dabconcept wiktionarypar equilibriumEquilibrium is the condition of a system in which competing influences ... present in human beings and other animals Equilibrium unfolding , the process of unfolding a protein or RNA molecule by gradually changing its environment Genetic equilibrium , theoretical state in which ..., to regulate its internal environment Punctuated equilibrium , theory in evolutionary biology Sedimentation equilibrium , analytical ultracentrifugation method for measuring protein molecular masses in solution Equilibrium Theory Island biogeography , MacArthur Wilson theory explaining biodiversity character of ecological islands Physics Hydrostatic equilibriumEquilibrium figure s of Earth and planets physical geodesy Equilibrium mode distribution , the state of fiber optic or waveguide ... mode Hydrostatic equilibrium , the state of a system in which compression due to gravity is balanced by a pressure gradient force Hyperbolic equilibrium point , a mathematical concept in physics Mechanical equilibrium , the state in which the sum of the forces, and torque, on each particle of the system is zero Radiative equilibrium , the state where the energy radiated is balanced by the energy absorbed Secular equilibrium , a state of radioactive elements in which the production rate of a daughter nucleus is balanced by its own decay rate Thermal equilibrium , a state where an object .... Chemistry Chemical equilibrium , the state in which the concentrations of the reactants and products have no net change over time Diffusion equilibrium , when the concentrations of the diffusing substance in the two compartments are equal Gibbs Donnan effect Donnan equilibrium , the distribution ... Dynamic equilibrium , the state in which two reversible processes occur at the same rate Equilibrium constant , a quantity characterizing a chemical equilibrium in a chemical reaction Partition equilibrium , a type of chromatography that is typically used in GC Quasistatic equilibrium , the quasi ... more details
About the flow control device the game developer Valve Corporation the electronic component Vacuum tube other uses Valve disambiguation one source date December 2011 refimprove date December 2011 Image Water valves with spigots.jpg thumb 300px These water valves are operated by handle grip handle s. A valve .... In an open valve, fluid flows in a direction from higher pressure to lower pressure. The simplest, and very ancient, valve is simply a freely hinged flap which drops to obstruct fluid gas or liquid ... November 2009 In daily life, most noticeable are plumbing valves, such as tap valve tap s for tap water ..., veins acting as valves are controlling the blood circulation heart valve s control the flow ... may act upon a Diaphragm mechanical device diaphragm or a piston which in turn activates the valve, examples of this type of valve found commonly are safety valve s fitted to hot water systems or boiler ... will stroke the valve depending on its input and set up, allowing the valve to be positioned accurately ... valves can have a diameter exceeding 5 meters. Which? date November 2009 Valve cost ranges from ... Hand Manual Solenoid Electric motor Motor Components Image Valve cross section.PNG frame right Cross sectional diagram of an open globe valve . 1. body br 2. ports br 3. seat br 4. stem br 5. disc when valve is open br 6. handle or handwheel when valve is open br 7. bonnet br 8. packing br 9. gland nut br 10. fluid flow when valve is open br 11. position of disc if valve were shut br 12. position of handle or handwheel if valve were shut The main parts of the most usual type of valve are the body and the bonnet . These two parts form the casing that holds the fluid going through the valve. Body The valve s body is the outer casing of most or all of the valve that contains the internal parts ... to the valve body. Valve bodies are usually metallic or plastic . Brass , bronze , gunmetal ... plants, whilst Hydrogen valve inconel valves are often used in hydrogen applications. Plastic ... more details
Stable equilibrium can refer to Homeostasis , a state of equilibrium used to describe organisms Mechanical equilibrium , a state in which all particles in a system are at rest, and total force on each particle is permanently zero Balance of nature , a theory in ecological science Stability theory , a theory in mathematics Stochastically stable equilibrium in game theory disambig ... more details
Equilibrium selection is a concept from game theory which seeks to address reasons for players of a game to select a certain equilibrium over another. The concept is especially relevant in evolutionary game theory , where the different methods of equilibrium selection respond to different ideas of what equilibria will be stable and persistent for one player to play even in the face of deviations and mutations of the other players. This is important because there are various equilibrium concept s, and for many particular concepts, such as the Nash equilibrium , many games have multiple equilibria. Examples of equilibrium selection concepts Risk dominance Payoff dominance 1 2 dominance References Harsany, John C. and Selten, Reinhard, A General Theory of Equilibrium Selection in Games , MIT Press 1988 Game theory Gametheory stub Category Game theory ... more details
