Wiktionary Falsification may refer to The act of disproving a proposition, hypothesis, or theory. See, Falsifiability Mathematical proof Falsified evidence Falsification of history, distortion of the historical record also known as Historical revisionism negationism cpuinfo falsification , a lowest common denominator technique to provide backwards compatibility in computing Forgery , the act of producing something that lacks authenticity with the intent to commit fraud or deception Self falsification, e.g., the Liar s paradox disambig lt Falsifikacija ru ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 lowercase cpuinfo falsification is a Lowest common denominator computers lowest common denominator technique that can be used on GNU operating systems to provide backwards compatible behaviour of the compiler and software tools. This technique is typically used on IBM compatible computers using 80x86 series processors, but can be used on other architectures, where applicable. Background On GNU based operating system s, some software tools, such as the compiler and package building tools, detect CPU specific extensions that are incompatible with existing machines. This may cause incompatibility issues during compilation or operation of software on computers being utilized as backward compatible replacements. The cpuinfo falsification project The cpuinfo falsification project provides an assortment of patches to the GNU operating system to provide i386 compatible behaviour of the compiler and software tools without the need for explicit cross compilation . setarch The Unix setarch command provides the facility to generate falsified generic architecture information for system building. However, this does not currently work on GNU based operating system s The setarch utility does not work at this time setarch i386 uname m i686 It s not working. uname hack The uname hack kernel module causes generic architecture information to be provided by the kernel. uname The uname utility is fixed by loading the uname hack module. This provides falsified processor information for Lowest common denominator computers lowest common denominator compatibility. uname m i686 This is no good insmod uname hack.ko uname m i386 This will work just fine on a Pentium proc cpuinfo The proc cpuinfo file is patched by using a bindmount to overlay a file containing falsified CPU related information if e etc cpuinfo then mount bind etc cpuinfo proc cpuinfo fi GNU Category Compiler optimizations Compu prog stub linux stub free software stub ... more details
Refimprove date March 2010 In scientific culture, cooking is a term for falsification falsifying data or selectively deleting data in an attempt to prove a hypothesis . History Gregor Mendel has been posthumously accused of cooking his data. http www.genetics.org cgi content full 175 3 975 sci stub Category Bias Category Philosophy of science ... more details
Na ve empiricism is a term used in several ways in different fields. In the philosophy of science , it is used by opponents to describe the position, associated with some logical positivist s, that immediate sense experience is by itself sufficient to provide the foundations for knowledge . ref cite book author Thomas Ernst Uebel title Overcoming Logical Positivism from Within The Emergence of Neurath s Naturalism in the Vienna Circle s Protocol Sentence Debate pages 205 year 1992 publisher Rodopi ref The term also is used to describe a particular methodology for literary analysis . ref cite book author Michael McKeon title The Origins of the English novel pages 105 109 year 1986 publisher Johns Hopkins University Press ref See also Empiricism Falsifiability especially, Falsifiability Na.C3.AFve falsification Na ve falsification References reflist DEFAULTSORT Naive Empiricism Category Empiricism Category Epistemological theories Category Metatheory of science ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Unreferenced date February 2009 A term coined by Karl Popper in his famous work The Logic of Scientific Discovery to denote what he regarded as the main problem of methodology and the philosophy of science , i.e. to explain and promote the further growth of scientific knowledge. To this purpose, Popper advocated his theory of falsifiability , testability and testing. See also Falsification DEFAULTSORT Growth Of Knowledge philosophy stub Category Philosophy of science Category Knowledge ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Unreferenced date February 2007 The European Treaty of 1841 , signed by multiple European countries in 1841, created a unified front against fraud . Fraud, being defined by Merriam Webster as intentional perversion of truth in order to induce another to part with something of value or to surrender a legal right , includes the forging of legal documents, as well as the falsification of legal documents. Signed by the countries of Belgium , France , Austria , Great Britain , Switzerland , Hungary , Russia , and Germany , this treaty dissolved soon after the start of World War II . See also List of treaties Category Crime prevention Category Treaties of Belgium Category Treaties of the United Kingdom Category 1841 treaties Category Treaties of the Russian Empire Category Treaties of the German Empire Category Treaties of the July Monarchy Category Treaties of the Austrian Empire Category Treaties of the Kingdom of Hungary 1000 1918 Category Treaties of the Helvetic Republic ... more details
