US Constitution article series The EqualProtectionClause , part of the Fourteenth Amendment to the United ..., 468 471 1979 . ref The Fourteenth Amendment EqualProtectionClause applies only to state governments ... of Fifth Amendment due process. More concretely, the EqualProtectionClause, along with the rest ... means has been the subject of much debate, and the story of the EqualProtectionClause is the gradual ... framer of the EqualProtectionClause. Because of the inequality these Black Codes imposed ... led Congress to begin to draft and debate what would become the equalprotectionclause of the Fourteenth ..., was Bingham, a Congressman from Ohio , who drafted the language of the EqualProtectionClause ... that allowed the equalprotectionclause, which white Southerners almost uniformly hated, to be passed ... Amendment does not contain an equalprotectionclause, as does the Fourteenth Amendment which ... decision of Reed v. Reed , the EqualProtectionClause of the Fourteenth Amendment was extended to women ... is a pledge of the protection of equal laws. Thus, the Clause would not be limited to discrimination ... most contentious post war interpretation of the equalprotectionclause, Plessy v. Ferguson 1896 ... specific statements regarding the equalprotectionclause as applied to corporations. ref See http ... to hear argument on whether the EqualProtectionClause protected corporations, because we are all ... but not to blacks violated the EqualProtectionClause. Smith v. Allwright 1944 and Shelley v. Kraemer ... private contract could not violate the EqualProtectionClause, the courts enforcement ... still remained about the scope of the equalprotectionclause. Does the Clause outlaw public policies ... Court has answered that the equalprotectionclause itself does not forbid policies which lead to racial ... suit against the Alabama prison system. ref In situations involving only the equalprotectionclause ... discriminatory intent or purpose is required to show a violation of the EqualProtectionClause. Disparate ... more details
noreferences date June 2008 The Right to EqualProtection is a concept that was introduced into the Constitution of the United States Constitution of the United States during the American Civil War . It is intended to protect the rights provided by the United States Constitution for all individuals regardless of race, ethnicity, gender, etc. It is fundamentally based on the Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution, intended to secure rights for former slaves. The Constitution is claimed to uphold racial equality racial and gender equality , but until the 1950s, enforcing slavery , Racial segregation segregation , and gender inequality were major aspects of the history of the American federal government. Constitutional basis of equal rights In 1896, the United States Supreme Court determined that the separate but equal doctrine was constitutional in the case Plessy v. Ferguson . Although the Fourteenth Amendment abolished slavery, and intended to end racial segregation , the Southern States initiated Jim Crow Laws , which segregated people of color in public schools, public transportation, restaurants, etc. The ruling in Plessy v. Ferguson meant that as long as facilities for both colored and white individuals was equal, it was constitutional. In 1954, the ruling of Plessy v. Ferguson was overturned in the Supreme Court case ... to segregation on the basis of equal rights of protection. These court cases however had no bearing ... s sex. Right to equalprotection in the workplace In recent years equalprotection of citizens within ... a job in a police force based upon his size. Equal Rights Amendment An Equal Rights Amendment ERA , which would grant women s rights equal rights to women , has been a proposed amendment to the United ... come before Congress every year since 1982. Opposition to equal rights The very existence of equal ... citizens. In order to declare something as equal, there must exist a comparison to something that is unequal ... more details
F. Bataillon ruled that Initiative Measure 416 violated the EqualProtectionClause of the Fourteenth ... Citizens for EqualProtection v. Bruning , 455 F.3d 859 8th Cir. 2006 ref It held that the initiative measure did not violate the EqualProtectionClause, was not a bill of attainder, and did not violate ... on May 12, 2005, overturning Initiative Measure 416 based on the EqualProtectionClause , the First ...Infobox Court Case name Citizens for EqualProtection v. Bruning court United States Court of Appeals ... caption full name Citizens for EqualProtection et al., v. Jon Bruning, Attorney General of Nebraska ... violation of EqualProtection, First Amendment, and bill of attainder subsequent actions related actions ... 