unreferenced date January 2009 An excipient is generally a pharmacologically inactive substance used as a carrier for the active ingredient s of a medication . In many cases, an active substance such as acetylsalicylic acid may not be easily administered and absorbed by the human body in such cases the substance in question may be dissolved into or mixed with an excipient. Excipients are also sometimes used to bulk up formulations that contain very potent active ingredients, to allow for convenient and accurate dosage. In addition to their use in the single dosage quantity, excipients can be used in the manufacturing process to aid in the handling of the active substance concerned. Depending on the route of administration , and form of medication, different excipients may be used. For oral administration Tablet pharmacy tablets and Capsule pharmacy capsules are used. Suppository Suppositories are used for rectal administration. Often, once an active ingredient has been purified, it cannot stay in purified form for long. In many cases it will denature , fall out of solution, or stick to the sides of the container. To stabilize the active ingredient, excipients are added, ensuring that the active ingredient stays active , and, just as importantly, stable for a sufficiently long period of time that the shelf life of the product makes it competitive with other products. Thus, the formulation of excipients in many cases is considered a trade secret . Pharmaceutical codes require that all ingredients in drugs, as well as their chemical decomposition products, be identified and guaranteed to be safe. For this reason, excipients are only used when absolutely necessary and in the smallest amounts possible. Types of excipients Antiadherents Antiadherent s are used to reduce the adhesion ... Category Pharmaceutical industry Category Pharmacology ca Excipient de Pharmazeutischer Hilfsstoff es Excipiente fr Excipient it Eccipiente pl Substancja pomocnicza pt Excipiente sv Hj lp mne ... more details
International Pharmaceutical Excipients Council is a global organization founded in 1991 representing producers, suppliers, and end users of excipient s. The body has three divisions in Europe , Japan , and the United States , each of which focuses on local regulations concerning the excipients market, as well as on new research and business practices. ref cite book title Excipient toxicity and safety last Weiner first Myra L. coauthors Lois A. Kotkoskie page iv year 2000 publisher Informa Health Care isbn 9780824782108 ref See also IFPMA References reflist External links http www.ipecfoundation.org IPEC Foundation http ipecamericas.org IPEC Americas http www.jpec.gr.jp english IPEC Japan http www.ipec europe.org IPEC Europe Category Pharmaceutical industry trade groups ... more details
orphan date May 2011 Chembox verifiedrevid 436678828 ImageFile Glyceryl behenate.svg ImageSize 150px ImageAlt IUPACName OtherNames Glycerol behenate Glycerin behenate Glycerol docosanoate Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 77538 19 3 CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo1 30233 64 8 CASNo1 Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo1 Comment monoglycerides PubChem SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties Formula Variable MolarMass Variable Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Glyceryl behenate is a fat used in cosmetics , food s, and oral pharmaceutical formulation s. In cosmetics, it is mainly used as a viscosity increasing agent in emulsion s. In pharmaceutical formulations, glyceryl behenate is mainly used as a Tablet pharmacy tablet and Capsule pharmacy capsule lubricant and as a lipidic coating excipient . It has been investigated for the encapsulation of various drugs such as retinoid s. It has also been investigated for use in the preparation of sustained release tablets as a matrix forming agent for the controlled release of water soluble drugs and as a lubricant in oral solid dosage formulations. It can also be used as a hot melt coating agent sprayed onto a powder substance powder . ref Handbook of pharmaceutical excipient, 5th edition ref Chemically, glyceryl behenate is a mixture of various ester s of behenic acid and glycerol glyceride s . ref name cfr CodeFedReg 21 184 1328 ref The mixture contains predominately the diester, glyceryl dibehenate. ref name cfr See also Behenic acid References reflist 30em Category Food additives Category Cosmetics chemicals Category Excipients chemistry stub ... more details