Mikhail Borisovich Kogan lang ru ? 1949 ref http www.hd13.ru 117 gp shultsev 50 let v terapii 10 klinicheskaya meditsina G.P. Shultsev 50 years in therapy ru icon ref was a well known doctor in Moscow , Russia . He was one of the doctors named in the fabricated Stalin s Doctors plot in 1953. However, he had already died by the time the article was published. He was the brother of Boris Borisovich Kogan, not Boris Kogan the chess player who was also a doctor and also named in the Doctor s Plot . References reflist http www.lechaim.ru ARHIV 129 arhiv.htm Documents on Doctor s plot ru icon http www.hronos.km.ru dokum 195 dok 19530403ck kpss.html Act of the Supreme Council on Falsification of Doctor s Plot ru icon Russia scientist stub med bio stub DEFAULTSORT Kogan, Mikhail Borisovich Category Russian physicians Category Soviet physicians Category 1949 deaths ... more details
Summary logo fur REQUIRED Article Darjeeling tea Use To depict the geographical indicator associated with Darjeeling tea HIGHLY RECOMMENDED Source http www.darjeelingtea.com ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Used for Owner Website History Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description This the geographical indicator of Darjeeling tea Portion The entire logo is used to convey the meaning intended and avoid tarnishing or misrepresenting the intended image. Low resolution The logo is a size and resolution sufficient to maintain the quality intended by the company or organization, without being unnecessarily high resolution. Purpose Include to illustrate the specific efforts being made to combat adulteration and falsification of Darjeeling tea. It being used solely for illustrative and educational purposes. Replaceability Because it is a logo there is almost certainly no free equivalent. Any substitute that is not a derivative work would fail to convey the meaning intended, would tarnish or misrepresent its image, or would fail its purpose of identification or commentary. other information Licensing Non free logo ... more details
A material fact is a fact that would be to a reasonable person germane to the decision to be made as distinguished from an insignificant, trivial or unimportant detail. ref cite web url http www.lectlaw.com def2 m021.htm title Legal Definitions of Material Fact, Materiality publisher Lectlaw.com date accessdate 2010 06 10 ref In other words, it is a fact which expression concealment would reasonably result in a different decision. Falsification of a material fact in such a manner that, had the insurance company known the truth, it would not have insured the risk. Misrepresentation of a material fact gives an insurance company grounds to rescind a contract. ref name answers1 cite web url http www.answers.com topic material misrepresentation title Material Fact Definition from publisher Answers.com date accessdate 2010 06 10 ref If material facts about the investment property lying in a floodplain had been communicated to the buyer, he would not have bought. ref name answers1 References Reflist category Law ... more details
multiple issues unreferenced October 2010 wikify October 2010 Merge to editology date November 2010 STI Science Technics Industry is a philosophical concept proposed by the Belgian philosopher Jean C. Baudet , with as objective to distinguish the rational cultural productions from the emotional or imaginary ones, which lead to ideologies and to ethical and political illusive constructions. STI is a key concept in editology . It may be seen as an elaborate philosophical generalisation of the economical notion of science and industry . In the STI, technics is the interface between science and industry, and thus between knowledge truth and practice efficiency . One of the most interesting consequences from replace science by STI in the epistemological research, is to recognize that the criterium of scientificity of Karl Popper falsification lies concretely in the technics and the technology. If we wish to consider STI as an hegelian triade, it is necessary to invert S and T, for, in the history of mankind, the technics has preceded the science. Category Philosophical concepts ... more details
