Evolutionism refers to the biological concept of evolution , ref cite book author Kirkpatrick, E. M. Davidson, George D. Seaton, M. A. Simpson, J. R. title Chambers concise 20th century dictionary publisher Chambers location Edinburgh year 1985 pages isbn 0 550 10553 0 oclc doi accessdate ref specifically to a widely held 19th century belief that organism s are intrinsically bound to improve themselves, and that changes are progressive and arise through inheritance of acquired characters , as in Lamarckism . The belief was extended to include cultural evolution and social evolution . ref name isbn0 550 11000 3 cite book author Allen, R. T. Allen, Robert W. title Chambers encyclopedic English dictionary publisher Chambers location Edinburgh year 1994 pages isbn 0 550 11000 3 oclc doi accessdate ref The term is sometimes also used to refer to acceptance of the modern evolutionary synthesis , a Theory Science scientific theory that describes how biological evolution occurs. In addition, the term is used in a broader sense to cover a world view on a wide variety of topics, including chemical ... urlEvolutionism cite web url http www.allaboutphilosophy.org evolutionism.htm title Evolutionism author ... synthesis evolutionists and the theory itself as evolutionism. Some creationism creationists and creationist ..., science does not support false religions e.g. atheism, evolutionism, pantheism, humanism, etc ... evolutionism and evolutionist are seldom used in the scientific community to refer to the biological ... , humanism and occultism , commonly uses the words evolutionism and evolutionist to describe the consensus ... to use the term evolutionism in an attempt to suggest that the theory of evolution and creationism ... 24 attention to word meaning title Creationism vs. Evolutionism last Moore first John year 2008 publisher ... Carneiro, Robert, Evolutionism in Cultural Anthropology A Critical History ISBN 0 8133 3766 6 ... going evolutionism tends to eliminate... Ruse, Michael. 2003. http www.sciencemag.org cgi content ... more details
Refimprove date August 2010 wikify date June 2010 Culture as applied to evolution involves the transmission of information particularly from generation to generation by all non genomic means through the senses by example, or by instructions involving language. Cultural evolution therefore encompasses the generation and selection of new learning by all means other than encoding in the genome. Although cultural evolution is not entirely peculiar to man see for example John Tyler Bonner, The Evolution of Culture in Animals New Jersey Princeton University Press, 1980 it is in a highly developed form restricted to man and much tied up with the development of language and writing. Cultural evolutionism attempts to describe and explain long term change in human ways of life, insofar as those ways are socially rather than biologically acquired. Though often used interchangeably with the terms social evoion and sociocultural evolution , the term cultural evolution sometimes is useful for specifying a focus on long term change not in properties of a social group as such e.g., its sheer size or location , but in the way of life the characteristic artifacts, behaviors, and ideas of the group. Defined this way, cultural evolutionism is not inherently ethnocentric, though of course the cultural past can be and all too often has been interpreted ethnocentrically. Today, many archaeologists, some cultural anthropologists, and even some sociologists are self identified cultural evolutionists and many more scholars are shown, by virtue of their research interests, to fit this definition. See also sociocultural evolution External links http www2.truman.edu rgraber cultev Category Theories of history Category Sociocultural evolution culture stub ... more details
Anti evolution is a term for system s of thought that argue either that evolution does not occur, or that the modern evolutionary synthesis fails to explain why it occurs. The term applies to most forms of design philosophy, Lamarckism , creationism , animal spiritualism , and any other ways of thinking denying or proposing alternatives to evolution. Related Anti Evolution League of America Catastrophism Creationism Intelligent design Objections to evolution Ra lian cosmology Compare Steady State theory See also Objections to evolution discusses the rationales behind anti evolutionism disambig ... more details
Unreferenced stub date December 2009 Francisco Romero 1891 1962 was a Latin American philosopher, considered a leader in the philosopher movement in the Latin American countries, especially in Argentina . He was an influential critic and a translator from the German works of others. Romero defends a structural conception of reality against David Hume Hume , rationalism, biological evolutionism and all atomistic conceptions. True being is identified by Romero with transcendence, with personality as its function. Selected works Old and New Concepts of Reality 1932 The Problems of Philosophy of Culture 1938 Program of a Philosophy 1940 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Romero ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1891 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1962 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Romero Category 1891 births Category 1962 deaths Category 20th century philosophers Philosopher stub ... more details
