2 Compilation albums, 3 EPs and 6 Singles. Albums border 2 cellpadding 4 cellspacing 0 style margin 1em 1em 1em 0 background f9f9f9 border 1px aaa solid border collapse collapse font size 95 text align center Year Name AUT ref http austriancharts.at search.asp?cat a&search gamma ray ref BEL ref http www.ultratop.be fr showitem.asp?interpret Gamma Ray&titel To The Metal 21&cat a ref CH ref http swisscharts.com search.asp?cat a&search gamma ray ref CRO ref http www.hdu toplista.com index.php?what albumi&w details&id 987 ref CZE ref http www.gammaray.org index.php news 9 charts.html ref ESP ref http spanishcharts.com search.asp?search gamma ray&cat a ref FIN ref http finnishcharts.com search.asp?search gamma ray&cat a ref FRA ref http lescharts.com search.asp?search gamma ray&cat a ref GER ref http www.musicline.de de chartverfolgung summary artist Gamma Ray longplay ref GRE ref http greekcharts.com showitem.asp?interpret Gamma Ray&titel To The Metal 21&cat a ref ITA ref ... ranking cd album ref SWE ref http swedishcharts.com search.asp?search gamma ray&cat a ref 1990 Heading for Tomorrow 29 24 45 1991 Sigh No More Gamma Ray album Sigh No More 12 1993 Insanity and Genius ... 1999 Power Plant Gamma Ray album Power Plant 45 32 25 31 51 2001 No World Order Gamma Ray album No World ... Alive 95 1996 Skeletons in the Closet Gamma Ray album Skeletons in the Closet 2003 Hell Yeah The Awesome ... t Want To Wear His Donald Duck Costume Live in Montreal 2008 References reflist Gamma Ray DEFAULTSORT Gamma Ray Discography Category Heavy metal groups discographies Category Gamma Ray albums Category ...   more details



  1. Gamma Ray (band)

    br Infobox musical artist Name Gamma Ray Img Gamma Ray band .jpg Img capt Gamma Ray after a show ... Gamma Ray is a power metal band from northern Germany , founded and fronted by Kai Hansen after his ... was Gamma Ray born, bearing a sound understandably close to that of Hansen s former band, Helloween ... house in Denmark. With some brand new songs written, Gamma Ray entered the studio under the supervision of producer Tommy Newton, and produced their second album Sigh No More Gamma Ray album Sigh ..., Gamma Ray fronted another personnel change the rhythm section Wessel and Kusch left because of a personal ..., Gamma Ray, along with Rage band Rage , Helicon band Helicon and Conception band Conception ... really felt that staying with Gamma Ray was the right thing to do. In the same time Hansen and Schl chter ... left the band, and so, with no hard feelings on either side, Scheepers left Gamma Ray. He later failed ... . After two years of touring came the album Power Plant Gamma Ray album Power Plant , which was a continuation ... No World Order Gamma Ray No World Order , with a lot of heavy riffs like classic Nwobhm NWOBHM ... album Skeletons in the Closet Gamma Ray album Skeletons in the Closet . File Gamma Ray Agglutination 2007.jpg 200px thumb left Gamma Ray in a concert, 2007 Kai Hansen and Henjo Richter also participated ... s official website. In recent years Gamma Ray have made use of touring keyboard players to fully ... to Henjo Richter . On their most recent To The Metal tour, ref name Gamma Ray cite web title Gamma ... successful Land of the Free album. To promote the album, Gamma Ray were the very special guest ... encores of the evening, Kai and members of Gamma Ray joined Helloween to play a couple of songs ... studio album by Gamma Ray. It was released on January 29, 2010. For April 8 clarification needed does this mean that they announced it for release on April 8, 2011? date March 2011 Gamma Ray announced ... Eero Kaukomies Keyboards 2006, 2007 Alessio Gori Keyboards 2007, 2008 Discography main Gamma Ray ...   more details



