mergefrom experimentwise errorrate discuss Talk familywiseerrorrate Merger proposal date April 2009 In statistics , familywiseerrorrate FWER is the probability of making one or more false discoveries, or Type I and type II errors type I error s among all the hypotheses when performing multiple comparisons multiple pairwise tests ref Shaffer J. P. Multiple Hypothesis Testing, Annual Review of Psychology, January 1995, Vol. 46, Pages 561 584 http dx.doi.org 10.1146 annurev.ps.46.020195.003021 ref ref Benjamini, Y., and Hochberg Y. 1995 . Controlling the false discovery rate a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing . Journal of the Royal Statistical Society . Series B Methodological 57 1 , 289&ndash 300. http www.math.tau.ac.il ybenja MyPapers benjamini hochberg1995.pdf ref . Classification of m hypothesis tests The following table defines some random variables related to the m hypothesis tests. class wikitable declared non significant.. declared significant Total align center true null hypotheses math U math math V math math m 0 math align center non true null hypotheses math T math math S math math m m 0 math align center Total math m R math math R math math m math The m specific hypotheses of interest are assumed to be known, but the number of true null hypotheses .... references DEFAULTSORT FamilywiseErrorRate Category Hypothesis testing .... Thus, one would assign an acceptable Type I errorrate, alpha, usually 0.05 to each family and control for family wise error using appropriate multiple comparison procedures. In the case of the first ... alpha would result in a Type I errorrate of 1 0.95 9 0.370 i.e., 37 chance of making at least one Type I error . Thus, a more appropriate control for side effect family wise error might divide alpha ... errorrate False discovery rate Holm Bonferroni method Closed testing procedure Incidentalome ... I error in terms of all side effects considered jointly so that decisions about the side effect ... more details
mergeto familywiseerrorrate discuss Talk familywiseerrorrate Merger proposal date April 2009 In statistics , during multiple comparisons testing, experimentwise errorrate is the probability of at least one false rejection of the null hypothesis over an entire experiment. The alpha that is assigned applies to all of the hypothesis tests as a whole, not individually as in the comparisonwise errorrate . In two or higher factorial ANOVAs the experimentwise errorrate is higher than the familywiseerrorrateerror within a factor or interaction . statistics stub Category Analysis of variance Category Hypothesis testing Category Multiple comparisons ... more details
Context date June 2010 In Data transmission digital transmission , the Viterbi errorrate , also known as the Viterbi bit errorrate VBER , is a measurement of error in the transmission of digital Information after the original signal has been corrected for errors and aberrations, usually noise and or distortion. The value of the VBER is directly linked to the quality of the Channel Bit ErrorRate CBER , a measurement of the strength & quality of the original signal. Example Here is an example of transmitted digital code. 1 0 1 0 1 The following, distorted signal is received. 1 1 0 1 0 The CBER is determined by dividing the number of correctly received digits, or bits, in this case 4 , by the total number of bits received. So, in this case, the CBER is equal to 4 5 which equals 0.8, or 80 . That is, 80 of the bits were incorrectly received. In all but extreme cases of interference, no signal can be completely corrected and thus achieve a VBER of 0. That is, a signal with 0 post correction errors can not be achieved. See also Bit errorrate Channel bit errorrate Resources http www sop.inria.fr rodeo personnel eduros FAQ.html FAQ Category Error measures ... more details
unreferenced date June 2009 Block ErrorRate BLER is used in measuring the errorrate when extracting data frames from a Compact Disc CD . The BLER measurement is often used as a quality control measure with regards to how well audio is retained on a compact disc over time. External links http www.mscience.com faq13.html Category Compact Disc Category Computer hardware compu storage stub ... more details
Word errorrate WER is a common metric of the performance of a speech recognition or machine translation system. The general difficulty of measuring performance lies in the fact that the recognized word sequence can have a different length from the reference word sequence supposedly the correct one . The WER is derived from the Levenshtein distance , working at the word level instead of the phoneme level. This problem is solved by first aligning the recognized word sequence with the reference spoken word sequence using dynamic string alignment. Examination of this issue is seen through a theory called the power law that states the correlation between perplexity and word errorrate. ref http bf4dv7zn3u.search.serialssolutions.com.myaccess.library.utoronto.ca ?ctx ver Z39.88 2004&ctx enc info 3Aofi 2Fenc 3AUTF 8&rfr id info sid summon.serialssolutions.com&rft val fmt info ofi fmt kev mtx journal&rft.genre article&rft.atitle Testing the correlation of word errorrate and perplexity&rft.jtitle SPEECH COMMUNICATION&rft.au