century evolutionism used value judgment and assumptions for interpreting data, the neoevolutionism ... work is often viewed as the foundation of neo evolutionism. He was one of the first sociologists to claim ... to the Fall of Rome 1959 . Publication of this book rekindled interest in evolutionism among ... social evolutionism Sociobiology Dual inheritance theory Technological singularity World systems ... more details
Biocultural evolution ref http anthro.palomar.edu synthetic glossary.htm ref refers to historical human evolution evolutionary processes that occur as a result of culture s interaction with biology . Cultural factors The human predispositon for culture is perhaps one of the most critical aspects of human evolution and, as such, has had significant effects both on human and nonhuman biology . Given the complexity with which humans express their culture and the cultural interrelation of e.g. ecology and technology , changes in human environmental control is a hallmark of cultural impact on biological systems. These, in turn, affect cultural possibilities and choices. ref Grassie, William, Biocultural Evolution in the 21st Century The Evolutionary Role of Religion , European Society for the Study of Science and Theology Barcelona, Spain, 2004 ref Examples Some examples of biocultural adaptations are lactose tolerance , the result of animal husbandry the maintenance of the sickle cell trait sickle cell allele in some tropical populations due to the spread of sub Saharan agriculture and the concomitant spread of Malaria, and cold adaptation . See also Behavioural genetics Biocultural anthropology Cultural selection theory Evolution Evolutionary anthropology Evolutionary neuroscience Evolutionary psychology Human evolution Meme Neuroculture Organizational ecology Sociobiology Sociocultural evolution References reflist Bibliography citation last Adams first Richard N. year 1991 title Social Evolution and Social Reproduction journal New Literary History volume 22 issue 4 pages 857 876 citation last Brace first C. Loring year 1995 title Biocultural Interaction and the Mechanism of Mosaic Evolution in the Emergence of Modern Morphology journal American Anthropologist volume 97 issue 4 pages 711 721 citation last Lopreato first Joseph year 1990 title From Social Evolutionism to Biocultural Evolutionism journal Sociological Forum volume 5 issue 2 pages 187 212 citation last Sko ... more details
change were created the social evolutionism theory, the social cycle theory and the Marxist historical ... . Birth and Development of Unilineal Classical Social Evolutionism Unreferenced section date September 2007 main Classical social evolutionism While social evolutionists agree that the evolution ... theories, known as theories of unilineal evolution. Social evolutionism was the prevailing theory ... Auguste Comte , Edward Burnett Tylor , Lewis Henry Morgan , and Herbert Spencer . Social evolutionism ... of primitive cultures. The term Classical Social Evolutionism is most closely associated with the 19th ... as Social Evolutionism . Although he wrote that societies over time progressed, and that progress .... Thus progressivism became one of the basic ideas underlying the theory of social evolutionism. Comte ... Ward , Lewis H. Morgan and other thinkers of the gilded age all developed theories of social evolutionism ... making up that society. T nnies work became the foundation of neo evolutionism . The Critique ... Boas , typically regarded as the leader of anthropology s rejection of classical social evolutionism ... Thus modern socio cultural evolutionism rejects most of classical social evolutionism due to various ... more details
Historical Particularism coined by Marvin Harris in 1968 ref Harris, Marvin The Rise of Anthropological Theory A History of Theories of Culture . 1968. Reissued 2001 New York Thomas Y. Crowell Company ref is widely considered the first United States American anthropological school of thought. Founded by Franz Boas , historical particularism rejected the Classical social evolutionism cultural evolutionary model that had dominated anthropology up until Boas. It argued that each society is a collective representation of its unique historical past. Boas rejected parallel evolutionism, the idea that all societies are on the same path and have reached their specific level of development the same way all other societies have. ref name methods cite journal last Boas first Franz authorlink Franz Boas title The Methods of Ethnology journal American Anthropologist volume 22 issue 4 pages 311 321 date December, 1920 url http links.jstor.org sici?sici 0002 7294 192010 2F12 2 3A22 3A4 3C311 3ATMOE 3E2.0.CO 3B2 5 format jstor PDF id ISSN 00027294 accessdate 2006 11 30 doi 10.1525 aa.1920.22.4.02a00020 ref Instead, historical particularism showed that societies could reach the same level of cultural development through different paths. ref name methods Boas suggested that diffusion, trade, corresponding environment, and historical accident may create similar cultural traits. ref name methods Three traits, as suggested by Boas, are used to explain cultural customs environmental conditions, psychological factors, and historical connections, history being the most important hence the school s name . ref name methods Critics of historical particularism argue that it is antitheoretical because it doesn t seek to make universal theories, applicable to all the world s cultures. Boas believed that theories would arise spontaneously once enough data was collected. This school of anthropological thought was the first to be uniquely American and Boas his school of thought included was, arguab ... more details