A pill is a small, round, solid pharmacy pharmaceutical oral dosage form that was in use before the advent of Tablet pharmacy tablet s and capsule pharmacy capsule s. Pills were made by mixing the active ingredients with an excipient such as glucose syrup in a mortar and pestle to form a paste, then rolling the mass into a long cylindrical shape called a pipe , and dividing it into equal portions, which were then rolled into balls, and often coated with sugar to make them more palatable. ref http www.henriettesherbal.com eclectic usdisp pilulae.html 1918 US dispensatory article ref In colloquial usage, tablets, capsules, and Tablet pharmacy caplet s are still often referred to as pills collectively. See also Pharmaceutical formulation Pill splitting Capsule pharmacy References references External links Commons category Pills http www.mclibrary.duke.edu hom exhibits wilbanks Duke University History of Medicine collections http www.rpharms.com museum pdfs 07 pills and pill making.pdf Pills and pill making Museum of the Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain Dosage forms state show Routes of administration DEFAULTSORT Pill Pharmacy Category Drug delivery devices Category Dosage forms Pharma stub de Pille es P ldora gl P lula io Pilulo hu Pilula ja pl Pigu ki so Kaniini fi Pilleri tr Hap ... more details
Casamino acids is a mixture of amino acids and some very small peptide s obtained from acid hydrolysis of casein ref name jimmunol Cite journal last Mueller first J. Howard coauthors Johnson, Everett R month 1 Jan year 1941 . title Acid Hydrolysates of Casein to Replace Peptone in the Preparation of Bacteriological Media journal The Journal of Immunology volume 40 issue 1 pages 33 38 issn 1550 6606 ref It is typically used in microbial growth media . It has all the essential amino acids except tryptophan which becomes almost completely destroyed when digested with sulfuric acid sulfuric or hydrochloric acid . ref name jimmunol Casamino acids are similar to tryptone , the latter differing by being an incomplete enzymatic hydrolysis with some oligopeptides present, while casamino acids predominantly free amino acids . Uses Casamino acids are either found in the Daptacel brand DTaP vaccine or used in its manufacture. ref http www.cdc.gov vaccines pubs pinkbook downloads appendices B excipient table 2.pdf ref Reference references Portal Molecular and Cellular Biology DEFAULTSORT Casamino Acids Category Peptides Category Microbiological media ingredients Microbiology stub ... more details
citations missing date December 2011 Infobox Company name Rubicon Research Pvt. Ltd. type Private Limited company foundation Mumbai , India 1999 location city Mumbai , India location country India industry Pharmaceutical industry Pharmaceutical products Pharmaceutical s services Contract Research, Formulation Development NDDS , Contract Manufacturing & supply chain, Dossier Development ANDA CTD format num employees 200 2010 homepage http www.rubicon.co.in www.rubicon.co.in Rubicon Research http www.rubicon.co.in Rubicon Research Pvt. Ltd . is a contract research and a Drug delivery company Located in Mumbai, India. In formulation development, Rubicon has a presence in all therapeutic areas excluding cytotoxic drugs, beta lactum antibiotics and steroids. ref Express Pharma Crossing the Rubicon ref Kotak Private Equity has invested in Rubicon Research. ref Kotak PE invests in Rubicon Research ref History Rubicon Research was founded by Ms. Pratibha Pilgaonkar CEO , Mr. Sudhir Pilgaonkar CFO and Ms. Maharukh Rustomjee COO in the year 1999. Rubicon Research started its operations in contract research primarily in the R & D center located in Bhandup, Mumbai with three scientists in a convert 2000 sqft m2 abbr on laboratory in 2000. In 2003, the Directorate of Science and Technology, Government of India approved the facilities as a commercial Research and Development R&D company. ref Kotak PE invests in Rubicon Research ref In 2006 07 Rubicon licensed its Orodispersible excipient, RubiODT to Mallinckrodt Baker, Inc. ref Pharmaceutical online Mallinckrodt Baker And Rubicon Research Sign Agreement For Performance Excipient Development ref Corporate structure ref Bloomsberg Businessweek Rubicon Research Private Limited ref Ms. Pratibha Pilgaonkar Chief Executive Officer Ms. Maharukh Rustomjee Co Founder and Chief Operating Officer Mr. Sudhir Pilgaonkar Co Founder and Chief Commercial Officer Dr. L.S. Rao Chief Scientific Officer Dr. Nitin Deshmukh Kotak Mahindra Pvt Equity, ... more details
additive Categories stabiliser with E number E463. In pharmaceuticals it is used as a Excipient Disintegrants ... coauthors Joseph B. Schwartz title Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms tablets year 1990 ref and a Excipient ... Lois A. Kotkoskie title Excipient Toxicity and Safety year 1999 ref in tablets. HPC is used ... more details