  1. Gamma Ray (song)

    Infobox single Name Gamma Ray Cover Gamma Ray Beck.jpg Artist Beck Album Modern Guilt A side B side Bonfire Blondes Gamma Ray Jay Reatard Version Released 11 August 2008 ref cite web url http www.whiskeyclone.net disco releaseinfo.php?discoID 316 7 title Disco Quebrado Beck Discography Gamma Ray publisher Whiskeyclone.net date 2008 08 11 accessdate 2010 09 21 ref br 30 September 2008 Digital Download ref cite web url http www.amazon.com dp B001GPV7A0 title Bonfire Blondes Beck MP3 Downloads publisher Amazon.com date accessdate 2010 09 21 ref ref cite web url http www.amazon.com dp B001GPV77S title Gamma Ray Beck MP3 Downloads publisher Amazon.com date accessdate 2010 09 21 ref Format Digital Download 7 Vinyl CD Genre Alternative rock Length 2 58 Label XL Recordings Writer Beck Producer Audio sample? Certification Last single Chemtrails song Chemtrails br 2008 This single Gamma Ray br 2008 Next single Youthless br 2008 Misc Extra album cover Upper caption Alternative covers Type single Cover Gamma Ray JR Verison.JPG Lower caption Cover for the A version Extra album cover Cover Gamma Ray BB Verison.JPG Lower caption Cover for the B version Gamma Ray is a song by Beck . It is seemingly inspired by the surf rock songs of the 1960s, but with ghostly moans and lyrics on the state of the world. It was released as the second single from his album Modern Guilt on August 11, 2008. The single peaked at 19 on the U.S. Billboard Modern Rock Tracks chart. This song was 6 on Rolling Stone nowiki ...&s 143441 title Gamma Ray Jay Reatard Version Single by Beck Download Gamma Ray Jay Reatard Version ... 2010 09 21 ref Gamma Ray 2 58 Gamma Ray 2 59 cover by Jay Reatard B ref cite web url http www.insound.com Beck Gamma Ray bw Bonfire Blondes 7inch productmain p INS50695 title Beck Gamma Ray b& 124 w Bonfire Blondes 7 publisher Insound.com date accessdate 2010 09 21 ref Gamma Ray 2 58 Bonfire ... youtube Z25 T wkAV4 Gamma Ray Official music video Category 2008 singles Category Beck songs Category ...   more details



  1. File:Heisenberg gamma ray microscope.png

    vector version available Gamma ray microscope.svg ...   more details



  1. Index table for X-ray and gamma-ray sources

    star Gamma ray astronomy Gamma ray burst History of X ray astronomy List of gamma ray bursts List of the first ... 1967ARA&A...5..325M ref Table for X ray and gamma ray sources class wikitable sortable X ray and gamma ray sources J2000 Right ascension RA J2000 Declination Dec Article Popular alternate names SIMBAD NASA IPAC Extragalactic Database NED Solar X ray astronomy , Solar surface fusion Sun not found ... Astronomical X ray sources Category Gamma ray astronomy Category X ray astronomy interlanguage ...Image Circinus X 1.jpg thumb right 200px Chandra X ray Observatory image of Circinus X 1 . An index table for X ray and gamma ray sources that are the astronomical X ray sources and or astronomical gamma ray source s may include some 550,000 ref name Drake cite web author Drake SA title How Many Known X Ray and Other Sources Are There? url http heasarc.gsfc.nasa.gov docs heasarc headates how many xray.html ..., as there are X ray transient s and soft X ray transient s which are transient astronomical event s. Some ... they are X ray sources. Vega as an X ray source Vega is an example. X radiation distribution Image ... of emission, and the spatial distribution. Diffuse X ray background main Diffuse X ray background The diffuse X ray background is rather consistently observed over the energy range from the lowest energies, 0.1 0.3 keV, upwards to 1 MeV. In addition to discrete astronomical X ray sources which stand out against the sky, there is good evidence for a diffuse X ray background. ref name Morrison cite journal author Morrison P title Extrasolar X ray Sources journal Ann Rev Astron Astrophys ... ray source within 10.000 arcmin. RA 00 25 08.07 Dec 64 09 55.7 SN 1572 SN 1572 Cep X 1 SNR G120.1 01.4 ... Superbubble Eridanus Soft X ray Enhancement, Eridanus Bubble, Orion Eridanus Bubble Identifier ... SN 1054 X ray source Taurus XR 1 SN 1054 X ray source Taurus X 1 , SN 1054 , Crab Nebula , Crab Pulsar ... X 1 SNR G260.4 03.4 PKS 0822 42 RA 08 32 Dec 40 10 X 1 X ray source Vela X 1 Vela XR 1 Vel XR 1 ...   more details




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