Peloza v. Capistrano Unified School District , 37 F.3d 517 9th Cir. 1994 , was a 1994 court case heard by United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit in which a creationist schoolteacher, John E. Peloza claimed that Establishment clause of the United States Constitution along with his own right to free speech was violated by the requirement to teach the religion of evolutionism . The court found against Peloza, finding that evolution was science not religion and that the school board were right to restrict his teaching of creationism in light of the 1987 Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court decision Edwards v. Aguillard . One of the three appeals judges, Poole, partially dissented from the majority s free speech and due process opinions. ref http www.talkorigins.org faqs peloza.html Peloza v. Capistrano Unified School District ref It was one in a long line court cases involving the teaching of creationism which have found against creationists. Peloza appealed to the Supreme Court of the United States Supreme Court , which declined to hear the case. References Reflist Category United States church state separation case law Category United States education case law Category United States free speech case law Category United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit cases Category United States creationism and evolution case law Category 1994 in United States case law Category Legal articles without infoboxes case law stub creationism stub ... more details
Arborescent is a term used by the French thinkers Deleuze and Guattari to characterize thinking marked by insistence on totality totalizing principles, binarism and dualism . The term, first used in A Thousand Plateaus 1980 where it was opposed to the rhizome metaphor rhizome , comes from the way genealogy tree s are drawn unidirectional progress history progress , with no possible retroactivity and continuous binary cuts thus enforcing a dualist metaphysical conception, criticized by Deleuze . Rhizomes, on the contrary, mark a horizontal and non hierarchical conception, where anything may be linked to anything else, with no respect whatsoever for specific species rhizomes are heterogeneity heterogeneous links between things that have nothing to do between themselves for example, Deleuze and Guattari linked together desire and machine s to create the most surprising concept of desiring production desiring machine s . Horizontal gene transfer is also an example of rhizomes, opposed to the arborescent evolutionism theory. Deleuze also criticizes the Chomsky hierarchy of formal languages , which he considers a perfect example of arborescent dualistic theory. Wiktionary Sources Gilles Deleuze Deleuze, Gilles and F lix Guattari . 1980. A Thousand Plateaus . Trans. Brian Massumi . London and New York Continuum, 2004. Vol. 2 of Capitalism and Schizophrenia . 2 vols. 1972 1980. Trans. of Mille Plateaux . Paris Les Editions de Minuit. ISBN 0826476945. Deleuze Guattari philosophy stub Category Gilles Deleuze and F lix Guattari Category Philosophical concepts fr Arborescent ... more details
. In his Structural Change was given a survey of evolution and evolutionism in Cultural anthropology ... on traditional Polynesia in Bijdragen tot de Taal , Land en Volkenkunde, and articles on evolutionism ..., and Prospects of Evolutionism. In Kradin, N. N., Korotayev, A. V., Bondarenko, D. M., de Munck ..., M. E. eds. , Development and Decline pp. 196 218 . South Hadley, MA Bergin & Garvey. 1989. Evolutionism .... Structural Change Evolution and Evolutionism in Cultural Anthropology . Leiden CNWS Press. 2002 ... more details
, a history of the origins of anti evolutionism . It was revised and expanded in 2006, with the subtitle ... as probably the most definitive history of anti evolutionism . ref Steve Paulson, http www.salon.com ... more details
system is a kind of answer to the debates about sociocultural unilinear social evolutionism vs. multilineal evolutionism. Criticism The works done under the LASA banner have been the targets ... more details
Infobox Book name The Creationists From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design title orig translator image Image The Creationists by Ronald Numbers.jpg image caption author Ronald Numbers illustrator cover artist country USA language English series subject Creationism genre History publisher University of California Press pub date 1993 english pub date media type pages 624 isbn 0 520 08393 8 oclc preceded by followed by The Creationists From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design is a history of the origins of anti evolutionism , first published in 1992 by Ronald Numbers as The Creationists The Evolution of Scientific Creationism . It was revised and expanded in 2006 the subtitle was changed to From Scientific Creationism to Intelligent Design . The book has been described as probably the most definitive history of anti evolutionism . ref Steve Paulson, http www.salon.com books int 2007 01 02 numbers Seeing the light of science , Interview with Ronald Numbers, Salon.com , Jan. 2, 2007. ref It has received generally favorable reviews from both the academic and the religious community. ref See references in notable reviews . ref Former Archbishop of York John Habgood described it, in an article in The Times , as a massively well documented history that must surely be the definitive study of the rise and growth of creationism. ref http entertainment.timesonline.co.uk tol arts and entertainment the tls article4383951.ece The creation of Creationism , John Habgood , The Times , July 23, 2008 ref Synopsis The expanded edition covers the history of creationism from the time of Charles Darwin Darwin to the present day. It first describes early opposition during Darwin s lifetime, then George Frederick Wright s conversion from Christian Darwinism Darwinist to Fundamentalist opponent and how creationism influenced the Fundamentalist Modernist Controversy and the rise of prominent populist creationists such as William Jennings Bryan . It then narrates the careers o ... more details