Image Karl Popper.jpg thumb 150px right Karl Popper No footnotes date November 2010 In philosophy and models of scientific inquiry , postpositivism also called postempiricism is a metatheoretical stance that critiques and amends positivism . Postpositivists believe that human knowledge is based not on unchallengeable, rock solid foundations, but rather upon human conjectural conjectures . As human knowledge is thus unavoidably conjectural, the assertion of these conjectures is warranted , or more specifically, justified by a set of Theory of justification warrant s , which can be modified or withdrawn in the light of further investigation. However, postpositivism is not a form of relativism , and generally retains the idea of objective truth . One of the first thinkers to critique positivism was Sir Karl Popper . He advanced falsification , a critique to the logical positivism logical positivist idea of verifiability. Falsificationism argues that it is impossible to verify that a belief is true, though it is possible to reject false beliefs if they are phrased in a way amenable to falsification. Thomas Kuhn s idea of paradigm shift s offers a stronger critique of positivism, arguing that it is not simply individual theories but whole worldviews that must occasionally shift in response to evidence. Postpositivism is an amendment to positivism that recognizes these and other critiques against logical positivism . It is not a rejection of the scientific method, but rather its reformation to meet these critiques. It preserves the basic assumptions of positivism ontological Philosophical realism realism , the possibility and desirability of objective truth , and the use of experiment al methodology . Postpositivism of this type is common in the social science s especially sociology for both practical and conceptual reasons. certainty See also Positivism Antipositivism Scientism Models of scientific inquiry Scientific method Philosophy of science Sociology of scientific k ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Politics of Azerbaijan The Party of Hope Lang az Az rbaycan mid Partiyas is an Azerbaijan i political party , officially registered in 1993 . In December 2002 , a fraction of the Civic Unity Party Azerbaijan Civic Unity Party CUP led by Igbal Agazade split from CUP and joined the Party of Hope. On December 15, 2002, during the party s congress, Igbal Agazade became the chairman of the Party of Hope. During the 2003 Presidential Elections in Azerbaijan, the Party of Hope played a major role in holding numerous meetings in Baku as well as in different regions of Azerbajian. Party and its leader were together with voters on Election Day and came forward against the numerous cases of depriving of the right of voting, and on October 16, when voters protested against falsification of election results. On October 17, leader of Umid Hope Party was deprived his parliamentary immunity and was arrested with members of his family, his advocate and journalists. Igbal Agazadeh and other representatives of opposition that were sentenced to 3 year in prison according the decision of the criminal Court were granted the amnesty by the edict of President on March 20, 2005, in the result of insistence of international organizations. In Parliamentary elections in 2005, 30 candidates represented Umid Hope Party. Although mass falsification of results, some candidates from opposition could get the trust of voters and become deputies of Milli Majlis. One of them was the leader of Umid Hope Party. Now Umid Party as a party of the right centre fights for liberal and democratic society in Azerbaijan. Party has regional branches in 65 regions of Azerbaijan and more than 55 000 members. Umid Hope Party, as the strongest and well organized oppositional party of Azerbaijan claims to participate in 2008 Presidential Elections. Azerbaijani political parties DEFAULTSORT Party Of Hope Azerbaijan Category Political parties in Azerbaijan Azerbaijan party ... more details
Infobox Writer for more information see Template Infobox Writer doc name Nikolaos Martis image imagesize 150px birthdate birth year and age 1915 birthplace Moustheni, Kavala Prefecture occupation Former Minister,Lawyer,Historian nationality Greece Greek website http www.hri.org Martis contents author.html Nicolas K. Martis born 1915 is a former Greek politician. He was born in the village of Moustheni in Kavala Prefecture . He studied Law at the University of Thessaloniki and has been a practising lawyer in Kavala and since 1961 in Athens . He took part in the battle along the Macedonian fortified positions during the German invasion of 1941. He escaped almost immediately to the Near East and he took part in the battles of El Alamein Africa and Rimini Italy , and in the battle of Athens December 1944 . He was elected Member of Hellenic Parliament Parliament seven times and he served as Secretary