Infobox equilibrium name Sequential Equilibrium subsetof Subgame perfect equilibrium , Bayesian game perfect Bayesian equilibrium supersetof Trembling hand perfect equilibrium extensive form trembling hand perfect equilibrium , Quasi perfect equilibrium discoverer David M. Kreps and Robert B. Wilson Robert Wilson usedfor Extensive form game s Sequential equilibrium is a refinement of Nash Equilibrium for extensive form game s due to David M. Kreps and Robert B. Wilson Robert Wilson . A sequential equilibrium specifies not only a strategy for each of the players but also a belief for each of the players. A belief gives, for each information set of the game belonging to the player, a probability distribution on the nodes in the information set . A profile of strategies and beliefs is called an assessment for the game. Informally speaking, an assessment is a sequential equilibrium if its strategies are sensible given its beliefs and its beliefs are sensible given its strategies. Consistent assessments The formal definition of a strategy being sensible given a belief is straigh tforward the strategy should simply maximize expected payoff in every information set. It is also straigh tforward to define what a sensible belief should be for those information sets that are reached with positive probability given the strategies the beliefs should be the conditional probability distribution ... equilibrium refinements Sequential equilibrium is a further refinement of subgame perfect equilibrium and even Bayesian game perfect Bayesian equilibrium . It is itself refined by extensive form trembling hand perfect equilibrium and proper equilibrium . Strategies of sequential equilibria or even extensive form trembling hand perfect equilibrium trembling hand perfect equilibria are not necessarily Admissible decision rule admissible . A refinement of sequential equilibrium that guarantees admissibility is quasi perfect equilibrium . References David M. Kreps and Robert B. Wilson Robert Wilson ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Intertemporal equilibrium is a notion of economic equilibrium conceived over many periods of time. The term has a different meaning in contemporary macroeconomics from its earlier meaning in Austrian economics. In modern economic theory, most models explicitly take into account the fact that the economy evolves over time, and that its equilibrium cannot be fruitfully analyzed from a purely static perspective. Therefore the general equilibrium of the economy is conceived as an intertemporal equilibrium , meaning that household s and Business firms are assumed to make intertemporal decisions. That is, households are assumed to choose consumption and labor on the basis of wage s, price s, utility , and wealth over their whole lifetimes, instead of considering these quantities at just one point in time. Likewise, firms are assumed to choose hiring, investment, and output on the basis of productivity and demand over the foreseeable future, instead of considering these quantities at just one point in time. The intertemporal general equilibrium is then analyzed as the Nash equilibrium or competitive equilibrium of the intertemporal Strategy game theory strategies of all the households and firms and any other economic agents under consideration, such as governments . DEFAULTSORT Intertemporal Equilibrium Category Intertemporal economics Econ stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 border 1 align right cellpadding 4 cellspacing 0 style margin 1em 1em 1em 0 background f9f9f9 border 1px aaa solid border collapse collapse font size 95 C D C 2, 2 0, 3 D 3, 0 1, 1 In game theory , a symmetric equilibrium is an equilibrium where both players use the same strategy possibly mixed strategy mixed in the equilibrium. In the Prisoner s Dilemma game pictured to the right, the only Nash equilibrium is D , D . Since both players use the same strategy, the equilibrium is symmetric . Symmetric equilibria have important properties. Only symmetric equilibria can be evolutionarily stable state s in single population models. See also Symmetric game Game theory DEFAULTSORT Symmetric Equilibrium Category Game theory ... more details
thermodynamics cTopic Branches Equilibrium Thermodynamics is the systematic study of transformations of matter and energy in systems as they approach equilibrium. The word equilibrium implies a state of balance. Equilibrium thermodynamics, in origins, derives from analysis of the Carnot cycle . Here, typically a system, as cylinder of gas, is set out of balance via heat input from a combustion combustion reaction . Then, through a series of steps, as the system settles into its final equilibrium state, work is extracted. In an equilibrium state there are no unbalanced thermodynamic potential potentials , or driving forces, within the system. A central aim in equilibrium thermodynamics is given a system in a well defined initial state thermodynamic state , subject to accurately specified constraints, to calculate what the state of the system will be once it has reached equilibrium. An