416 2000 Initiative Measure 416 , Marriage , EqualProtection , Same sex marriage , Sexual Orientation Citizens for EqualProtection v. Bruning , 455 F.3d 859 8th Cir. 2006 , was a federal lawsuit ... media maps pdfs 0512initiative.pdf Citizens for EqualProtection v. Bruning , 368 F. Supp. 2d ... belongs to Bataillon s 2005 decision in Citizens for EqualProtection v. Bruning , which was reversed ... a declaratory judgment declaring that Initiative Measure 416 violates EqualProtection and is a bill ... http marriagelawfoundation.org cases Citizens 20v. 20Bruning.pdf Citizens for EqualProtection ... had no rational relationship to any legitimate state interest, and thus violated the EqualProtection ... on all three of its conclusions. ref name 8thcirdec As to the EqualProtection claim, the Court ... to legitimate state interests. ref name 8thcirdec Thus, the plaintiffs equalprotection argument ... citizensforequalprotectionvbruning A Brunning En 20Banc 20Denial.pdf Citizens for EqualProtection v ... ads.omaha.com media maps pdfs 0512initiative.pdf District Court decision Citizens for EqualProtection ... Eighth Circuit opinion Citizens for EqualProtection v. Bruning , 455 F.3d 859 8th Cir. 2006 http www.domawatch.org ... of PDF documents in Citizens for EqualProtection v. Bruning Category United States Court of Appeals ... more details
Other uses Refimprove date April 2010 In grammar , a clause is the smallest grammatical unit that can express a complete proposition . ref cite book last Kroeger first Paul title Analysing Grammar An Introduction ... of a single independent clause. More complex sentences may contain multiple clauses, including clauses contained within clauses. Clauses may be independent clause independent or dependent clause dependent ... clause. Clauses are often contrasted with phrase s . Traditionally, a clause was said to have both ... that the dog ran through the yard, that the dog ran through the yard is a clause, as is the sentence ..., modern linguists do not draw the same distinction, as they accept the idea of a non finite clause , a clause that is organized around a non finite verb . Structures of dependent clauses Dependent ... to the clause s function in a sentence. This scheme is more complex than analysis by function, as there are many different ways that a dependent clause can be structured. In English. Common structures ... clause. These clauses act much like prepositional phrase s, and are either adjective clauses or adverb clauses, with many being able to function in either capacity. Relative clause s, such as which I couldn t see, generally consist of a relative pronoun , plus a clause in which the relative pronoun ... or clause that they modify. Fused relative clauses, such as what she did in the sense of the thing ... their subjects into their relative pronouns. Declarative content clause s, such as that they came, usually consist of the conjunction that plus what would otherwise be an independent clause, or of an independent clause alone with an implicit preceding that . For this reason, they are often called ... wonder who came or even the truth of the state as in I wonder whether he came . Small clause s, such as him ... See also Adverb clause Dependent clause Relative clause Sentence linguistics T unit Thematic equative ... Clause sk Veta filozofia sl Stavek fi Lause kielitiede sv Sats lingvistik wa Fr zlete ... more details
wiktionarypar equal equals Equal commonly refers to a state of equality disambiguation equality . Equal or equals may also refer to Equal sweetener , a brand of artificial sweetener EQUAL Community Initiative , an initiative within the European Social Fund of the European Union Equals sign , or the symbol Equality mathematics , a concept used in mathematics The Equals , a British fusion music band formed in 1965 E.Quals , a Nepali Heavy Metal band Computing Assignment computer science code code or code code , a type of modification to a variable Equality relational operator code code or code code , an operator used in computer languages disambig ja ... more details
Infobox Single See Wikipedia WikiProject Songs Name No Equal Cover NoEqual.jpg Artist The Beatnuts from Album Intoxicated Demons The EP B side Psycho Dwarf Released 1993 Format 12 inch single , Vinyl record Vinyl Recorded Genre East Coast hip hop East Coast hip hop music hip hop Length 4 07 Label Relativity Records br Violator company Violator Writer Producer The Beatnuts Certification Chronology The Beatnuts singles Last single Reign of the Tec br 1993 This single No Equal br 1993 Next single Props Over Here br 1994 No Equal is the second single by East Coast hip hop East Coast hip hop music hip hop group The Beatnuts . It was released by Relativity Records as a single before being placed on The Beatnuts debut EP Intoxicated Demons The EP . The song is produced by The Beatnuts and features raps by Juju, Psycho Les and Fashion. It contains a spacy beat that features a prominent xylophone and brass instrument brass section sampling music sampled from Ain t No Sunshine by Willis Jackson saxophonist Willis Jackson , The Confined Few by Irvin Booker & Booker Little and Ain t No Sunshine by Harlem Underground Band. It additionally samples Q Tip rapper Q Tip s vocals from Jazz We ve Got by A Tribe Called Quest and Rakim s vocals from My Melody by Eric B. & Rakim . The song s lyrics are explicit, braggadocios and humorous. DJ Fatboy of RapReviews.com explains that the song is carried by its spanish sic tinged jazzy beat, not its unjustifiably braggadocios lyrics. ref name raprev cite ... of a No Equal music video, the song failed to chart. It is nonetheless a popular song amongst Beatnuts ... on Remix EP The Spot The Spot . Single track list A Side No Equal Clean Version 4 03 No Equal LP Version 4 05 No Equal Instrumental 4 11 B Side Psycho Dwarf Clean Version 3 38 Psycho Dwarf LP Version 3 40 Psycho Dwarf Instrumental 3 46 References Reflist br The Beatnuts Category The Beatnuts songs No Equal Category 1993 singles No Equal ... more details