General in the Ministry for Northern Greece 1955 1956 , Assistant Minister Undersecretary of the Ministry of Commerce 1956 1958 , Minister of Industry 1958 1961 , Minister for Northern Greece 1974 1981 . Nicolas Martis is the author of the The falsification of Macedonian History , a book which has been awarded an Athens Academy award and has been translated into seven languages English language English , French language French , German language German , Italian language Italian , Russian language Russian , Polish language Polish and Spanish language Spanish . Book Review http www.amazon.com dp B000GXEA0C Macedonian Falsification Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Martis, Nikolaos ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH Moustheni, Kavala Prefecture DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Martis, Nikolaos Category 1915 births Category Living people Category People from Kavala Prefecture Category Greek historians Category New Democracy Greece politicians Greece politician stub bg el ... more details
El Taref lang ar is a city in Algeria . It is the capital of El Taref Province . La Calle is a port town near El Taref. El Taref is 700 kilometers east of Algiers . In 1998, it had a population of around 20,300. General Electric and Iberdrola are building a power station in El Taref, beginning in mid 2008, a project which will increase Algeria s energy capacity by 18 . ref Algerian power station construction attributed to GE Iberdrola , Algerie Presse Service, June 11, 2008, internet article. ref A network which specialized in forgery, stolen identity, and theft, across the eastern provinces of Algeria, was broken in El Taref, in June 2008. Investigators took three people into custody and four others were searched by security services. ref Networks specialized in documents falsification broken up in El Taref , El Khabar, June 17, 2008, internet posting. ref References references Province seats of Algeria Coord 36 46 N 8 19 E region DZ type city display title El Taref Province Category Populated places in El Taref Province Category Communes of Algeria ElTaref geo stub ar fr El Tarf it El Tarf nl El Tarf pt El Taref war El Tarf ... more details
File SchreierstorenAmsterdamDusk.jpg thumb 250px The Schreierstoren The Schreierstoren English language English incorrectly translated as Weeper s Tower , originally part of the medieval city wall of Amsterdam , the Netherlands , was built in the 15th century. It was the location from which Henry Hudson set sail on his journey to Northern America . This expedition would lead to the discovery of the island of Manhattan among others. It was built as a fortification defense tower in 15th century. It is currently a caf . The old name was Schreyhoeckstoren meaning in old Dutch the sharp angle of the tower with the once connected citywalls. Later they started calling it in short the Schreierstoren. Citation needed date December 2009 The myth that it was the place where sailor s wives were weeping when their men set sail is a romantic falsification. Citation needed date December 2009 External links http www.schreierstoren.nl Schreierstoren Coord 52 22 35 N 4 54 09 E display title region NL NH type landmark source dewiki Category Buildings and structures in Amsterdam Category Towers in the Netherlands Netherlands struct stub da Schreierstoren de Schreierstoren nl Schreierstoren ru ... more details
orphan date March 2010 Crocodile oil is extracted from the fat fatty tissues of crocodiles and has been used both as preventative and a treatment for a number of human ailments and conditions for many years and across numerous cultures, including Ancient Egypt. ref http books.google.com books?id FUaaDBFsYFEC&pg PA56&dq 22crocodile oil 22&lr &sig ACfU3U0FmNFQ2vDA8zdrkNJj6CApHYWZxQ Country Folk Medicine Tales of Skunk Oil, Sassafras Tea, and Other Old time Remedies 2004 Elisabeth Janos. p. 56. ref It is somewhat red in color, and less viscous than alligator oil. Both were used in the tanning industry. ref http books.google.com books?id 5SxDAAAAIAAJ&printsec titlepage&source gbs summary r&cad 0 Animal Fats and Oils Their Practical Production, Purification and Uses for a Great Variety of Purposes, Their Properties, Falsification and Examination. 1898 Louis Edgar And s . p. 75. ref See also Emu oil Snake oil References reflist colwidth 30em DEFAULTSORT Crocodile Oil Category Dietary supplements Category Animal fats dermatology stub ... more details