equilibrium state is obtained by seeking the extrema of a thermodynamic potential function, whose nature depends on the constraints imposed on the system. For example, a chemical reaction at constant temperature and pressure will reach equilibrium at a minimum of its components Gibbs free energy and a maximum of their entropy . Equilibrium thermodynamics differs from non equilibrium thermodynamics , in that, with the latter, the state of the system under investigation will typically not be uniform but will vary locally in those as energy, entropy, and temperature distributions as gradients are imposed by dissipative thermodynamic fluxes. In equilibrium thermodynamics, by contrast, the state of the system will be considered uniform throughout, defined macroscopically by those quantities as temperature ... can be derived from the model. This geometrical model is based on the idea that there exist equilibrium ... these equilibrium states is related to the fluctuation between them. See also Non equilibrium thermodynamics Thermodynamics References Adkins, C.J. 1983 . Equilibrium Thermodynamics, 3rd Ed . Cambridge ... more details
Quasistatic equilibrium also known as quasi equilibrium is the quasi balanced state thermodynamic state of a thermodynamic system near to thermodynamic equilibrium in some sense or degree. A process is called quasistatic process quasi static when it follows a succession of equilibrium states the surroundings may be irreversibly altered during the process so that after a return path, the system ends up in a final state which differs from its initial state. The quasistatic equilibrium model facilitates or justifies the use of Gibbsian thermodynamic applications, i.e. equations of state , to systems characterized by slow change if measured on the adjunct time scale. In short, the quasistatic equilibrium model approximates change as a series of Thermal equilibriumequilibrium processes . In a quasistatic process, or equilibrium process, a sufficiently slow transition of a thermodynamic system from one equilibrium state to another occurs such that at every moment in time the state of the system is close to an equilibrium state. During a quasistatic process, the system reaches equilibrium much faster, almost instantaneously, than its physical parameters vary. A quasistatic process is not necessarily a reversible one. For quasi equilibrium , it is only required that the properties of the system be uniform at any instant during a process. pdV Work in Various Quasi static Processes a Constant pressure process isobaric or isopiestic process W sub 1 2 sub pdV p V sub 2 sub v sub 1 sub b Constant volume process isochoric process W sub 1 2 sub pdV 0 c Process in which pV C isothermal process W sub 1 2 sub pdV pV p sub 1 sub V sub 1 sub C W sub 1 2 sub p sub 1 sub V sub 1 sub ln p sub 1 sub p sub 2 sub References Perrot, P. 1998 . A to Z of Thermodynamics dictionary . New York Oxford University Press. Category Thermodynamics Engineering thermodynamics sup page 44 sup by P.K. Nag. ... more details
equilibrium when it is in thermal equilibrium , mechanical equilibrium , radiative equilibrium , and chemical equilibrium . The word equilibrium means a state of balance. In a state of thermodynamic equilibrium, there are no net flows of matter or of energy, no Phase transition phase changes ... equilibrium experiences no changes when it is isolated from its surroundings. In non equilibrium ... equilibrium. Thermodynamics cTopic Thermodynamic system Systems Overview Classical thermodynamics deals with dynamic equilibrium states. The local state of a system at thermodynamic equilibrium ... . To be specific, thermodynamic equilibrium is characterized by the minimum of a thermodynamic ... equilibrium is called thermalization . An example of this is a system of interacting particles ... for equilibrium By considering the differential form of thermodynamic potentials , the following relationships can be derived For a completely isolated system, S 0 at equilibrium. For a system at constant temperature and volume, A 0 at equilibrium. For a system at constant temperature and pressure, G 0 at equilibrium. The various types of equilibriums are achieved as follows Two systems are in thermal equilibrium when their temperature s are the same. Two systems are in mechanical equilibrium when their pressure s are the same. Two systems are in diffusive equilibrium when their chemical potential s are the same. All forces are balanced. Local and global equilibrium It is useful to distinguish between global and local thermodynamic equilibrium. In thermodynamics, exchanges within a system .... As an example, temperature controls Heat equation heat exchanges . Global thermodynamic equilibrium ... system, while local thermodynamic equilibrium LTE means that those intensive parameters are varying in space and time, but are varying so slowly that, for any point, one can assume thermodynamic equilibrium ... equilibrium. For example, it takes a certain number of collisions for a particle to equilibrate ... more details