This page is about the 1970s breakfast cereal. For the bovine disease, see Mad Cow Disease . Image CrazyCow.jpg thumb Strawberry Crazy Cow box Crazy Cow was a breakfast cereal produced by General Mills during the 1970s. The cereal was somewhat of a novelty item in that it had an unusual trait. The round, multi grain cereal pellets were coated with an excipient of a drink mix. When milk was added, it would dissolve the powdered coating, and the resultant mixture would resemble in sight, smell, and taste, a flavored milk. Crazy Cow came in two flavors, chocolate and strawberry . ref http theimaginaryworld.com mills.html Crazy Cow boxes images ref As the box indicated, these were just flavors no actual chocolate or strawberries were in the ingredients. The box always contained the disclaimer artificially flavored or chocolate flavored . The front of the Crazy Cow box usually had a large cartoon cow, smiling cheerfully. On the box for both strawberry and chocolate Crazy Cow, the cow was white with brown spots and was wearing a hat and a cow bell around his neck. The back of the box often included enticements in the form of images of promotional items included for free in the box. One promotional item was Star Wars Trading Cards . ref http theswca.com images food cereal us chart.html Images of Star Wars Card promotional edition ref These were highly collectible because they were a different variety than those sold in packs. References references Category General Mills cereals ... more details
Croscarmellose sodium is an internally cross linked sodium carboxymethylcellulose for use as a Excipient disintegrant in pharmaceutical formulations. ref name Sworbrick Background The cross linking reduces water solubility while still allowing the material to swell like a sponge and absorb many times its weight in water. As a result, it provides superior drug dissolution chemistry dissolution and disintegration characteristics, thus improving formulas subsequent bioavailability by bringing the active ingredients into better contact with bodily fluids. Croscarmellose sodium also resolves formulators concerns over long term functional stability, reduced effectiveness at high tablet hardness levels, and similar problems associated with other products developed to enhance drug dissolution. Croscarmellose sodium is a very commonly used ref http www.accessdata.fda.gov scripts cder iig index.cfm ref pharmaceutical additive approved by the Food and Drug Administration United States U.S. Food and Drug Administration . Its purpose in most tablets including dietary supplements is to assist the tablet in disintegrating in the intestinal tract at the required location. If a tablet disintegrating agent is not included, the tablet could disintegrate too slowly, in the wrong part of the intestine or not at all, thereby reducing the efficacy and bioavailability of the active ingredients. Croscarmellose sodium is made by first soaking crude cellulose in sodium hydroxide , and then reacting the cellulose with chloroacetate sodium monochloroacetate to form sodium carboxymethylcellulose . Excess sodium monochloroacetate slowly hydrolyzes to glycolic acid and the glycolic acid catalyzes the cross linkage to form croscarmellose sodium. ref name Sworbrick Cite book isbn 0824728246, 9780824728243 pages 2623 2624 last Sworbrick first James coauthors James C. Boylan title Encyclopedia of pharmaceutical technology year 1990 ref Chemically, croscarmellose sodium is the sodium salt of a cross linked ... more details
Polyvinylpolypyrrolidone Polyvinyl Polypyrrolidone , PVPP , crospovidone , crospolividone or E1202 is a highly cross link ed modification of polyvinylpyrrolidone PVP . The cross link ed form of PVP is used as a disintegrant see also excipient s in pharmaceutical tablets. ref http www.pharma solutions.basf.com pdf Statements Technical 20Informations Pharma 20Solutions MEMP 20030730e Soluble 20Kollidon 20grades.pdf Kollidon Accessed November 26, 2007 ref ref http www.ispcorp.com products pharma content brochure polycros polycros.pdf Polyplasdone Accessed January 25, 2007 ref Basically, PVPP is a highly cross linked version of PVP, which makes it insoluble in water but it still absorbs water and swells very rapidly and generates a swelling force. That is why it can be used as a disintegrant in Tablet pharmacy tablets . PVPP can be used as a drug, taken as a tablet or suspension chemistry suspension to absorb compounds so called endotoxin s causing diarrhoea . Cf. bone char , charcoal . It is also used as a fining to extract impurities via agglomeration followed by filtration . It is used in winemaking . Using the same principle it is used to remove polyphenols in beer production and thus clear beers with stable foam are produced. ref http www.sls.hw.ac.uk components staffDocs G 2005 0718 294.pdf Microsoft Word G0294.doc Bot generated title ref One such commercial product is called Polyclar . PVPP formed bonds similar to peptidic bond s in protein especially, like proline residues and that is why it can precipitate tannin s the same way as proteins do. ref http online1.ispcorp.com en US Media Articles A 20Novel 20Stabilization 20of 20Beer 20with 20Polyclar 20Brewbrite.pdf A Novel Stabilization of Beer with Polyclar Brewbrite. Mustafa Rehmanji, Chandra Gopal, and Andrew Mola, MBAA TQ vol. 39, no. 1, 2002, pp. 24 28 ref PVPP has E number code E1202 and is used as a stabiliser food stabiliser . Notes Reflist Category Vinyl polymers Category Food additives Category Pyrrolid ... more details
