Little Indian may refer to Little Indian, Illinois , an unincorporated community Little Indian River Michigan See also Endianness for the computer term Little endian Ten Little Indians disambiguation Disambig ... more details
Date In Cyprus the all numeric form for dates is in the little endianness order of day month year . Years can be written with 2 or 4 digits. For example, either 24 5 2004 or 24 5 04. Time The 12 hour notation is used in verbal communication, but the 24 hour format is also used along with the 12 hour notation in writing. The minutes are usually written with two digits the hour numbers are written without a leading zero. Europe topic Date and time notation in Category Time in Cyprus Category Date and time representation by country Cyprus cyprus stub ... more details
In Greece the all numeric form for dates is in the little endianness order of day month year . Years can be written with 2 or 4 digits. For example, either 24 5 2004 or 24 5 04. The 12 hour notation is used in verbal communication, but the 24 hour format is also used along with the 12 hour notation in writing. The minutes are usually written with two digits the hour numbers are written without a leading zero. Europe topic Date and time notation in Category Time in Greece Category Date and time representation by country Greece greece stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 lowercase title swab programming swab is a function in the C programming language that copies one area of memory to another, but swaps adjacent bytes whilst it does so. As far as traceable, swab is a contraction of swap byte . citation needed date March 2011 It is not a standard C standard library ISO C library function, but appears in the Single Unix Specification SUS and POSIX .1 2001. These require that code swab code be declared in unistd.h . On other platforms, it may be declared in stdlib.h , if at all. The code swab code function is useful for preparing blocks of data for further processing, in situations where the data blocks have been sent through a computer networking network arranged in network byte order, and must be rearranged into native endianness byte order or vice versa . This deals specifically with data blocks that are composed of 2 byte 16 bit word computer science word s that must be rearranged so that they have the proper endianness appropriate for the local system. External links man sh swab SUS swap bytes Category C programming language Category stdlib.h ... more details
For the grid computing middleware , see UNICORE . Infobox CPU architecture name Unicore designer Microprocessor Research and Development Center bits 32 16 bit introduced 1999 version design RISC type encoding branching endianness page size extensions open registers gpr fpr Unicore is the name of a computer instruction set architecture designed by Microprocessor Research and Development Center MPRC of Peking University in the People s Republic of China PRC . The computer built on this architecture is called the Unity 863 . ref cite web url http mprc.pku.cn eng intro.html title Introduction to MPRC publisher Microprocessor Research and Develop Center, Peking University ref It will be supported by the Linux kernel as of version 2.6.39. ref cite web url https lkml.org lkml 2011 3 29 351 title Merge window closed 2.6.39 rc1 out publisher Linus Torvalds ref References references Category Instruction processing Category Instruction set architectures compu stub ... more details
Infobox CPU architecture name S core designer Sunplus Technology bits 32 16 bit introduced 2005 version design RISC type encoding branching endianness Little page size extensions open registers gpr fpr S core is a hybrid 32 16 bit instruction set architecture by Sunplus Technology . It is supported by the Linux kernel since version 2.6.32 ref http kernelnewbies.org Linux 2 6 32 head f6b625129eeabb3868b46a164a1d2ad569813cc7 ref . The microarchitecture features Advanced Microcontroller Bus Architecture AMBA support and includes SJTAG for In circuit emulator In circuit emulation . It is implemented on the Sunplus SPG290 system on a chip SoC . See also Comparison of CPU architectures List of instruction sets References reflist External links http www.sunplus.com products S 2Bcore.asp RISC based processor architectures Category Instruction set architectures ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 An Interoperable Object Reference IOR is a CORBA or RMI IIOP Reference computer science reference that uniquely identified an object computer science object on a remote CORBA server. IORs can be transmitted in binary over TCP IP via the General Inter ORB Protocol the encoding may be endianness big endian or little endian , or serialized into a string of hexadecimal digits prefixed by the string code IOR code to facilitate transport by non CORBA mechanisms such as HTTP , File Transfer Protocol FTP , and e mail . The internal structure of an IOR may contain multiple components. Each component is identified by its integer code and has its own binary format. The codes are assigned by the Object Management Group . The typical IOR normally contains the IP address of the remote host, the number of the remote port on that the CORBA server is listening, a string defining the class of the remote object on which the methods will be invoked, and the object key that is used by the server ORB to identify the object. It is possible to register special objects IOR interceptors that can add the needed specific components to the IOR being created by the particular Object Request Broker ORB . Category CORBA Compu network stub de Interoperable Object Reference lt Nuotolinio objekto adresas ja Interoperable Object Reference ru IOR ... more details
Infobox CPU architecture name M32R designer Renesas Technology bits 32 introduced 1997 version design RISC type encoding Fixed, 16 or 32 bit branching endianness Bi extensions open registers 16 32 bit integer registers The M32R is a 32 bit Reduced instruction set computer RISC instruction set architecture ISA developed by Mitsubishi for embedded microprocessor s and microcontroller s. The ISA is now owned by Renesas Electronics Corporation , and the company designs and fabricates M32R implementations. M32R processors are used in embedded system s such as Engine Control Units, digital camera s and PDAs. The ISA is supported by Linux and the GNU Compiler Collection . External links http eu.renesas.com fmwk.jsp?cnt m32r family landing.jsp&fp products mpumcu m32r family M32R homepage http www.linux m32r.org Linux M32R homepage http www.cqpub.co.jp eda blanca Interface CQ Publishing Co.,Ltd. compu hardware stub RISC based processor architectures Category 1997 introductions Category Instruction set architectures ja M32R ... more details