In sociology , a system is said to be social equilibrium when there is a dynamic working balance among its interdependent parts Davis & Newstrom, 1985 . Each subsystem will adjust to any change in the other subsystems and will continue to do so until an equilibrium is retained. The process of achieving equilibrium will only work if the changes happen slowly, but for rapid changes it would throw the social system into wikt chaos chaos , unless and until a new equilibrium can be reached. References Gilboa, Itzhak & Matsui, Akihiko, 1991. http ideas.repec.org a ecm emetrp v59y1991i3p859 67.html Social Stability and Equilibrium , Econometrica , Econometric Society , vol. 59 3 , pages 859 67, May. Further reading Batchelor, George, Social Equilibrium and Other Problems Ethical and Religious , G. H. Ellis, 1887 Canning, David, http econpapers.repec.org paper fthcambri 150.htm Social Equilibrium , Working Papers from Cambridge Risk, Information & Quantity Signals, 1990 de C rdoba, Gonzalo Fern ndez, http www.ingentaconnect.com content els 01651765 1997 00000055 00000003 art00093 On the existence of a beliefs social equilibrium , Economics Letters , Volume 55, Issue 3, 12 September 1997, Pages 431 433 See also Open Society Category Sociology sociology stub ... more details
Infobox musical artist name Equilibrium image Equilibrium Strasbourg 4.jpg caption image size background group or band origin Munich , Bavaria , Germany genre Folk metal ref cite web url Allmusic class album id r1392915 pure url yes title Allmusic.com Sagas ref br Symphonic black metal ref cite web url http www.sputnikmusic.com album.php?albumid 28229 title Sputnikmusic.com Sagas ref years active 2001 present label Black Attakk 2003 2006 Nuclear Blast since 2006 associated acts website http www.equilibrium metal.net www.equilibrium metal.net current members Robert Robse Dahn Ren Berthiaume Andreas V lkl Sandra V lkl Tuval Hati Refaeli past members Helge Stang Manuel DiCamillo Henning Stein Michael Heidenreich Conny Kaiser Julius Koblitzek Basti Kriegl Markus Perschke Armin D rfler Equilibrium .... ref http www.musicmight.com linkto artist E922BFF4 4936 4F81 9A5B 83D36BF Equilibrium at MusicMight ... they released their second album, Sagas album Sagas . In February 2010, Equilibrium had to cancel ... 134958 title Equilibrium parts ways with vocalist, drummer date February 11, 2010 publisher Blabbermouth ... http www.roadrunnerrecords.com blabbermouth.net news.aspx?mode Article&newsitemID 135980 title Equilibrium ... links Commons category Equilibrium band Official website http equilibrium metal.net MySpace equilibriumEquilibrium http www.musicmight.com linkto artist E922BFF4 4936 4F81 9A5B 83D36BF Equilibrium at MusicMight DEFAULTSORT Equilibrium Category German folk metal musical groups Category German symphonic ... Musical quintets Germany band stub bs Equilibrium grupa ca Equilibrium Banda cs Equilibrium skupina da Equilibrium de Equilibrium Band es Equilibrium banda eu Equilibrium banda fr Equilibrium groupe hr Equilibrium sastav it Equilibrium gruppo musicale he nl Equilibrium band ja no Equilibrium pl Equilibrium grupa muzyczna pt Equilibrium banda ru Equilibrium sco Equilibrium baund fi Equilibrium sv Equilibrium musikgrupp ... more details
Image Stable unstable pendulum.svg right thumb A pendulum in a stable equilibrium left and unstable equilibrium right A standard definition of static equilibrium is A system of particles is in static equilibrium ... Corben & Philip Stehle url http books.google.com ?id 1gxk4oq9trYC&pg PA113&dq 22static equilibrium ... This is a strict definition, and often the term static equilibrium is used in a more relaxed manner interchangeably with mechanical equilibrium , as defined next. ref name Rao cite book title Engineering ...&dq 22static equilibrium 22 PPA6,M1 page 6 year 2004 ref A standard definition of mechanical equilibrium ... equilibrium is that the net force acting upon the particle is zero. ref name Synge cite book title ... 1949 page 45 46 ref The necessary conditions for mechanical equilibrium for a system of particles ... become A rigid body is in mechanical equilibrium when the sum of all force physics forces on all ... is zero. ref http physics.tamuk.edu suson html 2325 MechanicalEquilibrium.html Mechanical Equilibrium ... body in mechanical equilibrium is undergoing neither linear nor rotational acceleration however it could ... no information as to one of the most important and interesting aspects of equilibrium states &ndash their Stability theory stability . An alternative definition of equilibrium that applies to conservative ... ref A system is in mechanical equilibrium if its position in configuration space is a point at which ... about the stability of the equilibrium state. For example, from elementary calculus , we know that a necessary ... to the stability of the equilibrium state are as follows File vratka rovnovazna poloha.svg thumb This is an unstable equilibrium. Second derivative < 0 The potential energy is at a local maximum, which means that the system is in an unstable equilibrium state. If the system is displaced an arbitrarily small distance from the equilibrium state, the forces of the system cause it to move even farther away. File stabilni rovnovazna poloha.svg thumb This is a stable equilibrium. Second derivative ... more details