1979 ref Magnesium stearate is often used as a Excipient Fillers and diluents diluent ref cite journal ... technology date 1990 ref In this regard, the substance is also useful, because it has Excipient Lubricants ... L. coauthors Lois A. Kotkoskie title Excipient Toxicity and Safety date 1999 ref Studies have shown ... 4 November 1998 , pages 535 547 ref As a food additive or pharmaceutical excipient, its E number ... more details
Drugbox verifiedrevid 446334829 type combo component1 Alfaxalone class1 anesthetic component2 Alfadolone class2 anesthetic image Alphaxolone.svg image2 Alphadolone.svg Clinical data tradename Drugs.com MedlinePlus pregnancy AU A B1 B2 B3 C D X pregnancy US A B C D X pregnancy category legal AU S2, S3, S4, S5, S6, S7, S8, S9 or Unscheduled legal CA OTC, Rx only, Schedule I, II, III, IV, V, VI, VII, VIII legal UK GSL, P, POM, CD, CD Lic, CD POM, CD No Reg POM, CD Benz POM, CD Anab POM or CD Inv POM legal US OTC Rx only Schedule I, II, III, IV, V legal status routes of administration Identifiers CAS number Ref cascite correct ?? CAS number ATCvet ATC prefix none if uncategorised ATC suffix PubChem DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank Alfaxolone alfadolone Althesin is a short acting intravenous anaesthetic agent, now withdrawn from the market due to severe drug reactions. It is composed of a mixture of alfaxalone and alfadolone , two neurosteroids. Cremophor EL aka. Polyoxyl 35 Castor Oil, a surfactant and derivative of castor oil was the solubilizing agent excipient additive of Althesin. ref cite pmid 4148526 ref A study 2001 found that Cremophor EL , when previously used as a solubilizing agent in lipid emulsions, was responsible for severe anaphylactoid reactions. Drugs using it were reformulated to use other emulsifiers. ref cite pmid 11576099 ref Alfaxolone alfadolone has been re branded as Saffan and is available for use in veterinary anaesthesia. ref cite pmid 3111675 ref ref cite pmid 11575348 ref References reflist Category Anesthetics Category Steroids ... more details
Not to be confused with Hospital , early examples of which were called dispensaries. Unreferenced date April 2008 A dispensary is an office in a school, hospital or other organization that dispenses medications and medical supplies. In a traditional dispensary set up a pharmacist dispenses medication as per prescription or order form. Electronic dispensaries are designed to ensure efficient and consistent dispensing of excipient and active materials in a secure data environment with full audit traceability. A standard dispensary system consists of a range of modules such as manual dispensing, supervisory, bulk dispensing, recipe management and interfacing with external systems. Alcohol USA The term dispensary in the United States is used in the to refer to government agencies that sell alcoholic beverages , particularly in the state of Idaho and the South Carolina Dispensary . Cannabis USA and Canada In Arizona, British Columbia , California , Colorado , Michigan , Ontario, Quebec, and Washington state Washington , medical cannabis is sold in specially designated stores called dispensaries or compassion clubs. However, this is not true for all states with medical cannabis laws as their existence is highly controversial. Despite vast support among the medical marijuana community they aren t technically legal in either Country. Medical cannabis dispensaries are abundant in American states that permit use however the DEA continues to raid these dispensaries and the Federal government continues to prosecute individuals operating them. In Canada dispensaries are far less abundant, with the majority being in British Columbia, a few are also located in Southern Ontario and Quebec. They too are frequently raided by Police as the Canadian government and Health Canada do not legally recognize nor permit their existence. Primary Care Facility Kenya In Kenya , a dispensary is a small outpatient health facility, usually managed by a registered nurse. It provides the most basic p ... more details