selfref For information about Wikipedia s page protection policy, see Wikipedia Protection policy . wiktionary protection protect Protection may refer to Film Protection film Protection film , 2001 film directed by John Flynn Music Protection album Protection album , by Massive Attack Protection Donna Summer song Protection Donna Summer song Protection Massive Attack song Protection Massive Attack song Protection, a song by Krokus from To You All Protection, a song by Graham Parker from Squeezing Out Sparks Places Protection, Kansas Protection, New York Safety and technology Consumer protection Dust Control of dust resistance on surfaces Environmental protection Executive Protection , security measures taken to ensure the safety of important persons Fireproofing Power system protectionProtection climbing Protection poker Protection animals, such as Guard dog s Protection mechanism Computer science Protection racket Protectionism in economic policy Public health Infection control Personal protective equipment Sexual protection, e.g. condom s Rustproof Thermal conductivity Resistance Toughness Waterproofing See also Preservation disambiguation Preserve disambiguation Safety Security disambiguation es Protecci n fr Protection nl Protection ja pl Protection ujednoznacznienie ru simple Protection sv Beskydd uk ... more details
No Protection may refer to No Protection Starship album No Protection Starship album , a 1987 Starship album No Protection Massive Attack album No Protection Massive Attack album , a 1995 Massive Attack album remixed by Mad Professor No Protection Justin Lo album No Protection Justin Lo album , a 2006 Justin Lo album disambig it No Protection ... more details
Clause 28 can refer to another name for Section 28 a Boy George song against it the Clause 28 Children s Protection Christian Democrats , who campaign for its reintroduction disambig ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 The Manufacturing clause is a clause specifically stating that all Copying copies of a work must be printed or otherwise produced domestically, even if the copyright was held by a foreigner. This was a feature of the International Copyright Act of 1891 , covering books , maps , photographs , and lithographs . Its extension to all other media was proposed in the 1897 Treloar Copyright Bill , which failed in committee. The manufacturing clause did not expire until 1986, keeping the US out of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works Berne Convention until 1989. DEFAULTSORT Manufacturing Clause Category Copyright law Category Intellectual property law Law stub ... more details
Other uses Clause disambiguation confusing date April 2010 In logic , a clause is a finite Logical disjunction disjunction of Literal mathematical logic literals . ref cite book last Chang first Chin Liang title Symbolic Logic and Mechanical Theorem Proving year 1973 publisher Academic Press coauthors ... or defined as sets of literals, so that clause above would be written as math l 1, ldots, l n math .... A clause can be empty in this case, it is an empty set of literals. The empty clause is denoted by various ... clause is always math false math . In first order logic , a clause is interpreted as the universal ... x 1, ldots,x k math are their free variables, then math L 1, ldots,L m math is a clause, implicitly ... in the body of a clause and math h 1, ldots,h n math are those of its head, the clause is usually written as follows math h 1, ldots,h n leftarrow b 1, ldots,b m math If m 0 and n 1, the clause is called a Prolog fact. If m 0 and n 1, the clause is called a Prolog rule. If m 0 and n 0, the clause is called a Prolog query. If n 1, the clause is no longer Horn clause Horn . In computer programming, a clause is a series of statements executed upon the evaluation of a conditional expression. A condition may not always be explicitly applied to a clause these are usually called non conditional , main , or functional clauses. A clause may also be referenced by the structure of the conditional expression, for example I am inserting a case clause where type is equal to auto . Modifications are necessary to the if then clause where the ninth subscript of array array 9 is equal to Sam . See also Conjunctive normal form Disjunctive normal form Horn clause References reflist External links http www.articleworld.org index.php Clause 28logic 29 Clause logic related terminology http www.free dictionary translation.com Clause.html Clause simultaneously translated in several languages ... de Disjunktionsterm es Cl usula l gica fr Clause logique nl Clausule logica pl Klauzula matematyka ... more details