Klakow 2C D&rft.au Peters 2C J&rft.date 2002 09 01&rft.pub ELSEVIER ... n 2Fa&rft.externalDocID 000178164900002 University of Toronto Libraries ref Word errorrate can then be computed ... that since N is the number of words in the reference, the word errorrate can be larger than 1.0 ... on. The term Single Word ErrorRate is sometimes referred to as the percentage of incorrect recognitions ... A00 2025.pdf Zechner, K., Waibel, A. Minimizing Word ErrorRate in Textual Summaries of Spoken Language ... ca Word ErrorRate es Word ErrorRate fr Taux d erreur de mots ... of error may have on the likelihood of successful outcome, e.g. some errors may be more disruptive ... cannot distinguish a substitution error from a combined deletion plus insertion error. Hunt 1990 ... allows for error correction and, if it does, how easy that process is for the user. There is thus ... in some way. For text dictation it is generally agreed that performance accuracy at a rate below ... more details
The residual bit errorrate RBER is a receive quality metric in digital transmission , one of several used to quantify the accuracy of the received data. ref cite book last Smith first David Russell title Digital transmission systems url http books.google.ca books?id 4IASeihofskC&pg PA48&dq 22residual bit errorrate 22&hl en&ei ffb8TMbhG4uhnwfA1LjJCg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 4&ved 0CDkQ6AEwAzgK v onepage&q 22residual 20bit 20error 20rate 22&f false year 2004 publisher Springer isbn 1402075871 pages 47 48 ref Overview In digital transmission schemes, including cellular telephony systems such as GSM , a certain percentage of received data will be detected as containing errors, and will be discarded. The likelihood that a particular bit will be detected as erroneous is the bit errorrate . The RBER characterizes the likelihood that a given bit will be erroneous but will not be detected as such ref cite book last1 Crols first1 Jan last2 Steyaert first2 Michiel title CMOS wireless transceiver design url http books.google.ca books?id YFj97fOjSHkC&pg PA108&dq rber gsm&hl en&ei cPD8TI3YIoeTnwf2tvnICg&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 3&ved 0CDMQ6AEwAg v onepage&q rber 20gsm&f false year 1997 publisher Springer isbn 0792399609 ref Applications When digital communication systems are being designed, the maximum acceptable residual bit errorrate can be used, along with other quality metrics, to calculate the minimum acceptable signal to noise ratio in the system. This in turn provides minimum requirements for the physical and electronic design of the transmitter and receiver. ref cite book last1 Crols first1 Jan last2 Steyaert first2 Michiel title CMOS wireless transceiver design url http books.google.ca books?id YFj97fOjSHkC&lpg PA108&dq rber 20gsm&pg PA109 v onepage&q rber 20gsm&f false year 1997 publisher Springer isbn 0792399609 page 109 ref References references Category Error detection and correction compu network stub measurement stub ... more details
orphan date May 2010 In statistics , per comparison errorrate PCER is the probability of a result in the absence of any formal multiple comparisons multiple hypothesis testing correction. ref cite journal last1 Benjamini first1 Yoav last2 Hochberg first2 Yosef year 1995 title Controlling the false discovery rate a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing journal Journal of the Royal Statistical Society , Series B Methodological volume 57 issue 1 pages 289 300 id MathSciNet id 1325392 url http www.math.tau.ac.il ybenja MyPapers benjamini hochberg1995.pdf ref Typically, when considering a result under many hypothesis hypotheses , some tests will give false positives many statisticians make use of Bonferroni correction , false discovery rate , and other methods to determine the odds of a negative result appearing to be positive. References references Category Hypothesis testing ... more details
communication interference , distortion or bit synchronization errors. The bit errorrate or bit error ratio BER is the number of bit errors divided by the total number of transferred bits during ... transferred bits, resulting in a BER of 0.3 or 30 . Packet errorrate The packet errorrate PER is the number ... PSK BER curves.svg thumb right 280px Bit errorrate curves for BPSK , QPSK , 8 PSK and 16 PSK ... erfc left sqrt frac E N o right . math Bit errorrate test BERT or bit errorrate test is a testing ... code in circuits optioned for B8ZS. Bit errorrate tester A bit errorrate tester BERT , also known as a bit error ratio tester citation needed date November 2010 or bit errorrate test solution ... Errored second Viterbi ErrorRate References Reflist FS1037C MS188 DEFAULTSORT Bit Error Ratio Category ... Bitfehlerh ufigkeit es Bit Error Ratio fr Taux d erreur ko id Bit errorrate it Bit Error Ratio ... error probability p sub e sub is the expectation value of the BER. The BER can be considered as an approximate estimate of the bit error probability. This estimate is accurate for a long time interval ... is denoted packet error probability p sub p sub , which for a data packet length of N bits ... other. For small bit error probabilities, this is approximately math p p approx p eN. math Similar measurements ... coding scheme, and by applying channel coding schemes such as redundant forward error correction codes. The transmission BER is the number of detected bits that are incorrect before error correction, divided by the total number of transferred bits including redundant error codes . The information BER , approximately equal to the decoding error probability , is the number of decoded bits that remain incorrect after the error correction, divided by the total number of decoded bits the useful ... is affected by the strength of the forward error correction code. Analysis of the BER The BER may be analyzed ... channel models are Binary symmetric channel used in analysis of decoding error probability in case ... more details