chembox Verifiedfields changed UNII Ref fdacite changed FDA UNII 6HG8UB2MUY verifiedrevid 407762837 Reference ref name c21 http www.chemicalland21.com lifescience phar N METHYL D GLUCAMINE.htm Meglumine , chemicalland21.com ref ImageFile Meglumine.png ImageSize 200px IUPACName 2 R ,3 R ,4 R ,5 S 6 Methylaminohexane 1,2,3,4,5 pentol OtherNames 1 Deoxy 1 methylamino sorbitol br 1 Deoxy 1 methylamino small D small glucitol Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct CAS CASNo 6284 40 8 PubChem 8567 KEGG Ref keggcite correct kegg KEGG D01796 ChEMBL Ref ebicite changed EBI ChEMBL 1200570 SMILES CNCC C C C CO O O O O Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 7 sub H sub 17 sub NO sub 5 sub MolarMass 195.21358 Appearance White powder Density MeltingPt 128 132 C BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Meglumine is an amino sugar derived from sorbitol . It is often used as an excipient in pharmaceuticals and in conjunction with iodinated compounds in contrast medium contrast media such as diatrizoate meglumine and iodipamide meglumine . ref name c21 ref PubChem 8567 ref See also Flunixin meglumine Meglumine antimoniate References reflist Category Hexosamines organic compound stub pharma stub de N Methyl D glucamin fa ja ... more details
Orphan date June 2008 tone date August 2010 A niosome is a non ionic surfactant based liposome . Niosomes are formed mostly by cholesterol incorporation as an excipient . Other excipients can also be used. Niosomes have more penetrating capability than the previous preparations of emulsion s. ref http jeepakistan.blogspot.com 2008 05 d.html Your Source of Information Niosomes Bot generated title ref They are structurally similar to liposomes in having a bilayer, however, the materials used to prepare niosomes make them more stable and thus niosomes offer many more advantages over liposomes. Structure Niosomes are lamellar structures that are microscopic in size. They constitute of non ionic surfactant of the alkyl or dialkyl polyglycerol ether class and cholesterol with subsequent hydration in aqueous media. The surfactant molecules tend to orient themselves in such a way that the hydrophilic ends of the non ionic surfactant point outwards, while the hydrophobic ends face each other to form the bilayer. The figure in this article on http pharmaxchange.info articles niosomes niosomes.html Niosomes gives a better idea of the lamellar orientation of the surfactant molecules. ref http pharmaxchange.info articles niosomes niosomes.html PharmaXChange.info Niosomes http www.pharmainfo.net keywords niosomes Article on niosomes covering topics such as structure, methods of preparation, advantages and applications ref Methods of preparation Niosomes can be prepared by various methods, including ether injection method hand shaking method reverse phase evaporation technique trans membrane pH gradient the Bubble method formation of niosomes from proniosomes ref http pharmaxchange.info articles niosomes niosomes.html PharmaXChange.info Niosomes ref Applications Niosomes are a novel drug delivery system that are finding application in drug targeting antineoplastic treatment leishmaniasis treatment delivery of peptide drugs studying immune response carriers for haemoglobin transder ... more details
Microcrystalline cellulose is a term for refined wood pulp and is used as a texturizer, an anti caking agent , a fat substitute , an emulsifier , an extender, and a bulking agent in food production . ref http www.ams.usda.gov AMSv1.0 getfile?dDocName STELPRDC5066975 ref The most common form is used in vitamin supplements or tablets. It is also used in Virus quantification Plaque assay plaque assays for counting viruses, as an alternative to carboxymethylcellulose . ref Cite journal last Matrosovich first Mikhail authorlink coauthors Tatyana Matrosovich, Wolfgang Garten, and Hans Dieter Klenk title New low viscosity overlay medium for viral plaque assays journal Virology Journal volume 3 issue pages 63 publisher BioMed Central location year 2006 pmc 1564390 jstor issn doi 10.1186 1743 422X 3 63 PMID 16945126 mr zbl jfm pmid 16945126 ref In many ways, Cellulose makes the ideal excipient. A naturally occurring polymer, it is composed of glucose units connected by a 1 4 beta glycosidic bond. These linear cellulose chains are bundled together as microfibril spiralled together in the walls of plant cell. Each microfibril exhibits a high degree of three dimensional internal bonding resulting in a crystalline structure that is insoluble in water and resistant to reagents. There are, however, relatively weak segments of the microfibril with weaker internal bonding. These are called amorphous regions but are more accurately called dislocations since microfibril containing single phase structure. The crystalline region is isolated to produce Microcrystalline Cellulose. References Reflist Category Cellulose organic compound stub material stub hu Mikrokrist lyos cellul z pl Celuloza mikrokrystaliczna ... more details