ref However, the text of the clause would indicate that the size of the Senate could be changed by an ordinary amendment if each state continued to have equal representation. The clause does not appear ...An entrenched clause or entrenchment clause of a constitution is a provision which makes certain amendments either more difficult than others or impossible. It may require some form of supermajority , a referendum submitted to the people, or the consent of some other party. An entrenched clause whose intent is to prevent subsequent amendments, will, once it is adopted, and provided that it is correctly drafted, make some portion of a constitution irrevocable except through the assertion of the right ... in a valid entrenched clause would lead to so called unconstitutional constitutional law , i.e. ... force as the entrenchment clause could be removed through normal legislative amendment by later parliaments ... the inviolability of the dignity of man and the respect to and protection of it by any official ... right to resistance . The original purpose of this eternity clause was to ensure that the establishment of any dictatorship in Germany would be clearly illegal in legal practice the clause was used ... Malay people Malay majority. The Constitution did not initially contain an entrenched clause ... clause . However, after the May 13 incident of racial rioting in 1969, Parliament of Malaysia ... 967 65 3094 8. ref South Africa Another example of a failed entrenched clause was in the South ... clauses. One clause prohibited any constitutional amendment regarding the international slave trade. This clause expired in 1808. The other clause, still in effect, states that no State, without its Consent, shall be deprived of its equal Suffrage in the Senate . This has been interpreted to require .... So it is possible that one could proceed by first repealing the clause and then abolishing ... amendment with respect to slavery , might have become another entrenched clause had it become ... more details
Within the context of international trade , a social clause is the integration of seven core ILO labour rights conventions into trade agreements. Background Core labour standards would inserted into an article within the WTO Agreements which could be a more viable option than amendment of the Agreements themselves. If a member state violated the social clause, the breach could become subject to WTO scrutiny, through the usual WTO dispute settlement provisions provided provision is made for this when inserting a social clause . As a result of dispute settlement proceedings, the DSB could, at the request of the complaining party, recommend that retaliatory trade measures be taken against the offending country. Core ILO conventions ref cite web last Lim first H title The Social Clause Issues and Challenges url http actrav.itcilo.org actrav english telearn global ilo guide hoelim.htm 3.1 What Is a Social Clause? publisher International Labour Organisation accessdate 11 October 2011 ref Freedom of association and collective bargaining Conventions 87 and 98 Abolition of forced labour Convention 29 and 105 Prevention of discrimination in employment and equal pay for work of equal value Conventions 111 and 100 Child labor Minimum age for the employment of children Convention 138 See also Portal box Organized labour Decent work agenda of the ILO Category International Labour Organization conventions International Labour Organization Conventions Labour movement References reflist Category International trade Category Labor rights Category International Labour Organization ... more details
Contract law An exclusion clause is a Contractual Term term in a contract that seeks to restrict the rights ... by businesses. Types of Exclusion Clause True exclusion clause The clause recognises a potential ..., the clause is constructed in such a way it only includes reasonable care to perform duties on one of the parties. Limitation clause The clause places a limit on the amount that can be claimed for a breach of contract , regardless of the actual loss. Time limitation The clause states that an action ... Incorporation by signature according to L Estrange v Graucob ref 1934 2 KB 394 ref , if the clause is written ... has not been signed, any exception clause which it contains will only be incorporated if the party relying on the clause the proferens can show that he took reasonable steps to bring it to the attention ... that the proferens actually has to show that the other person read the clause or understood it except where the clause is particularly unusual or onerous . It is not even necessary to show ... man test in tort the party trying to rely on the clause needs to take reasonable steps to bring ... in Parker v SE Railway ref 1877 4 CPD 416 ref is that an exclusion