orphan date September 2008 Technique for Human ErrorRate Prediction THERP is a technique used in the field ... manages a number of different activities including task analysis , error identification, representation in form of HRAET and HEP quantification . Background The Technique for Human ErrorRate ... error occurring throughout the completion of a specific task. From such analyses measures can then be taken ... in the overall levels of safety. There exist three primary reasons for conducting an HRA error identification, error quantification and error reduction. As there exist a number of techniques ... of fits doesn t fit in the matching of the error situation in context with related error identification ... uses within different disciplines. THERP models Human Error Probabilities HEPs using a fault tree approach ... include functions of the system where human error has a greater likelihood of influencing the probability ... and relevant human error recovery modes This stage of the process necessitates a comprehensive task and human error analysis . The task analysis lists and sequences the discrete elements and information ... a step of the task or the whole task itself Error of Commission this involves several different types of error Errors of Selection error in use of controls or in issuing of commands Errors of Sequence ... when required Errors of Quantity inadequate amount or in excess The opportunity for error recovery must also be considered as this, if achieved, has the potential to drastically reduce error probability ... it possible to calculate the final reliability for the task. 3. Estimate the relevant error probabilities ... to the task 4. Estimate the effects of human error on the system failure events With the completion ... in the reduction of HEPs. Error recovery paths may be incorporated into the event tree as this will aid ... be used in practise in the calculation of Human Error Probabilities HEPs . It is used to determine ... which it was then possible to assign error probabilities and error factors to events that represented ... more details
at Gare Montparnasse Montparnasse , France , 1895 The word error entails different meanings and usages relative to how it is conceptually applied. The concrete meaning of the Latin word error is wandering or straying . Unlike an illusion , an error or a mistake can sometimes be dispelled through knowledge ... moscow.jpg right thumbnail One error and its catastrophic results Napoleon s invasion of Russia Retreat ... between error and mistake as follows quote An error is a deviation from accuracy or correctness. A mistake is an error caused by a fault the fault being misjudgment, carelessness, or forgetfulness ... be an error. The first time it would be an error. The second time it would be a mistake since I should ... norms . See deviance . Gaffes and faux pas can be labels for certain instances of this kind of error ... class value judgments about what linguistic forms should and should not be used. See also Error analysis ... the gaffe in a developmental process that can culminate in stuttering. Medicine See medical error for a description of error in medicine. Science and engineering Image TrafficSignIsraelError.JPG .... In statistics , an errors and residuals in statistics error or residual is not a mistake but rather ... correct value. See also Observational error . In science and engineering in general an error is defined as a difference between the desired and actual performance or behavior of a system ... system s, in which error is defined as the difference between a set point and the process value. An example ... is controlled by the difference the error between the thermostat setting and the sensed air temperature ... avoid the effects of error, whether Hanlon s Razor unintentional or not . Such errors in a system ... error , which includes cognitive bias . Human factors engineering is often applied to designs in an attempt to minimize this type of error by making systems more forgiving or error tolerant . In computational ... the error &mdash the inaccuracy in x &mdash and Residual numerical analysis residual the inaccuracy ... more details