A population is in Malthusian equilibrium when all of its Production, costs, and pricing production is used only for subsistence . Malthusian equilibrium is a stability theory locally stable and a dynamic equilibrium . See also Thomas Malthus &mdash See this article for further exposition. An Essay on the Principle of Population Malthusian growth model Malthusian trap Population dynamics References Citation last Pingle first Mark title Introducing Dynamic Analysis Using Malthus s Principle of Population journal Journal of Economic Education date Winter 2003 volume 34 pages 3&ndash 20 issue 1 doi 10.1080 00220480309595196 Category Population Category Demography Category Mathematical modeling economics stub ... more details
tone date April 2011 Radiative equilibrium is one of the several requirements for thermodynamic equilibrium , but it can occur in the absence of thermodynamic equilibrium. There are various types of radiative equilibrium, which is itself a kind of dynamic equilibrium . Definitions of radiative equilibrium There are several types of radiative equilibrium. Prevost s 1791 definitions An important early ... 1791 definition is as follows blockquote Absolute equilibrium of free heat is the state of this fluid in a portion of space which receives as much of it as it lets escape. Relative equilibrium ... quantities of heat, and which moreover are in absolute equilibrium, or experience precisely equal ... temperature, and next to one another, is at the same time in the two species of equilibrium. The quotations ... s exchange principle. Pointwise radiative equilibrium Following Planck 1914 ref name Planck 1914 ... math h nu nabla cdot mathbf F nu math . They define pointwise monochromatic radiative equilibrium by math nabla cdot mathbf F nu 0 math at every point of the region that is in radiative equilibrium. They define pointwise radiative equilibrium by math h int 0 infty h nu d nu 0 math at every point of the region that is in radiative equilibrium. This means that, at every point of the region of space that is in pointwise radiative equilibrium, the total, for all frequencies of radiation, interconversion ... equilibrium is closely related to Prevost s absolute radiative equilibrium. Mihalas and Weibel Mihalas ... the matter is not moving. They also consider moving media. Approximate pointwise radiative equilibrium ... from Schwarzschild s 1906 approximate concept, but is more precisely stated. Radiative exchange equilibrium .... ref refers to a condition of thermodynamic equilibrium , in which any two bodies or elements of bodies ... exchange equilibrium can also be used to refer to two specified regions of space that exchange equal ... equilibrium , but is one in which some sub processes include net transport of matter or energy ... more details
unreferenced date August 2008 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name IX Equilibrium Type studio Artist Emperor band Emperor Cover Ixequilibrium.jpg Released start date 1999 11 23 Recorded October 1998 January 1999 Genre Symphonic black metal Length 44 01 Label Candlelight Records Candlelight br Century Media Records Century Media Producer Thorbj rn Akkerhaugen Don t add reviews to the infobox, the reviews parameter has been deprecated. Last album Thorns vs. Emperor br 1999 This album IX Equilibrium br 1999 Next album Emperial Live Ceremony br 2000 IX Equilibrium is the third studio album by the symphonic black metal band Emperor band Emperor . The band had stated that they were to return to their roots , and the music presented showcases some of the band s darkest and most vicious material, as well as their cleanest production at the time. Still, it is quite different from earlier releases, featuring a mix of clean vocals clean and black metal vocals, soothing symphonic interludes and unrelentingly crushing guitar work. Reception Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 4 5 ref name Allmusic Allmusic class album id r413634 pure url yes Allmusic review ref Eduardo Rivadavia of Allmusic describes the album as a sonic onslaught of nearly impenetrable proportions. Drummer Trym doesn t so much keep time as pummel his kit incessantly, while guitarists Ihsahn and Samoth contribute an equally oppressive wall of sound laced with keyboard textures so demonic they were seemingly concocted by the great horned one himself. ref name Allmusic He concluded, Far from a masterpiece, but hardly a stinker either, IX Equilibrium falls quite short of the group s earlier albums ... 1999 albums 1990s black metal album stub da IX Equilibrium es IX Equilibrium fr IX Equilibrium it IX Equilibrium no IX Equilibrium pl IX Equilibrium pt IX Equilibrium ru IX Equilibrium fi IX Equilibrium sv IX Equilibrium tr IX Equilibrium ... more details