Matthew Pilkington 1701 1774 was the author of a standard text on painters, what would become known as Pilkington s Dictionary . Biography Pilkinton was born in 1701 at Ballyboy , King s County, Ireland , wrote poetry, studied to be a minister at Trinity College, Dublin , married Laetitia Pilkington Laetitia , moved to London, and became associated with Jonathan Swift and Henry Walpole . The fractious relations with Mrs. Pilkington were published. He took an interest in historical painting and published a collection of biographies as The Gentleman s and Connoisseur s Dictionary of Painters . His work was widely published through many editions, being renamed A Dictionary of Painters in the 1805 and 1810 versions of Henry Fuseli , before becoming commonly known in the nineteenth century as Pilkington s Dictionary . The 1857 edition is available for free download at http www.ebooksread.com authors eng matthew pilkington.shtml Pilkington s contribution to Rapin de Thoyras Impartial History 1784 has been described as, an extreme falsification of his life. ref name Sorensen cite web url http www.dictionaryofarthistorians.org pilkingtonm.htm title Pilkington, Matthew last Sorensen first Lee date 27 November 2000 work Dictionary of Art Historians accessdate 2009 10 23 ref He died in 1774 in Dublin. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Pilkington, Matthew Category Irish biographers ... more details
unreferenced date October 2008 Infobox Book name The Commissar Vanishes br small The Falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin s Russia small title orig translator image image caption author David King illustrator cover artist country UK language English language English series subject art , history genre publisher Canongate Books Ltd UK br Metropolitan Books Henry Holt publisher Henry Holt USA pub date October 1997 english pub date media type pages 192 isbn 978 0862417246 oclc 59592918 preceded by followed by Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name small Music for David King s Book s,all br The Commissar Vanishes br small The Fall of Icarus small Type studio Longtype Artist Michael Nyman Cover Cover size Caption Photo of Isaak Zelensky as censored for Alexander Rodchenko s copy of Ten Years of Uzbekistan Released November 8, 1999 UK br November 18, 1999 USA Recorded Genre Contemporary classical , minimalist music minimalism Length Language Label Virgin Records Virgin Venture , EMI Director Producer Reviews Compiler Chronology Last album Wonderland 1999 film Wonderland br 1999 This album The Commissar Vanishes br 1999 Next album Nabbie s Love br 1999 Misc The Commissar Vanishes The Falsification of Photographs and Art in Stalin s Russia is a 1997 book by David King about the Censorship of images in the Soviet Union censoring of photographs in Stalin s Soviet Union through silent alteration via airbrushing and other techniques. It has an introduction by Stephen F. Cohen . Michael Nyman created a companion album of the same title in 1999. The second disc of the two disc album contains The Fall of Icarus , the score to an eponymous art installation by Peter Greenaway from 1986 in art 1986 which had previously been unreleased. The first disc, The Commissar Vanishes , is a version of The Fall of Icarus that has been defaced similarly to the photographs reproduced in King s book. Track listing Disc 1 The Commissar Vanishes Earth In Turmoil Jealousy And Revenge ... more details
Consequences of Preference Falsification Harvard University Press , which deals with the repercussions ... s works preference falsification, the role of Islam in the economic performance of the Middle East, Islamic economics , and the political effects of Islam. Preference Falsification In articulating preferences ... misrepresentation preference falsification. In his 1995 book, Private Truths, Public Lies , he argues ... falsification is thus widespread public support for social options that would be rejected ... as people reproduce conformist social pressures through individual acts of preference falsification .... Another consequence of preference falsification is thus widespread ignorance about the advantages of change. Over long periods, preference falsification can dampen a community s capacity to want change ..., with public opposition to the incumbent regime feeding on itself. Preference falsification ... 1998 , Kuran applied the concept of preference falsification to ethnic relations, with a focus on ethnification ..., Kuran attributes the persistence to preference falsification driven by the threat of ostracism . Because ... by the knowledge falsification that accompanies preference falsification. Indian public discourses .... The other motivation is social acceptance, which individuals achieve through preference falsification ... a series of four introspective essays on preference falsification in the economics profession. Economist .... Hakes confession exposes the prevalence of preference falsification and is evident of the current ... in the college classroom what one does not believe is another example of preference falsification. Having ... consensus exists. ref Kinsella, Stephen. Preference Falsification in Teaching . Econ Journal Watch 6 3 352 358. http econjwatch.org articles preference falsification in teaching ref William Patrick Leonard, a higher education administrator, writes of preference falsification in the balancing of university ... escape the influence of his preference falsification and embrace his truly preferred identity as a narrative ... more details