Wiktionarypar rateRate or rates may refer to Rate mathematics , a specific kind of ratio, in which two measurements are related to each other Rate of travel, or velocity Naval rating or rate, terms used to designate specialty or seniority of enlisted naval personnel. Rate of a ship , a term indicating a sail ship s firepower in the British Royal Navy Bit rate , number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time Rates , a Portuguese parish and town located in the municipality of P voa de Varzim In math and finance Rate function , a function used to quantify the probabilities of rare event Rates tax , a type of taxation system used to fund local government Exchange rate , specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other In human growth Birth rate , the natality or childbirths per 1,000 people per year Mortality rate , a measure of the number of deaths in some population As an initialism Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth , a project of creation geophysics See also lookfrom intitle Rating disambiguation disambig da Rate fr Rate homonymie wa Rate ... more details
The term probable error has different meanings in different contexts. Statistics In statistics , the probable error of a quantity is a value describing the probability distribution of that quantity. It defines the half range of an interval about a cental point for the distribution, such that half of the values from the distribution will lie within the interval and half outside. ref name Dodge Dodge, Y. 2006 The Oxford Dictionary of Statistical Terms , OUP. ISBN 0 19 920613 9 ref Thus it is equivalent to half the interquartile range However the term also has an older meaning that is still currently repeated as the only meaning, ref name ZW Zwillinger, D. Kokosa, S. 2000 CRC Standrard Probability and Statistics Tables and Formulae , Chapman & Hall CRC. ISBN 1 584880059 7 Section 2.2.13 ref but that has been deprecated for some time. ref Yule, G.U. Kendall, M.G. 1950 An Introduction to the Theory of Statistics, 14th Edition , Griffin. ISBN 0 85264 140 0 Section 17.9 ref This specifies the probable error &gamma as being fixed a multiple of the standard deviation , &sigma , where the multiplying factor derives from the normal distribution . Specifically, ref name Dodge ref name ZW math gamma 0.6745 times sigma . math Clearly this latter definition requires that at least the second moment of the distribution should exist, whereas the first definition does not. One use of the term probable error in statistics is as the name for the scale parameter of the Cauchy distribution . Measurement In the context of measurement , the probable error of a measurement made on an instrument having ... error. Military and GPS In assessing the accuracies of military weapons and of Global Positioning System applications, the term circular error probable CEP is used with the implication of a 50 inclusion rate. References reflist Category Statistical terminology Category Theory of probability distributions Category Error Category Measurement Category Uncertainty of numbers ... more details
of safety tolerance in engineering Tolerance engineering distinguish Margin for Error File Marginoferror95.PNG ... line segment s , the corresponding margins of error on the left , and sample sizes on the right ... indicated by the corresponding segment. The larger the sample is, the smaller the margin of error is. The margin of error is a statistic expressing the amount of random sampling error in a statistical survey survey s results. The larger the margin of error, the less faith one should have that the poll ... population population . Margin of error occurs whenever a population is incompletely sampled. Explanation The margin of error is usually defined as the radius or half the width of a confidence interval ... A versus product B. When a single, global margin of error is reported for a survey, it refers to the maximum margin of error for all reported percentage s using the full sample from the survey. If the statistic is a percentage, this maximum margin of error can be calculated as the radius of the confidence interval for a reported percentage of 50 . The margin of error has been described as an absolute ..., then we say the margin of error is 5 percentage points. As another example, if the true value is 50 ... of error is 5 people. In some cases, the margin of error is not expressed as an absolute quantity ... of error would be 5 people. If we use the relative definition, then we express this absolute margin of error as a percent of the true value. So in this case, the absolute margin of error is 5 people, but the percent relative margin of error is 10 because 5 people are ten percent of 50 people ... confidence intervals, the margin of error can be defined for any desired confidence level, but usually ... of error around the reported percentage would include the true percentage. Along with the confidence ... the magnitude of the margin of error. A larger sample size produces a smaller margin of error, all else remaining equal. If the exact confidence intervals are used, then the margin of error takes ... more details