In mathematics , the point math tilde mathbf x in mathbb R n math is an equilibrium point for the differential equation math frac d mathbf x dt mathbf f t, mathbf x math if math mathbf f t, tilde mathbf x 0 math for all math t , math . Similarly, the point math tilde mathbf x in mathbb R n math is an equilibrium point or Fixed point mathematics fixed point for the difference equation math mathbf x k 1 mathbf f k, mathbf x k math if math mathbf f k, tilde mathbf x tilde mathbf x math for math k 0,1,2, ldots math . Equilibria can be classified by looking at the signs of the eigenvalues of the linearization of the equations about the equilibria. That is to say, by evaluating the Jacobian matrix at each of the equilibrium points of the system, and then finding the resulting eigenvalues, the equilibria can be categorized. Then the behavior of the system in the neighborhood of each equilibrium point can be qualitatively determined, or even quantitatively determined, in some instances, by finding the eigenvector s associated with each eigenvalue . An equilibrium point is hyperbolic if none of the eigenvalues have zero real part. If all eigenvalues have negative real part, the equilibrium is a stable node. If at least one has a positive real part, the equilibrium is an unstable node. If at least one eigenvalue has negative real part and at least one has positive real part, the equilibrium is a saddle point . Category Stability theory Mathanalysis stub eo Ekvilibra punkto it Punto di equilibrio pt Equil brio equa o diferencial ru uk ... more details
context date September 2008 Unreferenced date March 2008 The most common chemical equilibrium systems involve reactants and products in the same phase either all gases or all solutions. However, it is also possible to get equilibria between substances in different phases, such as two liquids that do not mix are immiscible . Partition equilibria are described by Nernst law. Example For example, ammonia NH sub 3 sub is soluble in both water aq and the organic solvent trichloromethane CHCl sub 3 sub two immiscible solvents. If ammonia is first dissolved in water, and then an equal volume of trichloromethane is added, and the two liquids shaken together, the following equilibrium is established K sub c sub NH sub 3 sub sub CHCl3 sub NH sub 3 aq sub where K sub c sub is the equilibrium constant The equilibrium concentrations of ammonia in each layer can be established by titration with standard acid solution. It can thus be determined that K sub c sub remains constant, with a value of 0.4 in this case. Partition coefficient main Partition coefficient This particular kind of equilibrium constant measures how a substance distributes or partitions itself between two immiscible solvents. It is called the partition coefficient or distribution coefficient. Polar and non polar substances Substances that are Ionic compound ionic or Chemical polarity polar are more soluble in water than in non polar organic solvents and vice versa. Partition equilibrium chromatography Partition equilibrium chromatography is a type of chromatography that is typically used in gas chromatography GC and high performance liquid chromatography HPLC . The Stationary phase chemistry stationary phase in GC is a high boiling liquid bonded to solid surface and the mobile phase is a gas. See also Liquid liquid extraction Category Equilibrium chemistry Category Chromatography Category Gas chromatography chemistry stub ... more details
unreferenced date March 2011 Equilibrium Gel is made from a synthetic clay called Laponite . Unlike other gel s, it maintains the same consistency throughout its structure and is stable, which means it does not separate into sections of solid mass and those of more liquid mass. Equilibrium gel filtration liquid chromatography is a technique used for the quantitation of ligand binding. Category Sculpture materials material stub ... more details
In nuclear physics , secular equilibrium is a situation in which the quantity of a radioactive isotope remains constant because its production rate due, e.g., to decay of a parent isotope is equal to its decay rate. Secular equilibrium in radioactive decay Image with unknown copyright status removed Image Secular Equilibrium.GIF Secular equilibrium can only occur in a radioactive decay chain if the half life of the daughter radionuclide B is much shorter than the half life of the parent radionuclide A. In such a situation, the decay rate of A, and hence the production rate of B, is approximately constant, because the half life of A is very long compared to the timescales being considered. The quantity of radionuclide B builds up until the number of B atoms decaying per unit time becomes equal to the number being produced per unit time the quantity of radionuclide B then reaches a constant, equilibrium value. Assuming the initial concentration of radionuclide B is zero, full equilibrium usually takes several half lives of radionuclide B to establish. The quantity of radionuclide B when secular equilibrium is reached is determined by the quantity of its parent A and the half lives of the two radionuclide. This can be seen from the time rate of change of the number of atoms of radionuclide B math frac dN B dt lambda A N A lambda B N B math , where sub A sub and sub B sub are the exponential decay decay constants of radionuclide A and B, related to their half lives t sub 1 2 sub by math lambda ln 2 t 1 2 math , and N sub A sub and N sub B sub are the number of atoms of A and B at a given time. Secular equilibrium occurs when math dN B dt 0 math , or math N B frac lambda A lambda ... equilibrium is only approximate N sub A sub decays away according to math N B t N A 0 e lambda A t math , and the equilibrium quantity of radionuclide B declines in turn. For times short compared to the half ... Transient equilibrium References http www.iupac.org goldbook S05532.pdf IUPAC definition http www.epa.gov ... more details