clause will have been incorporated ... the clause, the more the party relying on it will have had to have done to bring it to the other ... Strict Literal Interpretation For an exclusion clause to operate, it must cover the breach of contract ... the party relying on the clause to have drafted it properly so that it exempts them from ... the party relying on the clause. As espoused in Darlington Future Ltd v. Delcon Australia Pty Ltd ref 1986 161 CLR 500 ref , the meaning of an exclusion clause is construed in its ordinary and natural meaning in the context. Although we construe the meaning much like any other ordinary clause in the contract , we need to examine the clause in light of the contract as a whole. The judge in R ... an exemption clause, of which did cover the nature of the implied term , on the grounds that it did ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Globalize date December 2010 Clause by clause consideration is the consideration of a bill a legislative proposal on an in depth basis, considering each clause in a separate division of debate. This phase of consideration is generally seen to be the most scrutinous and technical in nature. Clause by clause consideration in Canada Clause by clause consideration in Canada takes place in a committee designated to study the bill in question. Generally speaking, clause by clause consideration in committee takes place in between the second and third readings of the bill however, the Canadian House of Commons House of Commons or the Canadian Senate Senate , as the case may be do have the authority to refer a bill to a committee before the second reading stage has been completed. While studying the clauses of the bill, the committee can choose to adopt them, delete them, or amend them. However, any amendments made must remain true to the principal goal of the bill unless the bill has not yet passed second reading in the House . Reporting the consideration to the House After considering the clauses of the bill, a committee must report the bill back to the House either with amendment where any range of minor, major or sweeping changes may have been made , or without amendment in exactly the same form in which the bill was originally referred . If amendments were made, then the House resolves itself into a Committee of the Whole in order to consider the committee s recommendations. The House can, and often does, change, overrule in part, or entirely ignore the recommendations of a committee. Special provisions for financial bills If a committee fails to return a budget, or a bill that would appropriate funds to the House with its report of recommendations by a deadline defined in the Standing Orders of the House in question, then any recommendations ... from attempting to withhold supply from the Government of Canada . DEFAULTSORT Clause By Clause ... more details
Clause may refer to Clause , a grammatical construct Clause logic , a disjunction of literals in logic Frederick Clause , surgeon, painter and early explorer of Western Australia. An individually designated provision contracting provision in a contract , regulation or statute disambig ... more details
A shotgun clause is a term of art , rather than a legal term. It is a specific type of exit provision ... . The shotgun clause allows a shareholder to offer a specific price per share for the other shareholder ... s shares at that price per share. Discussion Typically, an exit clause is triggered in situations .... For this reason, experts in the area emphasize the importance of including an exit clause in a firm ... agreement , it is important to set out an exit clause early on in a business relationship ... recommended for companies where there are two owners with equal shares in the company, roughly equal .... If the shareholders are not in an equal position and of equal circumstances, then one of them ..., work an injustice on the other. Process The shareholder triggering the clause offers to buy the shares ..., the clause can be structured so that the triggering shareholder offers to sell his shares ... period of time, the offer is assumed to have been accepted. Rationale The clause is most applicable ... that a fair price is offered. Since when triggering a shotgun clause the offering partner does ... Problems A certain amount of strategy enters into how and when to trigger the shotgun clause with the offering ... can trigger the clause and offer a low price for the shares, gambling that their partner will have no choice but to accept. In this sense, the shotgun clause favours shareholders with stronger cash resources ... below , although they are limited in number. The shotgun clause is also biased towards shareholders ... shareholder s might take advantage of the situation by triggering the shotgun clause at a low value ... Shotgun clauses tend to favour those people with cash readily available. Once a shotgun clause has ... a triggered shotgun clause are often forced to rely on their own resources if they wish to fend ... obligation for the party who triggers the clause to name the price. Instead, they advocate including in the termination agreement a clause stating that the parties will negotiate for the right ... more details