of a fielder. Research has shown that the errorrate is higher when the quality of fielding is suspect ...Image JeterError.jpg thumb right 200px New York Yankees infielder Derek Jeter makes a fielding error at shortstop . In baseball baseball statistics statistics , an error is the act, in the judgment of the official scorer , of a fielder misplaying a ball in a manner that allows a batting baseball batter ... given ordinary effort by the fielder. The term error can also refer to the List of baseball jargon P play noun play in which an error was committed. An error does not count as a hit baseball statistics ... the fielders should have limited the batter to and an error. However, if a batter is judged to have reached base solely because of a fielder s mistake, it is scored as a hit on error, and treated the same ... credit for an RBI when runs score on an error, unless the scorer rules that a run would have ... for what should be a sacrifice fly and the outfielder drops the ball for an error, the batter will still ... is safe due to an error, the play will be scored as a fielder s choice, with no hit being awarded to the batter and an error charged against the fielder. Passed ball s and wild pitch es are separate ... territory, with the batting team having no runner s on base, and a fielder misplayed such ball for an error, it is possible for a team on the winning side of a perfect game to commit at least one error ..., the catcher is not charged with an error even if it could be argued that the runner would have been ... of throwing out runners. If the runner takes an additional base due to the wild throw, an error is charged ... s interference and the catcher is given an error unless the batter gets a hit off the play. Statistical ... errors. A more subtle, though more significant objection to the error, as sabermetrics sabermetricians have noted, is more conceptual. In order for a fielder to be charged with an error, he ... statistics Category Fielding statistics Category Baseball terminology de Error Baseball es Error b isbol ... more details
Standard error can refer to Standard error statistics , the estimated standard deviation or error of a series of measurements Standard error stream , one of the standard streams in Unix like operating systems disambig pt erro padr o ... more details
Human Error may also refer to Human Error artist is a Polish electronic musician. Human Error album Human Error album , album by Unseen Terror Human Error Voyager episode Human Error Voyager episode , Star Trek Voyager episode Human Error House Human Error House episode , an episode of the series House M.D. Human Error, a 2008 single by New Zealand band The Datsuns Human Error, a song by aggrotech band Combichrist from album The Joy Of Gunz Human reliability Human error assessment and reduction technique , HEART a technique used in the field of human reliability disambig ... more details
wiktionary error An error is a mistake. Error may also refer to Error coin Error coram nobis , another type of writ to correct factual mistakes Error, a character from Zelda II The Adventure of Link Postage stamp error Appeal Writ of error , a writ historically issued for an appeal in common law cases Science Approximation error , error in scientific measurements Bias statistics Bias Error , in computer science, that part of the system state that is liable to lead to failure. Error message , a computer error message Errors and residuals in statistics Refractive error Standard error statistics Music Error band , an electro punk hardcore band from Los Angeles, California, US Errors band , a four piece post electro band from Glasgow, Scotland Sport Error baseball , a baseball concept See also Err disambiguation disambig ar ca Error cs Chyba de Error es Error fr Erreur gl Erro it Errore nl Error no Feil pl B d pt Erro desambigua o sl Napaka razlo itev fi Virhe sv Fel olika betydelser ... more details
value is called quantization error or quantization distortion . This error is either due to rounding or truncation. The error signal is sometimes considered as an additional random signal called quantization noise because of its stochastic behaviour. Quantization error models In the typical case, the original ... error is not significantly correlated with the signal, and has an approximately uniform distribution continuous uniform distribution . In the rounding case, the quantization error has a mean ... the error has a non zero mean of math scriptstyle frac 1 2 mathrm LSB math and the RMS value is math scriptstyle frac 1 sqrt 3 mathrm LSB math . In the eight bit ADC example, the RMS rounding error represents 0.113 of the full signal range. At lower amplitudes the quantization error becomes dependent ... filter, and if these distortions are above 1 2 the sample rate they will alias back into the audio band. In order to make the quantization error independent of the input signal, noise with an amplitude ... Image quanterr.png thumb 300px Quantization noise for a 2 bit ADC operating at infinite sample rate . The difference between the blue and red signals in the upper graph is the quantization error, which ... model of quantization error introduced by quantization signal processing quantization in the Analog ... systems and Digital signal processing signal processing . It is a rounding error between the analog ... error is uniformly distributed between 1 2 LSB and 1 2 LSB, and the signal has a uniform ... in those fields. This is a different manifestation of quantization error, in which theoretical ... Discretization error Round off error References references External links http www.mit.bme.hu books ... Round Off Error Variance.html Round Off Error Variance derivation of noise power of q 