unref date December 2010 italictitle Taxobox image image width 240px caption domain Eukaryota regnum Excavata superphylum Discoba phylum Euglenozoa classis Euglenid Euglenoidea ordo Euglenales familia Euglenaceae genus Phacus genus authority Phacus is a genus of unicellular protist s, of the phylum Euglenozoa also known as Euglenophyta . They are light green and propel them selves be gyrating their body. They have a single flagellum which is often as long as the Phacus body. Category Euglenozoa algae stub ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Orphan date February 2009 Taxobox color khaki name Trachelomonas image Trachelomonas sp.jpg domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Excavata phylum Euglenozoa classis Euglenid Euglenoidea ordo Euglenales familia Euglenaceae genus Trachelomonas genus authority Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg Ehrenberg , 1833 The euglenid genus Trachelomonas is characterized by the presence of a shell like covering called a Lorica biology lorica . Details of lorica structure determine the classification of distinct species in the genus. The lorica can exist in spherical, elliptical, cylindrical, and pyriform pear shaped forms and measures anywhere from 5 to 100 in diameter or length. The lorica surface can be smooth, punctuate or striate and range from hyaline, to yellow, or brown. These colors are due to the accumulation of ferric hydroxide and manganic oxide deposited with the mucilage and minerals that comprise the lorica. In Trachelomonas , the presence of a lorica obscures cytoplasmic details of the underlying cell. In each Trachelomonas cell, there is a gap at the apex of the lorica from which the flagellum protrudes. Thickening around this gap results in a rim like or collar like appearance. During asexual reproduction, the nucleus divides yielding two daughter cells one of which exits through the opening in the lorica. This new cell then synthesizes its own new lorica. Category Euglenozoa es Trachelomonas nl Trachelomonas ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 Other uses Pellicle disambiguation The pellicle is a thin layer supporting the cell membrane in various protozoa , protecting them and allowing them to retain their shape, especially during locomotion, allowing the organism to be more hydrodynamic . They vary from flexible and elastic to rigid. Although stiff, the pellicle is flexible and allows the protist to fit into tighter spaces. In ciliate s and Apicomplexa , it is formed from closely packed vesicles called alveoli . In euglenid s, it is formed from protein strips arranged spirally along the length of the body. Examples of protists with a pellicle are the euglenoids and the paramecium , a ciliate. The pellicle consists of many bacteria that adhere to the surface by their attachment Pilus pili . Thus, attachment pili allow the organisms to remain in the broth, from which they take nutrients, while they congregate near air, where the oxygen concentration is greatest. References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Pellicle Biology Category Cell biology Category Cell anatomy Biology stub cs Pelikula pl Pellikula ru sr uk ... more details
image L lysine skeletal.png thumb right The amino acid small L small lysine The aminoadipate pathway is a biochemical pathway for the synthesis of the amino acid small L small lysine . In the eukaryote s, this pathway is unique to the higher fungi containing chitin in their cell walls and the euglenid s. ref name pmid10714900 cite journal author Zabriskie TM, Jackson MD. title Lysine biosynthesis and metabolism in fungi journal Natural Product Reports volume 17 issue 1 pages 85 97 year 2000 pmid 10714900 doi 10.1039 a801345d ref It has also been reported from bacteria of the genus Thermus . ref name Kosuge&Hoshino cite journal author Kosuge T, Hoshino T title The aminoadipate pathway for lysine biosynthesis is widely distributed among Thermus strains journal Journal of Bioscience and Bioengineering volume 88 pages 672 5 year 1999 pmid 16232683 doi 10.1016 S1389 1723 00 87099 1 issue 6 ref The precursor chemistry precursor compound for small L small lysine is alpha ketoglutarate ketoglutarate the seven enzyme s involved are, sequentially homocitrate synthase , Homoaconitate hydratase homoaconitase , homoisocitrate dehydrogenase aminoadipate aminotransferase aminoadipate reductase, saccharopine reductase, and saccharopine dehydrogenase . ref name pmid16943623 cite journal author Xu H, Andi B, Qian J, West AH, Cook PF title The aminoadipate pathway for lysine biosynthesis in fungi journal Cell Biochemistry and Biophysics volume 46 issue 1 pages 43 64 year 2006 pmid 16943623 doi 10.1385 CBB 46 1 43 ref References reflist Category Metabolism Category Biosynthesis Category Metabolic pathways biochem stub pt Via do alfa aminoadipato ... more details