of supply when P P0 In economics , economic equilibrium is a state of the world where economic forces are balanced and in the absence of external influences the equilibrium values of economic variables ... Hal R. Varian, Microeconomic Analysis , Third edn. Norton, New York 1992 ref Market equilibrium , for example ... or services produced by Law of supply and demand sellers . This price is often called the equilibrium ... of equilibrium When the price is above the equifferent points of economic equilibrium. In most simple microeconomic stories of supply and demand in a market a static equilibrium is observed in a market however, economic equilibrium can exist in non market relationships and can be Dynamic equilibrium dynamic . Equilibrium may also be multi market or general equilibrium general , as opposed to the partial equilibrium of a single market. In economics, the term equilibrium is used to suggest ... the equilibrium, leading to lower prices. Eventually, a new equilibrium will be attained ... equilibria are stable . For an equilibrium to be stable, a small deviation from equilibrium leads to economic forces that returns an economic sub system toward the original equilibrium. For example, if a movement out of supply demand equilibrium leads to an excess supply surplus, or glut , that excess ... rp Ch.3,p.52 caution against attaching a Normative economics normative meaning value judgement to the equilibrium price. For example, food markets may be in equilibrium at the same time that people are starving because they cannot afford to pay the high equilibrium price . Indeed, this occurred during ... to the English the equilibrium price of the Irish British market for potatoes was above the price ... equilibrium through the price mechanism . That is, any excess supply market surplus or glut would ... points to cases where equilibrium does not correspond to market clearing but instead to unemployment ..., so they can pick and choose whom to lend to. Further, economic equilibrium can correspond ... more details
Infobox equilibrium name Proper equilibrium subsetof Trembling hand perfect equilibrium discoverer Roger B. Myerson Proper equilibrium is a refinement of Nash Equilibrium due to Roger B. Myerson . Proper equilibrium further refines Reinhard Selten s notion of a trembling hand perfect equilibrium by assuming that more costly trembles are made with significantly smaller probability than less costly ones. Definition Given a normal form game and a parameter math epsilon 0 math , a mixed strategy totally mixed strategy profile math sigma math is defined to be math epsilon math proper if, whenever a player has two pure strategies s and s such that the expected payoff of playing s is smaller than the expected payoff of playing s that is math u s, sigma i u s , sigma i math , then the probability assigned to s is at most math epsilon math times the probability assigned to s . A strategy profile of the game is then said to be a proper equilibrium if it is a limit point, as math epsilon math approaches ... the penny without guessing. The Nash equilibrium Nash equilibria of the game are the strategy profiles where Player 2 grabs the penny with probability 1. Any mixed strategy of Player 1 is in Nash equilibrium with this pure strategy of Player 2. Any such pair is even trembling hand perfect equilibrium ... be seen that the unique proper equilibrium of this game is the one where Player 1 hides the penny ... proper equilibrium can be motivated intuitively as follows Player 1 fully expects Player 2 ... ways trembling hand perfect equilibrium trembling hand perfection is applied to extensive games. This leads to the notions of normal form proper equilibrium and extensive form proper equilibrium of an extensive form game. It was shown by van Damme that a normal form proper equilibrium of an extensive form game is behaviorally equivalent to a quasi perfect equilibrium of that game. References Roger B. Myerson. Refinements of the Nash equilibrium concept. International Journal of Game Theory ... more details
Radner equilibrium is an economic concept defined by economist Roy Radner in the context of general equilibrium . The concept is an extension of the Arrow Debreu equilibrium and the base for the first consistent incomplete markets framework. The departure from the Arrow Debreu framework are two fold 1 uncertainty is explicitly modelled through a tree structure or equivalent filtration rending passage of time and resolution of uncertainty explicit, 2 budget feasibility is no longer defined as affordability but through explicit trading of financial instruments. Financial instruments are used to allow insurance and inter temporal wealth transfers across spot markets at each nodes of the tree. Economic agents face a sequence of budget sets, one at each date state. Item 2 introduces the concept of incomplete markets, formulated in terms of net trade, the budget set is