, the clause only permits protection of the writings of authors and the discoveries of inventors ...US Constitution article series Enumerated powers Article I, Section 8 , Clause 8 of the United States Constitution , known as the Copyright Clause , empowers the United States Congress cquote To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries. Other Terms This clause is also referred to as Copyright and Patent Clause Patent and Copyright Clause Intellectual Property Clause Progress Clause History On August 18, 1787, the Constitutional Convention was in the midst of a weeks long ... back on September 5, 1787 with a proposal containing the current language of the clause. No record .... ref name William F. Patry 1994 Effect The clause actually confers two distinct powers the power ... . Because the clause contains no language under which Congress may protect trademark s, those are instead protected under the Commerce Clause . Some terms in the clause are used in archaic meanings, potentially ... Clause is the only clause granting power to Congress for which the means to accomplish its stated purpose are specifically provided. The exact limitations of this clause have been defined ... has determined that because the purpose of the clause is to stimulate development of the works it protects ... Act , also known pejoratively as the Mickey Mouse Protection Act. ref See http econ161.berkeley.edu ... violated the limited times language of the clause. Ruth Bader Ginsburg Justice Ginsburg , writing ... of the Patent and Copyright Clause of the Constitution journal Journal of the Patent Office Society ... Clause and Congress Power to Extend Copyrights journal Harvard Journal of Law & Technology ... and Copyright Clause journal Journal of the Patent and Trademark Office Society volume 84 issue pages 909 issn 00963577 url accessdate quote US Constitution DEFAULTSORT Copyright Clause Of The United ... more details
The Delaney Clause is a 1958 amendment to the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act Food, Drugs, and Cosmetic Act of 1938 , named after Congressman James Delaney of New York. It said the Secretary of the Food and Drug Administration shall not approve for use in food any chemical additive found to induce cancer in man, or, after tests, found to induce cancer in animals. The Delaney Clause was invoked in 1959 by the Secretary of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare when the cancer causing Citation needed date July 2010 herbicide aminotriazole was discovered on cranberry plants in Oregon and Washington U.S. state Washington see Arthur Sherwood Flemming Cranberry Scare of 1959 Cranberry scare of 1959 . Taking place the week of Thanksgiving , the announcement was referred to by many in the cranberry industry as Black Monday sales plummeted, even though many government officials attempted to defuse the health scare scare by declaring their intention to eat cranberries anyway. This episode is regarded as one of the first modern food scares based on a chemical additive. The Delaney Clause applied to pesticide s in processed foods, but only when residues of a cancer causing pesticide increased during processing for example when more of a pesticide was present in ketchup than in the raw ... Environmental Protection Agency eased restrictions on several pesticides which posed a de minimis ... in 1992 by the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals . Pesticide use was removed from the Delaney Clause in 1996 by an amendment to Title IV of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996 P.L. 104 170, Sec. 404 ... 409 prohibition applied to many pesticide residues until enactment of the Food Quality Protection Act of 1996. This legislation removed pesticide residue tolerances from Delaney Clause constraints ... in sassafras and sweet basil . Even these substances are covered by the Delaney clause, so that, for example ... Reforming the Delaney Clause in Annual Review of Public Health , 1997, 18 313 40. This source includes ... more details
The Martens Clause was introduced into the preamble to the 1899 Hague Conventions 1899 and 1907 Hague ... in the Avalon Project archive at Yale Law School ref NOTOC The clause took its name from a declaration ... not included in the Regulations adopted by them, populations and belligerents remain under the protection ... RT Rupert Ticehurst http www.icrc.org Web Eng siteeng0.nsf html 57JNHY The Martens Clause and the Laws ... ref The Clause appears in a slightly modified form in the 1907 Hague conventions quotation Until a more ... remain under the protection and the rule of the principles of the law of nations, as they result ... IV 18 October, 1907, contained in the Avalon Project archive at Yale Law School ref The Clause was introduced ... interpretation of the Martens Clause. It is therefore subject to a variety of interpretations, both narrow and expansive. At