No footnotes date February 2011 Dynamic list This list of vaccine ingredients indicates the culture media used in the production of common vaccine s and the excipient s they contain ref http www.cdc.gov vaccines pubs pinkbook downloads appendices B excipient table 1.pdf Vaccine Excipient & Media Summary, Part 1, CDC, April 2009 ref ref http www.cdc.gov vaccines pubs pinkbook downloads appendices B excipient table 2.pdf Vaccine Excipient & Media Summary, Part 2, CDC, April 2009 ref class wikitable Vaccine Culture media Excipients Anthrax vaccine BioThrax Puziss Wright medium 1095, synthetic or semisynthetic Aluminum Hydroxide, Amino Acids, Benzethonium Chloride, Formaldehyde or Formalin, Inorganic Salts and Sugars, Vitamins BCG Bacillus Calmette Gu rin Tice Synthetic or semisynthetic Asparagine, Citric Acid, Lactose, Glycerin, Iron Ammonium Citrate, Magnesium Sulfate, Potassium Phosphate DTaP Daptacel Cohen Wheeler or Stainer Scholte media, synthetic or semisynthetic Aluminum Phosphate, Ammonium Sulfate, Casamino Acid, Dimethyl betacyclodextrin, Formaldehyde or Formalin, Glutaraldehyde, 2 Phenoxyethanol DTaP Infanrix Cohen Wheeler or Stainer Scholte media, Lathan medium derived from bovine casein, Linggoud Fenton medium derived from bovine extract, synthetic or semisynthetic Aluminum Hydroxide, Bovine Extract, Formaldehyde or Formalin, Glutaraldhyde, 2 Phenoxyethanol, Polysorbate 80 DTaP Tripedia Cohen Wheeler or Stainer Scholte media, synthetic or semisynthetic Aluminum Potassium Sulfate, Ammonium Sulfate, Bovine Extract, Formaldehyde or Formalin, Gelatin, Polysorbate 80, Sodium Phosphate, Thimerosal ref name note1 Note Thimerosal content less than 0.3 mcg. ref DTaP Hib TriHIBit Synthetic or semisynthetic Aluminum Potassium Sulfate, Ammonium Sulfate, Bovine Extract, Formaldehyde or Formalin, Gelatin, Polysorbate 80, Sucrose, Thimerosal ref name note1 DTaP IPV Kinrix Synthetic or semisynthetic Aluminum Hydroxide, Bovine Extract, Formaldehyde, Lactalbumin Hydrolysate, ... more details
Other uses Refimprove date December 2011 File WarehouseSpirits.JPG right thumb 150px Vodka can be used for making elixirs An elixir Lang ar , Al Ikseer , effective recipe , Lang gr , medical powder , xerion powder for drying wounds , from , xeros dry ref http www.etymonline.com index.php?term elixir ref ref http www.wordnik.com words elixir etymologies ref is a clear, sweet flavored liquid used for medicinal purposes, to be taken orally and intended to cure one s ills. When used as a dosage form pharmaceutical preparation , an elixir contains at least one active ingredient designed to be taken orally. Types Non medicated elixirs They are used as solvents or vehicles for the preparation of medicated elixirs aromatic elixirs United States Pharmacopeia USP , isoalcoholic elixirs NF , or compound benzaldehyde elixirs NF . Active ingredient dissolved in a solution that contains 15 to 50 by volume of Ethanol ethyl alcohol . Medicated elixirs Antihistaminic elixirs used against allergy chlorampheniramine maleate elixirs USP , diphenhydramine HCl elixirs. Sedative and hypnotic elixirs sedatives induce drowsiness, and hypnotics induce sleep pediatric chloral hydrate elixirs. Expectorant used to facilitate productive cough cough with sputum terpin hydrate elixirs. Miscellaneous acetaminophen paracetamol elixirs, which are used as analgesics. Composition An elixir is a water hydro alcohol ic solution of at least one active ingredient. The alcohol is mainly used to Solubilize the active ingredient s and some excipients Retard the crystallization of sugar Preserve the finished product Provide a sharpness to the taste Aid in masking the unpleasant taste of the active ingredient s Enhance the flavor. The lowest alcoholic quantity that will dissolve completely the active ingredient s and give a clear solution is generally chosen. High concentrations of alcohol give burning taste to the final product. An elixir may also contain the following excipient s Sugar and o ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Natural gums are polysaccharide s of natural origin, capable of causing a large viscosity increase in solution, even at small concentrations. In the food industry they are used as thickening agent s, gelling agent s, Emulsion emulsifying agents , and Food additive Categories stabilizers . In other industries, they are also used as adhesive s, Excipient Types of excipients binding agent s, crystal crystan inhibitors, Brewing Ingredients clarifying agent s, encapsulating agents, Flocculation flocculating agent s, swelling agents, foam stabilizers, etc. Most