12 for round off error http www.ieee.li pdf essay dynamic evaluation dac.pdf Dynamic Evaluation of High Speed, High ... Signal to quantization noise in quantized sinusoidal Noise DEFAULTSORT Quantization Error Category ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2008 In information theory , the error exponent of a channel capacity channel code or data compression source code over the block length of the code is the logarithm of the error probability. For example, if the probability of error of a decoder drops as e sup n sup , where n is the block length, the error exponent is . Many of the information theory information theoretic ... theorem states that for any information theory Raterate less than the channel capacity, the probability of the error of the channel code can made to go to zero as the block length goes to infinity. In practical ... of error drops as the block length go to infinity. Error exponent in channel coding For time invariant ... information theory Raterate less than the channel capacity, there is an encoding and decoding scheme that can be used to ensure that the probability of block error is less than 0 for sufficiently long message block X . Also, for any information theory Raterate greater than the channel capacity, the probability of block error at the receiver goes to one as the block length goes to infinity ... is transmitted, the probability that X 1 is incorrectly detected as X 2 is math P mathrm error 1 ... for math s 0 math Thus, math P mathrm error 1 to 2 le sum x 1 n 2 Q x 1 n 2 left frac p y 1 n x 2 n ... of confusing X 1 with any message is bounded by math P mathrm error 1 to mathrm any le M rho sum ... of math X 1 n 1 , y 1 n math math P mathrm error 1 to mathrm any le M rho sum y 1 n left sum x ... math P mathrm error 1 to mathrm any le M rho sum y 1 n left sum x 1 n Q x 1 n p y 1 n x 1 n frac 1 1 ... memoryless nature of the channel math P mathrm error 1 to mathrm any le M rho prod i 1 n sum y i ... is identically distributed and thus stationary math P mathrm error 1 to mathrm any le M rho ... probability of error becomes math P mathrm error le exp n E o rho,Q rho R . math Q and math rho math should be chosen so that the bound is tighest. Thus, the error exponent can be defined as math E r ... more details
entirely of Boron 11 is used, to avoid this effect and therefore to reduce the soft errorrate. Boron ... soft errorrate when compared to radiation effects. Designing around soft errors Soft error ... using the JEDEC JESD 89 standard. One technique that can be used to reduce the soft errorrate ..., it is considered to be an example of microarchitectural masking . Soft errorrate Soft error ... 5000 FIT per Mbit 0.2 1 error per day per Gbyte is a typical DRAM soft errorrate. http www 1.ibm.com ...Refimprove date November 2011 distinguish software error In electronics and computing , a soft error is an error in a signal or datum which is wrong. Errors may be caused by a wikt defect defect , usually understood either to be a mistake in design or construction, or a broken component. A soft error ... observing a soft error, there is no implication that the system is any less reliable than before. In the spacecraft industry this kind of error is called a single event upset . An error occurence ... typically can be remedied by cold booting the computer. A soft error will not damage a system s hardware ... level soft error These errors occur when the radioactive atoms in the chip s material decay and release ... to decay. system level soft error These errors occur when the data being processed is hit with a noise ... even be saved in memory and cause problems at a later time. If detected, a soft error may be corrected by rewriting correct data in place of erroneous data. Highly reliable systems use error correction ... data, or even to discover that an error is present at all. In addition, before the correction ... in semiconductor storage. Critical charge Whether a circuit experiences a soft error depends on the energy ... likely to suffer an error. This combination of capacitance and voltage is described by the critical ... sup is required for reliable performance of most circuits. For comparison, the count rate of a typical ... error by alpha particle emission. The positively charged alpha particle travels through the semiconductor ... more details
There are many kinds of error in law. Reversible error can lead to a judgment being overturned on appeal. Harmless error is distinguished from plain error in that if error is preserved by the making of a timely objection law objection , the legal burden of proof burden of proof is on the appellee to show that the error was harmless, but if error was not preserved, the burden of proof is on the appellant to show that the error was plain. ref cite web url http www.law.cornell.edu rules frcrmp Rule52.htm title Federal Rules of Criminal Procedure Rule 52 LII 2009 ed. publisher Law.cornell.edu date accessdate 2010 05 16 ref See also Standard of review References reflist Category Law Category Legal terms law stub ... more details