Infobox Scientist box width name Russell L. Mixter image filename only image size alt caption birth date August 7, 1906 birth place Williamston, Michigan death date death date and age 2007 1 16 1906 8 7 death place residence citizenship nationality ethnicity fields Biology workplaces alma mater Wheaton College Illinois Wheaton College, Illinois undergraduate , Michigan State College M.S. , University of Illinois School of Medicine in Chicago Ph.D. doctoral advisor academic advisors doctoral students notable students known for Progressive creationism , opposition to anti evolutionism author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced awards religion signature filename only signature alt footnotes Russell L. Mixter August 7, 1906 &ndash January 16, 2007 was an American scientist, noted for leading the American Scientific Affiliation ASA away from anti evolutionism, and for his advocacy of progressive creationism . Academic career Mixter graduated from Wheaton College Illinois Wheaton College, Illinois in 1928 with a major in literature and a minor in biology. He thereafter gained an M.S. in zoology from Michigan State College , and a Ph.D. in anatomy from the University of Illinois School of Medicine in Chicago, shortly after returning to Wheaton to teach. ref name Num195 Numbers 2006 p195 ref He has been professor of zoology there since 1945, and was chairman of the Science Division from 1950 to 1961. ref name gale Wheaton College awards the Mixter Award for junior or senior Biology majors in his honor, in recognition of his significant role in the development of biology at Wheaton College . ref http www.wheaton.edu Biology opportunities awards.htm Awards , Biology, Wheaton College Illinois Wheaton College, Illinois ref American Scientific Affiliation and creationism Mixter joined the ASA in 1943, ref name Num195 served as its president from 1951 54, ref name gale Russell Lowell Mixter, in Contemporary Authors Online , Gale, 2009. Reproduced in http galenet.ga ... more details
. History of Genetics and Evolutionism in France, Paris, PUF, 1984. Preface by Pierre Chaunu. The Genetics ..., Scientific Editions, 1994 . The evolution and Evolutionism, Paris, PUF, Que sais je?, 1989 reissued under the title The Darwinism and Evolutionism, Paris, Frisian Roche, 2005. The biological explosion ... more details
among the European intelligentsia that began to oppose the concept of cultural evolutionism that culture ... awareness of geographical variability in the archaeological record at a time when cultural evolutionism ... more details
see also Index of sociology articles Sociology The following outline is provided as an overview of, and topical guide to, the discipline of sociology . Essence of sociology Main article Sociology Basic aspects of sociology Positivism Antipositivism Structural functionalism Conflict theory Public sociology Social research Social theory social subject matter History of sociology History of sociology Sociology in medieval Islam Key theoretical perspectives in sociology Critical theory Conflict theory Cultural theory Exchange theory Ethnomethodology Feminist theory Functionalism sociology Functionalism Marxism Marxist sociology Alfred Schutz Social Phenomenology Postmodernism Poststructuralism Queer Theory Rational choice theory Structural functionalism Symbolic interactionism Systems theory Basic sociology concepts Main articles List of sociology topics and Subfields of sociology Social alienation Alienation Bureaucracy Civil rights Crime Commodity fetishism Community Consumerism Cultural capital Culture Discrimination Division of labour Social equality Equality Exploitation Freedom political Freedom Gemeinschaft and Gesellschaft Globalization Group sociology Group Ideal type Identity social science Identity Ideology Industrialization Institution Interpersonal relationship Justice Mass media Modernity Nature versus nurture Paradigm shift Political economy Popular culture Postmodernity Poverty Power sociology Power Power knowledge Racism Rationalization sociology Rationalisation Reflexivity sociology Reflexivity Secularisation Sexism Social action Social capital Social change Social class Social construction Social cohesion Social control Social evolutionism Social justice Social mobility Social movement Social network Social order Social organisation Social solidarity Social status Social stratification Social structure Socialization Society Structure and agency Sustainable development Related fields and subfields main Subfields of sociology Sociology of ... Sociology ... more details