is itself philosophically problematic. Such evidence is called a falsifiability falsification ... a given hypothesis from falsification. This is so because any falsifying observation is embedded in a theoretical ... more details
Leon Trotsky & the Post Soviet School of Historical Falsification 2007 ISBN 978 1 893638 02 0 ... Soviet School of Historical Falsification 1995 ISBN 978 0 929087 72 6 Socialism, Historical Truth ... Soviet school of historical falsification http www.wsws.org articles 2007 may2007 lec1 m09.shtml ... more details
contradictory or immoral about his theft or falsification of important relics . ref Geary 1990 ... outweighed any misgivings about the rightness of theft or falsification. In Richard s viewpoint, if the relic ... more details
be criticized. Na ve falsification anchor Na.C3.AFve see Karl Popper Two types of statements observational ... falsification as a solution to the problem of induction . Popper noticed that although a singular existential ... by the counterexample of the single black swan. Deductive falsification Deductive falsification is different from an absence of Verification theory verification . The falsification of statements ... tollens, math neg U math Although the logic of na ve falsification is valid, it is rather limited. Nearly ... to change the universal statement or the existential statement so that falsification does not occur ... about some observers, Australian ornithology bird watchers are incompetent . Thus, na ve falsification .... Therefore, na ve falsification does not enable scientists, who rely on Objectivity science objective criteria, to present a definitive falsification of universal statements. Falsificationism .... Sophisticated methodological falsification, on the other hand, is a prescription of a way ... process whereby theories become less bad . Na ve falsification considers scientific statements ..., and a decision will be made to reject it. In place of na ve falsification, Popper envisioned science ..., provided greater opportunity for its own falsification . The criterion of demarcation Popper uses falsification as a demarcation problem criterion of demarcation to draw a sharp line between those ... to great length to defend their paradigm against falsification, by the addition of ad hoc hypotheses ... attempted to explain Kuhn s work by arguing that science progresses by the falsification of research programs rather than the more specific universal statements of na ve falsification. In Lakatos .... Sokal and Bricmont write, When a theory successfully withstands an attempt at falsification ... points out the obvious astrology does not lay itself open to falsification, while astronomy does, and this is the litmus ... borne out, the theory was saved from falsification by the addition of ad hoc hypotheses which made ... more details
otheruses A wrong or being wrong is a concept in law , ethics , and science . In a colloquial sense, wrongness usually refers to a state of incorrectness, inaccuracy, error, or miscalculation in any number of contexts. More specifically, being wrong refers to a situation wherein an individual has made an error or misjudgment. Law main Tort In law, a wrong can be a legal injury , which is any damage resulting from a violation of a legal right. It can also imply the state of being contrary to the principles of justice or law. It means that something is contrary to conscience or morality and results in treating others unjustly. If the loss caused by a wrong is minor enough, there is no compensation, which principle is known as de minimis non curat lex . Otherwise, damages apply. Science A scientific concept is said to be wrong if it can be used to make specific predictions of the results of experiment s, but those predictions do not correspond with physical reality i.e. the concept can be falsification falsified in the Karl Popper Popperian sense, and has also been shown to be false . Wolfgang Pauli is said to have coined the phrase not even wrong to describe concepts that cannot be falsified either because they do not refer to measurable effects, or because they are too incoherent to be used to make predictions . See also Evil Goodness and value theory Guilt Guilt law Justice Right References Willis, Hugh. Principles of the Law of Damages . The Keefe Davidson Co. St. Paul, 1910. Category Law Category Philosophy of science Category Scientific terminology Category Concepts in ethics ar fa id Kekeliruan tl Kamalian ... more details
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