Taxobox image image width 240px image caption Euglenozoa domain Eukarya regnum Excavata phylum Euglenozoa phylum authority Thomas Cavalier Smith Cavalier Smith , 1981 ref name C S1981 cite journal author T. Cavalier Smith title Eukaryote Kingdoms Seven or Nine? journal BioSystems year 1981 volume 14 pages 461 481 doi 10.1016 0303 2647 81 90050 2 pmid 7337818 issue 3 4 ref subdivision ranks Classes and unplaced genera subdivision Euglenid Euglenoidea br Kinetoplastid Kinetoplastea br Diplonemid Diplonemea br Postgaardi br Calkinsia The Euglenozoa are a large group of flagellate protozoa . They include a variety of common free living species, as well as a few important parasites, some of which infect humans. There are two main subgroups, the euglenid s and kinetoplastid s. Euglenozoa are unicellular, mostly around 1 E 5 m 15 40 m in size, although some euglenids get up to 500 m long. Structure Most euglenozoa have two flagella, which are inserted parallel to one another in an apical or subapical pocket. In some these are associated with a cytostome or mouth, used to ingest bacteria or other small organisms. This is supported by one of three sets of microtubule s that arise from the flagellar bases the other two support the dorsal and ventral surfaces of the cell. ref name Pat1999 cite journal author David J. Patterson title The Diversity of Eukaryotes journal American Naturalist year 1999 volume 145 pages S96 S124 pmid 10527921 doi 10.1086 303287 issue S4 ref Some other euglenozoa feed through the absorption, and many euglenids possess chloroplast s and so obtain energy through photosynthesis . These chloroplasts are surrounded by three membranes and contain chlorophyll s A and C , along with other pigments, ref name C S1981 so are probably derived from a captured green alga . Reproduction occurs exclusively through cell division. During mitosis , the nuclear membrane remains intact, and the spindle microtubules form inside of it. ref name Pat1999 The group is ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 444093785 ImageFile Saccharopine.svg ImageSize 200px IUPACName 2 5 amino 5 carboxy pentyl amino pentanedioic acid OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers ChemSpiderID Ref chemspidercite correct chemspider ChemSpiderID 141086 InChI 1 C11H20N2O6 c12 7 10 16 17 3 1 2 6 13 8 11 18 19 4 5 9 14 15 h7 8,13H,1 6,12H2, H,14,15 H,16,17 H,18,19 t7 ,8 m0 s1 InChIKey ZDGJAHTZVHVLOT YUMQZZPRBV StdInChI Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChI 1S C11H20N2O6 c12 7 10 16 17 3 1 2 6 13 8 11 18 19 4 5 9 14 15 h7 8,13H,1 6,12H2, H,14,15 H,16,17 H,18,19 t7 ,8 m0 s1 StdInChIKey Ref stdinchicite correct chemspider StdInChIKey ZDGJAHTZVHVLOT YUMQZZPRSA N CASNo 997 68 2 PubChem 160556 DrugBank Ref drugbankcite correct drugbank DrugBank DB04207 ChEBI Ref ebicite correct EBI ChEBI 16927 SMILES O C O C H N CCCCN C H C O O CCC O O MeSHName Saccharopine Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 11 sub H sub 20 sub N sub 2 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 276.286 Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt 257 259 C Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Saccharopine is an intermediate in the metabolism of amino acid lysine . It is a precursor of lysine in the alpha aminoadipate pathway which occurs in a few lower fungus fungi , the higher fungi, and euglenid s. In mammals and higher plants saccharopine is an intermediate in the degradation of lysine, formed by condensation of lysine and alpha ketoglutarate . Reaction The reactions involved, catalysed by saccharopine dehydrogenase s, are lysine alpha ketoglutarate saccharopine glutamate 2 aminoadipate 6 semialdehyde Pathology Saccharopinuria high amounts of saccharopine in the urine and saccharopinemia an excess of saccharopine in the blood are conditions present in some inherited disorders of lysine degradation. History Saccharopine was first isolated in 1961 from yeasts Saccharomyces , hence the name by Darling and Larsen. ref Darling, S., and Larsen, P. O., Saccharopine, a new amino acid in Baker s a ... more details
and f cal pellets have been unearthed Sherwood Pike and Gray 1985 , as well as supposed euglenid s Gray and Boucot 1989 the latter being of particular interest as not one other fossil euglenid is known ... more details
Paraphyletic group name Green algae image Green algae.jpg regnum Plantae includes Chlorophyta Charophyta excludes Embryophyta The green algae singular green alga are the large group of algae from which the embryophyte s higher plants emerged. ref name palmer cite journal url http www.amjbot.org cgi content full 91 10 1437 title The plant tree of life an overview and some points of view author Jeffrey D. Palmer, Douglas E. Soltis and Mark W. Chase journal American Journal of Botany year 2004 volume 91 pages 1437 1445 doi 10.3732 ajb.91.10.1437 issue 10 pmid 21652302 ref As such, they form a paraphyletic group, although the group including both green algae and embryophytes is monophyletic and often just known as kingdom Plantae . The green algae include unicellular and colonial flagellate s, most with two flagellum flagella per cell, as well as various colonial, coccoid, and filamentous forms, and macroscopic seaweed s. In the Charales , the closest relatives of higher plants, full