White s law , named after Leslie White and published in 1943, states that, other factors remaining constant, culture evolves as the amount of energy harnessed per capita per year is increased, or as the efficiency economics efficiency of the instrumental means of putting the energy to Mechanical work work is increased . ref name American Materialism http www.as.ua.edu ant Faculty murphy material.htm American Materialism ref Image Earthlights dmsp.jpg thumb right 300px Composite image of the Earth at night, created by NASA and NOAA . The brightest areas of the Earth are the most urbanized, but not necessarily the most populous. Even more than 100 years after the invention of the electric light, some regions remain thinly populated and unlit. White spoke of culture as a general human phenomenon, and claimed not to speak of cultures in the plural. His theory, published in 1959 in The Evolution of Culture The Development of Civilization to the Fall of Rome , rekindled the interest in social evolutionism and is counted prominently among the neoevolutionism neoevolutionists . He believed that culture meaning the sum total of all human cultural activity on the planet was evolving. White differentiated between three components of culture technological, sociological and ideological, and argued that it was the technological component which plays a primary role or is the primary determining factor responsible for the cultural evolution. White s materialist approach is evident in the following quote man as an animal species, and consequently culture as a whole, is dependent upon the material, mechanical means of adjustment to the natural environment . ref name American Materialism This technological component can be described as material, mechanical, physical and chemical instruments, as well as the way people use these techniques. White s argument on the importance of technology goes as follows ref name mnsu.edu http www.mnsu.edu emuseum cultural anthropology White.html Leslie ... more details
Unreferenced date September 2007 Multilineal evolution is a 20th century social theory about the evolution of societies and culture s. It is composed of many competing theories by various sociologists and anthropologists. This theory has replaced the older 19th century set of theories of unilineal evolution . When critique of classical social evolutionism became widely accepted, modern anthropological and sociological approaches have changed to reflect their responses to the critique of their predecessor. Modern theories are careful to avoid unsourced, ethnocentric speculation, comparisons, or value judgements more or less regarding individual societies as existing within their own historical contexts. These conditions provided the context for new theories such as cultural relativism and multilineal evolution. By the 1940s cultural anthropologists such as Leslie White and Julian Steward sought to revive an evolutionary model on a more scientific basis, and succeeded in establishing an approach known as the neoevolutionism . White rejected the opposition between primitive and modern societies but did argue that societies could be distinguished based on the amount of energy they harnessed, and that increased energy allowed for greater social differentiation. Steward on the other hand rejected the 19th century notion of progress, and instead called attention to the Darwinian notion of adaptation, , arguing that all societies had to adapt to their environment in some way. The anthropologists Marshall Sahlins and Elman Service wrote a book, Evolution and Culture , in which they attempted to synthesize White s and Steward s approaches. Other anthropologists, building on or responding to work by White and Steward, developed theories of cultural ecology and ecological anthropology. The most prominent examples are Peter Vayda and Roy Rappaport . By the late 1950s, students of Steward such as Eric Wolf and Sidney Mintz turned away from cultural ecology to Marxism , World Syst ... more details
Infobox Scientist name box width image Herbert Spencer Jennings.jpg image width 200px caption birth date April 8, 1868 birth place Tonica , Illinois death date April 14, 1947 death place Santa Monica , California residence citizenship nationality ethnicity field zoology work institutions alma mater doctoral advisor doctoral students known for author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced prizes religion footnotes signature Herbert Spencer Jennings born in Tonica , Illinois , April 8, 1868 died in Santa Monica , California , April 14, 1947 was a zoologist , geneticist , and eugenicist . His research helped demonstrate the link between physical and chemical stimulation and automatic responses in lower orders of animals. Tracy Sonneborn would later write blockquote Jennings was so struck by the continued production of hereditarily diverse clones at conjugation, even after many successive inbreedings, that he undertook to examine the matter mathematically. As a result, general formulae for the results of diverse systems of mating were published in a series of papers between 1912 and 1917 these were one of the main seeds from which the whole field of mathematical genetics developed. blockquote References Citation pmid 15777816 last Marler first Peter publication date 2005 Apr year 2005 title Ethology and the origins of behavioral endocrinology. volume 47 issue 4 periodical Hormones and behavior pages 493 502 doi 10.1016 j.yhbeh.2005.01.002 Citation pmid 12664793 last Schloegel first Judy Johns last2 Schmidgen first2 Henning publication date 2002 Dec year 2002 title General physiology, experimental psychology, and evolutionism. Unicellular organisms as objects of psychophysiological research, 1877 1918. volume 93 issue 4 periodical Isis an international review devoted to the history of science and its cultural influences pages 614 45 Citation pmid 11612743 last Barkan first E publication date 1991 year 1991 title Reevaluating progressive eugenics Herbert Spenc ... more details
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