contained in a half space intersecting the positive cone of contingent goods at zero net trade only this is called absence of arbitrage . This is because without transaction cost agents will demand an infinite amount of any trade promising positive consumption in some state and no negative net trade against that in any other good and state. This half space, containing the budget set and separating it from the free lunch cone, corresponds to a half line of positive prices. However potentially if not enough instruments are present, the full half space may not be spanned by trading the instruments and the budgets set may be strictly smaller. In such a configuration markets are said to be incomplete, and there are several ways to separate the budget set from the positive cone sometimes called the free lunch cone . This means that several price systems become admissible. At a Radner equilibrium like the Arrow Debreu equilibrium under uncertainty, perfect consensual foresight is used. It is what is called a rational ... equilibrium econ stub Category General equilibrium and disequilibrium ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Forest of Equilibrium Type studio Artist Cathedral band Cathedral Cover CathedralForestOfEquilibrium.jpg Released December 6, 1991 UK br February 11, 1992 US Recorded 1991 at Workshop Studios, Redditch , England Genre Doom metal , Death doom Length 54 09 Label Relativity Records Relativity Earache Records Earache Producer PBL, assisted by Lee Dorrian and Gary Jennings Last album This album Forest of Equilibrium br 1991 Next album The Ethereal Mirror br 1993 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score Rating 2.5 5 ref Allmusic class album id r3464 pure url yes Allmusic review ref Automatically generated by DASHBot Forest of Equilibrium is the debut album of the UK British doom metal band Cathedral band Cathedral . It was released in 1991 on Earache Records . It is considered a classic of its genre. ref True Doom, 2006, p. 52. ref The album is included in Piero Scaruffi s classification of the best metal albums of all time at number 12, just after Rage Against the Machine s Rage Against the Machine album self titled and before Voivod band Voivod s Nothingface album Nothingface . ref name Piero Scaruffi cite web last Scaruffi first Piero title Best heavy metal albums of all time url http www.scaruffi.com music metal.html accessdate March 20th, 2011 ref Track listing Picture Of Beauty & Innocence Intro Commiserating The Celebration 11 16 Garry Jennings Lee Dorrian Ebony Tears 7 46 Jennings Dorrian Serpent Eve 7 40 Jennings Griffiths Soul Sacrifice 2 54 Jennings Griffiths A Funeral Request Ethereal Architect 9 17 Lehan Griffiths David Park Barnitz Equilibrium 6 08 Jennings Dorrian Reaching Happiness, Touching Pain 9 08 Jennings Dorrian Credits Lee Dorrian Singing Vocals , sound effects Garry Jennings Guitar s Adam Lehan Guitars, Steel ... 1991 debut albums Category Cathedral albums Category Earache Records albums de Forest of Equilibrium it Forest of Equilibrium pl Forest of Equilibrium pt Forest of Equilibrium fi Forest of Equilibrium ... more details
In nuclear physics , transient equilibrium is a situation in which equilibrium is reached by a parent daughter radioactive isotope pair where the half life of the daughter is shorter than the half life of the parent. Contrary to Secular equilibrium , the half life of the daughter is not negligible compare to parent s half life. An example of this is the Molybdenum 99 generator producing Technetium 99 for nuclear medicine diagnostic procedures. Such a generator is sometimes called cow because the daughter product, in this case Technetium 99 is milked at regular intervals. ref http web.ead.anl.gov marssim acrogloss dsp wordpopup.cfm?word id 504 transient equilibrium Bot generated title ref Transient equilibrium occurs after four half lives, on average. Activity in transient equilibrium The activity of the daughter is given by the Bateman equation math A d A P 0 frac lambda d lambda d lambda P times e lambda Pt e lambda dt times BR A d 0 e lambda dt math , where math A P math and math A d math are the activity of the parent and daughter, respectively. math T P math and math T d math are the half lives of the parent and daughter, respectively, and BR is the branching ratio . In transient equilibrium, the Bateman equation cannot be simplified by assuming the daughter s half life is negligible compared to the parent s half life. The ratio of daughter to parent activity is given by math frac A d A P frac T P T P T d times BR math . Time of maximum daughter activity In transient equilibrium, the daughter activity increases and eventually reaches a maximum value that can exceed the parent activity. The time of maximum activity is given by math t max frac 1.44 times T P T d T P T d times ln T P T d math , where math T P math and math T d math are the half lives of the parent and daughter, respectively. In the case of math 99m Tc math math 99 Mo math generator, the time of maximum ... publisher A Saunders Title 3 edition year 2003 isbn 072168341X ref See also Secular equilibrium References ... more details
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