differentiation of tissues occurs. There are about 6,000 species of green algae. ref name Thomas 02 Thomas, D. 2002. Seaweeds. The Natural History Museum, London. ISBN 0 565 09175 1 ref Many species live most of their lives as single cells, while other species form colonies, coenobia , long filaments, or highly differentiated macroscopic seaweeds. A few other organisms rely on green algae to conduct photosynthesis for them. The chloroplasts in euglenid s and chlorarachniophyte s were acquired from ingested green algae, ref name palmer and in the latter retain a vestigial nucleus nucleomorph . Green algae are also found symbiotically in the ciliate Paramecium , and in Hydra viridis and flatworms. Some species of green algae, particularly of genera Trebouxia and Pseudotrebouxia Trebouxiophyceae , can be found in symbiotic associations with fungi to form lichen s. In general the fungal species that partner in lichens cannot live on their own, while the algal species is often found living in na ... more details
Other uses Eyespot disambiguation File Euglena schema.svg thumb Schematic representation of a Euglena cell with red eyespot 9 File Chlamydomonas.svg thumb Schematic representation of a Chlamydomonas cell with chloroplast eyespot 4 The eyespot apparatus or stigma anatomy stigma is a photoreceptive organelle found in the flagellate motile cells of green algae and other microorganism unicellular photosynthesis photosynthetic organisms such as euglenid s. It allows the cells to sense light direction and intensity and respond to it by swimming either towards the light positive phototaxis or away from the light negative phototaxis . A related response photoshock or photophobic response occurs when cells are briefly exposed to high light intensity, causing the cell to stop, briefly swim backwards, then change swimming direction. Eyespot mediated light perception helps the cells in finding an environment with optimal light conditions for photosynthesis. Eyespots are the simplest and most common eyes found in nature, composed of photoreceptor protein photoreceptors and areas of bright orange red pigment granules. ref Kreimer, G. 2009 The green algal eyespot apparatus a primordial visual system and more? Current Genetics 55 19 43 doi 10.007 s00294 008 0224 8 PMID 19107486 ref Signals relayed from the eyespot photoreceptors result in alteration the beating pattern of the flagella, generating a phototactic response. ref name Hegemann cite journal author Hegemann P title Vision in microalgae journal Planta volume 203 issue 3 pages 265 74 year 1997 pmid 9431675 doi 10.1007 s004250050191 ref Microscopic structure Under the light microscope , eyespots appear as dark, orange reddish spots or stigmata . They get their color from carotenoid pigments contained in bodies called pigment granules. The photoreceptors are found in the plasma membrane overlaying the pigmented bodies. The eyespot apparatus of Euglena comprises the paraflagellar body connecting the eyespot to the flagellum . I ... more details
Taxobox image Euglena sp.jpg image width 240px caption domain Eukaryota regnum Excavata superphylum Discoba phylum Euglenozoa classis Euglenid Euglenoidea ordo Euglenales familia Euglenaceae genus Euglena genus authority Christian Gottfried Ehrenberg Ehrenberg , 1830 Euglena is a genus of unicellular flagellate protist s. It is the best known and most widely studied member of the phylum Euglenozoa also known as Euglenophyta , a diverse group containing some 44 genera and at least 800 species. ref name WolosskiKonradPhylum Wolosski, Konrad. Phylum Euglenophyta in The Freshwater Algal Flora of the British Isles an Identification Guide to Freshwater and Terrestrial Algae . John, DM et al. eds. ISBN 978 0521770514 . p. 144 ref Species of Euglena are found in fresh and salt waters. They are often abundant in quiet, inland waters, where they may bloom in numbers sufficient to color the surface of ponds and ditches green E. viridis or red E. sanguinea . ref name WolosskiKonradPhylum The species Euglena gracilis, has been used extensively in the laboratory as a model organism . ref http nar.oxfordjournals.org content 33 9 2781.full Russell et al. 2005. Unusual features of fibrillarin cDNA and gene structure in Euglena gracilis evolutionary conservation of core proteins and structural predictions for methylation guide box C D snoRNPs throughout the domain Eucarya. Nucleic Acids Research. 33 9 2781 91 ref Most species of Euglena have photosynthesizing chloroplast s within the body of the cell, which enable them to feed by autotrophy , like plants. However, they can also take nourishment heterotroph ically, like animals. Since Euglena have features of both animals and plants, early taxonomists, working within the Linnaean taxonomy Linnaean two kingdom system of biological classification, found them difficult to classify. ref Margulis, Lynn, and Sagan, Dorion. Dazzle Gradually. Chelsea Green White River Junction, 2007. p. 30 ISBN 1933392312 ref ref http ia700408.us.archive.org ... more details
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