its most restricted, the Clause serves as a reminder that customary ... relating to the laws of armed conflict are ever complete, the Clause provides that something which ... to the principles of international law referred to by the Clause. The International Court of Justice ... laws relating to nuclear weapons. Several different interpretations of this clause were ... a clear understanding of the Clause, several of submissions to the court provided an insight into its ... between the great powers and the minor powers that lead to the formulation of the Clause ... powers with the nuclear powers taking a narrow view of the Clause and the non nuclear powers ... certain technology possessed by the powerful military States. ... the Martens Clause establishes an objective ... in its Advisory Opinion did not clarify the extent to which the Martens Clause permits notions ... and frequently overlooked clause of the laws of armed conflict. ref name RT Judicial review Several national and international courts have considered the Martens Clause when making their judgements ... been recognised as new and independent right. The clause served rather as general statement ... more details
residence. T he protection afforded to the citizen by the Citizenship Clause of that Amendment is a limitation ...US Constitution article series The Citizenship Clause also known as the Naturalization Clause ref cite web url http lib.law.washington.edu ref consticlauses.html title Popular Names of Constitutional Provisions publisher Marian Gould Gallagher Law Library last Garner first Devotion coauthors Cheryl Nyberg ... Constitution . This clause represented United States Congress Congress s reversal of that portion of the Dred ... underlying the Citizenship Clause due to concerns expressed about the constitutionality of the Civil ... 169 649 1898 ref Text Amendment XIV, Section 1, Clause 1 cquote All persons born or naturalized ... wherein they reside. Senate debate The text of the Citizenship Clause was first offered ... 1996 08 07 ref While the Citizenship Clause was intended to define as citizens exactly those so defined ... session of Congress only several months earlier, the clause s author, Senator Jacob M. Howard ... were excluded by the wording of the Citizenship Clause. Howard, when introducing the addition to the Amendment ... Andrew Johnson , asserted that both the Civil Rights Act and the Citizenship Clause would confer ... and treated as citizens of the United States, entitled to equal Civil Rights with other citizens ... What do we the committee reporting the clause mean by subject to the jurisdiction of the United ... 1971 . Right to travel In Saenz v. Roe , the Supreme Court held that this clause protects an aspect ... Clause protects a citizen s right to resettle in other states and then be treated equally cquote T he Citizenship Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment expressly equates citizenship with residence That Clause does not provide for, and does not allow for, degrees of citizenship based on length of residence. Zobel, 457 U. S., at 69. It is equally clear that the Clause does not tolerate ... US Constitution DEFAULTSORT Citizenship Clause Of The United States Constitution Category Articles ... more details
Unreferenced stub date December 2009 An omnibus clause is a clause that provides or includes all residuary not specifically mentioned. A very common omnibus clause deals with automobile liability insurance . The clause provides coverage for the named insured, any member of the insured s household, and to any person using the automobile with the insured s permission, provided the use was within the scope of permission . A second common omnibus clause is used in wills. The clause distributes to the named beneficiary all unnamed assets included in the decedent s estate. DEFAULTSORT Omnibus Clause Category Contract clauses Category Vehicle insurance Category Insurance terms Econ stub ... more details
US Constitution article series Article Six of the United States Constitution Article VI , Clause 2 of the United States Constitution , known as the Supremacy Clause , establishes the U.S. Constitution ... shall is used, which makes it a necessity, a compulsion. However, the Supremacy Clause only applies ... in pursuance thereof in the actual text of the Supremacy Clause itself. The supremacy clause ... with the Supremacy Clause. Within these Alexander Hamilton argues that the Supremacy Clause is simply ... the Supremacy Clause as vital to the functioning of the nation. He noted that state legislatures were ..., and will deserve to be treated as such. Hence we perceive that the clause which declares the supremacy ... had been left complete by a saving clause in their favor. In the first place, as these constitutions ... law, of great and equal importance to the States, would interfere with some and not with other constitutions ... on the Supremacy Clause to strike down a state statute. The state of Virginia had passed a statute during ... on the Supremacy Clause, the Supreme Court held that