often these gum botany gums are found in the woody elements of plants or in seed coatings. Natural gums can be classified according to their origin. They can also be classified as uncharged or ionic polymer s polyelectrolyte s . Examples include E number food additive code Natural gums obtained from seaweed s Polyelectrolytes Agar E406 Alginic acid E400 and Sodium alginate E401 Carrageenan E407 Natural gums obtained from non marine botanical resources Polyelectrolytes Gum arabic E414 , from the sap of Acacia trees Anogeissus latifolia Gum ghatti , from the sap of Anogeissus trees Tragacanth Gum tragacanth E413 , from the sap of Astragalus shrubs Gum karaya Karaya gum E416 , from the sap of Sterculia trees Uncharged Guar gum E412 , from guar guar beans Locust bean gum E410 , from the seeds of the carob tree Beta glucan , from oat or barley bran Manilkara chicle Chicle Chicle gum , an older base for chewing gum obtained from the chicle tree Dammar gum , from the sap of Dipterocarpaceae trees Glucomannan E425 , from the konjac plant Pistacia lentiscus Resin Mastic gum , a chewing gum from ancient Greece obtained from the mastic tree Psyllium seed husks , from the Plantago plant Spruce gum , a chewing gum of American Indians obtained from spruce trees Caesalpinia spinosa Uses Tara gum E417 , from the seeds of the Caesalpinia spinosa tara tree Natural gums produced by bacter ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Fine chemicals are pure, single chemical substances that are commercially produced with chemical reaction s for highly specialized applications. Fine chemicals produced can be categorized into Active ingredient active pharmaceutical ingredient s and their intermediates, biocide s, and specialty chemicals for technical applications. In chemical technology, a distinction is made between bulk chemicals , which are produced in massive quantities by standardized reactions, and fine chemicals, which are custom produced in smaller quantities for special uses. There is a very large number of fine chemicals that are produced, and thus the chemistries of producing them need to be flexible, whereas the atom economy is not as critical as for bulk chemicals. Owing to the small volume and often changing chemistry, fine chemicals production is more expensive, generates more waste and requires a higher research investment per kilogram. However, fine chemicals are produced in industrial quantities unlike research chemicals, which are produced only in the laboratory. With the introduction of new drugs to the market, the chemical identities of pharmaceuticals and their intermediates change often, and they are also produced in small quantities, thus being fine chemicals. Active pharmaceutical ingredients are formulated in a separate factory, where they are compounded with inert pigments , solvents and excipient s, and made into dosage forms. Fine chemicals manufacture of pharmaceuticals and intermediates needs to conform to the strict Good Manufacturing Practice standards, and is monitored by the food and drug authorities, particularly the Food and Drug Administration United States U.S. Food and Drug Administration FDA . Biocide s include pesticide s, herbicide s and other specialized chemicals that are used in agriculture to inhibit or kill pests and weeds and thus improve crop yields. New biocides are developed somewhat slower than new ph ... more details
Cremophor EL is the registered trademark of BASF Corp. for its version of polyethoxylated castor oil. It is prepared by reacting 35 moles of ethylene oxide with each mole of castor oil . The resulting product is a mixture CAS registry number CAS number 61791 12 6 the major component is the material in which the hydroxyl groups of the castor oil triglyceride have ethoxylation ethoxylated with ethylene oxide to form polyethylene glycol ethers . Minor components are the polyethyelene glycol esters of ricinoleic acid , polyethyelene glycols and polyethyelene glycol ethers of glycerol . ref cite web title BASF Technical data sheet on Cremophor EL url http www.pharma ingredients.basf.com Statements Technical 20Informations EN Pharma 20Solutions EMP 20030711e Cremophor 20EL.pdf accessdate 2010 12 16 ref Cremophor EL is a synthetic, nonionic surfactant . Its utility comes from its ability to stabilize emulsions of nonpolar materials in aqueous systems. Cremophor EL is an excipient or additive in drugs. Therapeutically, modern drugs are rarely given in a pure chemical state, so most active ingredients are combined with excipients or additives such as Cremophor EL ref cite web title A new Steroid Anaesthetic Althesin url http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov picrender.fcgi?artid 1645602&blobtype pdf format pdf publisher PubMed accessdate 2007 01 07 See page 1 49, Methods and Materials. ref Uses Miconazole , anti fungal Paclitaxel , anti cancer Docetaxel , anti cancer Aci Jel acetic acid oxyquinoline ricinoleic acid vaginal Sandimmune cyclosporine injection, USP Nelfinavir mesylate , HIV protease inhibitor Propofol , intravenous anaesthetic agent, originally presented in Cremophor for trials now presented in a lipid emulsion Diazepam injection superseded by lipid emulsion alternative Diazemuls Vitamin K injection Ixabepilone , anti cancer Side effects Allergic reactions to Taxol are most often allergic reactions to Cremophor EL symptoms include tightness in the chest, shortness of br ... more details