In Programming language computer programming , error codes are enumerated messages that correspond to faults in a specific software application . They are typically used to identify faulty hardware , software , or incorrect user input in programming languages that lack exception handling , although they are sometimes also used in conjunction with exception handling. Error codes are not to be confused with return code s , although both are commonly used together in error handling. Some of the most severe error codes visible to users are the Stop error screen Blue Screen of Death codes provided by the Microsoft Windows Microsoft Windows operating systems . Error codes and exception handling Error codes are slowly disappearing from the programmer s environment as modern Object oriented programming object oriented programming languages replace them with Exception handling exceptions . Exceptions .... While it is considered poor practice in methodologies that use error codes and return codes to indicate failure, programmers often neglect to check return values for error conditions. That negligence can cause undesirable effects, as ignored error conditions often cause more severe problems later in the program. Exceptions are implemented in such a way as to separate the error handling code from the rest of the code. Separating the error handling code from the normal logic makes programs easier to write and understand, since one block of error handling code can service errors from any number of function calls. Exception handling also makes the code more readable than implementations with error ... for error conditions. See also Abort computing Aspect oriented programming Exit status Failure Static code analysis External links http www.barricane.com c error codes include errno Lists of Linux errno ... system error codes DEFAULTSORT Error Code Category Computer networking de Fehlercode es C digo de error ru sv Felkod ... more details
Error bars are a graphical representation of the variability of data and are used on graphs to indicate the Error Experimental science error , or uncertainty in a reported measurement. They give a general idea of how accurate a measurement is, or conversely, how far from the reported value the true error free value might be. Error bars often indicate one standard deviation of uncertainty, but may also indicate the Standard error statistics standard error . These quantities are not the same and so the measure selected should be stated explicitly in the graph or supporting text. Error bars can be used to compare visually two quantities if various other conditions hold. This can determine whether differences are statistically significant . Error bars can also show how good a statistical fit the data has to a given function. Scientific papers in the experimental sciences are expected to include error bars on all graphs, though the practice differs somewhat between sciences, and each journal will have its own house style . See also Confidence interval Box plot External links http www.ncsu.edu labwrite res gt gt stat home.html Using Error Bars in your Graph North Carolina State University http www.graphpad.com faq viewfaq.cfm?faq 201 Is it better to plot graphs with SD or SEM error bars? Answer Neither Category Statistical terminology statistics stub de Fehlerbalken ko ... more details
, for example, in determining the bit errorrate of a digital communication system. The error and complementary ...Image Error Function.svg thumb right 400px Plot of the error function In mathematics , the error function also called the Gauss error function is a special function non Elementary function elementary of Sigmoid ... error function , denoted erfc , is defined as math begin align operatorname erfc x & 1 operatorname erf x & frac 2 sqrt pi int x infty e t 2 ,dt. end align math The imaginary error function , denoted erfi , is defined as math operatorname erfi z i , , operatorname erf i ,z math The complex error ... erfc ix e x 2 1 i , , operatorname erfi x math The name error function The error function ... stuck. The error function is the integral of the Gaussian function curve the bell curve or normal distribution . As a result, the error function gives the probability that a measurement, under the influence .... This usage is similar to the Q function , which in fact can be written in terms of the error function ... ComplexEx2.jpg caption1 Integrand exp &minus z sup 2 sup image2 ComplexErf.jpg caption2 erf z The error ... The error function is an entire function it has no singularities except that at infinity and its ..., one obtains the error function s Taylor series as math operatorname erf z frac 2 sqrt pi sum n ... 1 sup th sup term considering z as the first term . The error function at is exactly 1 see Gaussian integral . The derivative of the error function follows immediately from its definition math frac rm d rm d z , mathrm erf z frac 2 sqrt pi ,e z 2 . math An antiderivative of the error function is math z , operatorname erf z frac e z 2 sqrt pi . math Inverse functions The inverse error ... terms are given in entry A002067. Note that the error function s value at is equal to 1. The inverse complementary error function is defined as math operatorname erfc 1 1 z operatorname erf 1 z . math Asymptotic expansion A useful asymptotic expansion of the complementary error function ... more details
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