the Treaty superseded the Virginia statute, and that it was the duty ... Clause, which makes federal law superior to state law. The Court therefore held that Maryland s tax on the Bank was unconstitutional because it violated the Supremacy Clause. In Martin ... held that the Supremacy Clause and the judicial power granted in Article III give the Supreme Court ... the decisions of federal courts, citing the Supremacy Clause, and overturning a decision by the Supreme ... Clause established federal law as the law of the land, the Wisconsin courts could not nullify the judgments ... ruling. The Supreme Court relied on the Supremacy Clause to hold that the federal law controlled ... clause when either of the following two conditions or both exist ref Dow Chemical Co. v. Exxon ... and objectives of Congress... In 1922, the Court applied the Supremacy Clause to international treaties ... may be held to trigger the Supremacy Clause. The State of Montana had imposed a 30 percent tax ... more details
A picture clause is an element in programming languages that is used to describe a datum , by using sample characters that indicate the item characteristics and size. History The picture clause was first used in the COMTRAN Commercial Translator language developed by Bob Bemer of IBM in 1957. In 1959, it was incorporated into the original definition of COBOL . Since then, many other programming languages have copied this feature. Formatting A picture clause is made up of various format characters, each of which represents a certain portion of the data item. Each format character can be repeated or followed by a repeat number, which specifies the number of times the format item occurs in the data item. Some examples from COBOL are class wikitable width 80 bgcolor F0F0F0 Character Description bgcolor E0FFFF align center A Alphabetic character A Z, a z, or blank bgcolor E0FFFF align center B Blank space character bgcolor E0FFFF align center CR Sign indicator CR if negative, blanks if positive bgcolor E0FFFF align center DB Sign indicator DB if negative, blanks if positive bgcolor E0FFFF align center E Floating point exponent ref name extension Non standard extension provided by IBM and others. ref bgcolor E0FFFF align center G Double byte DBCS graphic alphanumeric character ref name extension bgcolor E0FFFF align center N Double byte DBCS character ref name extension bgcolor E0FFFF align center P Implied scaling digit not displayed bgcolor E0FFFF align center S Implied sign not displayed bgcolor E0FFFF align center V Implied decimal point not displayed bgcolor E0FFFF align center X Any character, alphabetic, numeric, or other symbols bgcolor E0FFFF align center Z Numeric digit, but leading zero suppressed replaced by a blank when equal to zero bgcolor E0FFFF align center 0 ... are from COBOL. ref class wikitable border 1 bgcolor honeydew picture clause data type sample contents ... language topics Category Computer languages pt Picture Clause ... more details
Contract law An arbitration clause is a commonly used clause in a contract that requires the parties to resolve their disputes through an arbitration process. Although such a clause may or may not specify that arbitration occur within a specific jurisdiction , it always binds the parties to a type of resolution outside of the court s, and is therefore considered a kind of forum selection clause . In the United States , the federal government has expressed a policy of support of arbitration clauses, because they reduce the burden on court systems to resolve disputes. This support is found in the Federal Arbitration Act , which permits compulsory and binding arbitration, under which parties give up the right to appeal an arbitrator s decision to a court. In Prima Paint Corp. v. Flood & Conklin Mfg. Co. , the U.S. Supreme Court established the separability principle , under which enforceability of a contract must be challenged in arbitration before any court action, unless the arbitration clause itself has been challenged. Furthermore, arbitration clauses are often combined with geographic forum selection clauses, and choice of law clause s, both of which are also fully enforceable. The result ... of a state or a nation which the plaintiff has never visited. An arbitration clause may nevertheless ... clause in a contract of adhesion which necessarily puts disputes before a body that would ... organizations such as the American Arbitration Association . Other terms may void an arbitration clause ... appellate court held that a one sided arbitration clause in a contract of adhesion for employment deemed ... the possibility of arbitration for reasons of the protection of weaker members of the public, e.g. consumers ... ref suitable arbitration clause ref Hobbs Padgett & Co v J C Kirkland 1969 113 SJ 832 ref arbitration ..., which Rules are deemed to be incorporated by reference into this clause. The number of arbitrators ... Contract clauses ar de Schiedsvereinbarung fa fr Clause compromissoire ko ... more details
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