Controlled release is a term referring to the presentation or delivery of compounds in response to stimuli or time. This can be for purposes in several areas including agriculture, cosmetics and personal care, pharmaceuticals and food science. Most commonly it refers to time release technology time dependent release in oral dose formulations. time release technology Timed release has several distinct variants such as sustained release where prolonged release is intended, pulse release, delayed release e.g. to target different regions of the GI tract etc. A distinction of controlled release is that not only prolongs action but it attempts to maintain drug levels within the therapeutic window to avoid potentially hazardous peaks in drug concentration following ingestion or injection and to maximize therapeutic efficiency. The science of controlled release originates from the development of oral sustained release products in the late 1940s and early 1950s, the development of controlled release of marine anti foulants in the 1950s and controlled release fertilizer in the 1970 s where sustained and controlled delivery of nutrients following a single application to the soil. Delivery is usually effected by dissolution, degradation or disintegration of an excipient in which the active compound is formulated. Enteric coating and other encapsulation technologies can further modify release profiles. In addition to pills, capsules and injectable drug carriers that often have an additional release function , forms of controlled release medicines include gels , implants and devices e.g. the Vaginal ring and contraceptive implant and transdermal patches . Examples of stimuli that may be used to bring about release include pH, enzymes, light, magnetic fields, temperature, ultrasonics, osmosis and more recently electronic control of MEMS and NEMS . ref http www.duke.edu jbl2 BME265 fulltext.pdf ref ref http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC3002303 ref Examples of cosmetics, per ... more details
The Hausner ratio is a number that is correlated to the flowability of a powder substance powder or granular material . It is calculated by the formula math H frac rho T rho B math where math rho B math is the freely settled bulk density of the powder, and math rho T math is the tapped bulk density of the powder. The Hausner ratio is not an absolute property of a material its value can vary depending on the methodology used to determine it. The Hausner ratio is used in a wide variety of industries ref R.O. Grey and J.K. Beddow 1969 On the Hausner Ratio and its relationship to some properties of metal powders Powder Technology , Vol.2, No.6, pp 323 326. ref ref Q. Li et al. 2004 Interparticle van der Waals force in powder flowability and compactibility International Journal of Pharmaceutics , Vol.280, Iss.1 2, pp 77 93. ref ref C. Conesa et al. 2004 Characterization of Flow Properties of Powder Coatings Used in the Automotive Industry Kona , Vol.22, pp 94 106. ref ref S.L. Rough, D.I. Wilson and D.W. York 2005 Effect of solids formulation on the manufacture of high shear mixer agglomerates Adv. Powder Technol ., Vol.16, pp 145 169. ref ref R.A. Garcia, R.A. Flores and C.E. Mazenko 2007 Factors contributing to the poor bulk behavior of meat and bone meal and methods for improving these behaviors Bioresource Technology , Vol.98, No.15, pp 2852 2858. ref as an indication of the flowability of a powder. ref USP 1174 Excipient General Information Chapter Powder Flow ref A Hausner ratio greater than 1.25 is considered to be an indication of poor flowability. The Hausner ratio H is related to the Carr index C , another indication of flowability, by the formula math H 100 100 C math . Both the Hausner ratio and the Carr index are sometimes criticized, despite their relationships to flowability being established empirically, as not having a strong theoretical basis. Use of these measures persists, however, because the equipment required to perform the analysis is relatively c ... more details
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