In computing , bit numbering or sometimes bit endianness is the convention used to identify the bit positions in a Binary numeral system binary number or a container for such a value. The bit number starts with zero and is incremented by one for each subsequent bit position. LSB 0 bit numbering Image Lsb0.svg thumb 300px right LSB 0 A container for 8 bit binary number with the highlighted least significant bit assigned the bit number 0 When the bit numbering starts at zero for the least significant bit the numbering scheme is called LSB 0 . ref cite book author Langdon, Glen G. title Computer Design publisher Computeach Press Inc year 1982 isbn 0 9607864 0 6 page 52 ref This bit numbering method has the advantage that for any Integral data type Common integral data types unsigned integral data type the value of the number can be calculated by using Positional notation Exponentiation exponentiation with the bit number and a Radix base of 2. MSB 0 bit numbering Image Msb0.svg thumb 300px right MSB 0 A container for 8 bit binary number with the highlighted most significant bit assigned the bit number 0 Similarly, when the bit numbering starts at zero for the most significant bit the numbering scheme is called MSB 0 . Usage endianness Little endian CPUs usually employ LSB 0 bit numbering, however both bit numbering conventions can be seen in endianness big endian machines. Some architectures like SPARC and Motorola 68000 use LSB 0 bit numbering, while S 390 , PowerPC and PA RISC use MSB 0 . ref cite journal author David V. James title Multiplexed buses the endian wars continue journal IEEE Micro month June year 1990 volume 10 issue 3 pages 9&ndash 21 doi 10.1109 40.56322 issn 0272 1732 url http ieeexplore.ieee.org xpl freeabs all.jsp?arnumber 56322 accessdate 2008 12 20 quote their first bits and nibble s came from arithmetic logic unit ALU chips, which map zero 0 to the least ... doi 10.1145 181492.181493 ref See also Endianness Integer computer science Integer Binary numeral system ... more details
of the VLQ octet where B sub 0 sub is endianness the least significant . The VLQ octets are arranged endianness most significant first in a stream. Other variants In the data format for Unreal ... bit number 0x00, 0x3F and n is the position of the VLQ octet where C sub 0 sub is endianness the least significant . The VLQ octets are arranged endianness most significant first in a stream. Any ... more details
The acronym SEX written in capital letters redirects here. For other meanings, see Sex disambiguation . In computing, the SEX assembly language mnemonic has often been used for the code Sign EXtend code machine instruction set instruction found in the PDP 11 and many other computer architectures. A computer s or CPU s sex can also mean the endianness of the computer architecture used. ref For hardware, the Jargon File also reports the less common expression byte sex http catb.org jargon html B byte sex.html . It is unclear whether this terminology is also used when more than two orderings are possible. Similarly, the manual for the ORCA M Assembly language Assembler assembler refers to a field indicating the order of the bytes in a number field as code NUMSEX code , and the Mac OS X operating system refers to byte sex in its compiler tools http web.mit.edu darwin src modules cctools libstuff arch.c . ref x86 computers do not have the same byte sex , ref The http catb.org jargon html B bytesexual.html Jargon http catb.org jargon html B byte sex.html file ref as HC11 computers, for example. Functions are sometimes needed ref http beej.us guide bgnet output html singlepage bgnet.html htonsman htons , htonl , ntohs , ntohl ref for computers of different endianness to communicate with each other over the internet, ref The http catb.org jargon html N NUXI problem.html NUXI problem ref as protocols often use big endian byte coding by default. On the RCA 1802 series of microprocessors, the SEX, for code SEt X code , instruction is used to designate which of the machine s sixteen 16 bit registers is to be the X index register. SEX in software rarely used jargon The Three letter acronym TLA SEX has humorously been said to stand for S oftware EX change , meaning copying of software. As file sharing has sometimes spread computer virus es, it has been stated that illicit SEX can transmit viral diseases to your computer. The involvement of FTP servers pub directories in this proc ... more details
refimprove date March 2007 In computing , the most significant bit msb , also called the high order bit is the bit position in a Binary numeral system binary number having the greatest value. The msb is sometimes referred to as the left most bit due to the convention in positional notation of writing more significant digits further to the left. The msb can also correspond to the sign bit sign of a signed binary number in one or two s complement notation. 1 meaning negative and 0 meaning positive. It is common to assign each bit a position number, ranging from zero to N 1, where N is the number of bits in the binary representation used. Normally, this is simply the exponent for the corresponding bit weight in base 2 such as in code 2 sup 31 sup ..2 sup 0 sup code . Although a few CPU manufacturers assign bit numbers the opposite way which is not the same as different endianness , the msb unambiguously remain the most significant bit. This may be one of the reasons why the term msb is often used instead of a bit number, although the primary reason is probably that different number represenations use different numbers of bits. By extension, the most significant bits plural are the bits of the number closest to, and including, the msb. Image Most significant bit.svg thumb 280px right The unsigned binary numeral system binary representation of decimal 149, with the msb highlighted. The msb in an 8 bit binary number represents a value of 128 decimal. The lsb represents a value of 1. Other uses MSB , in all capitals, can also stand for most significant byte . The meaning is parallel to the above it is the byte or Octet 28computing 29 octet in that position of a multi byte number which has the greatest potential value. See also Least significant bit Binary numeral system Signed number representations Two s complement Bit numbering Endianness Category Computer arithmetic ar bn ca Bit m s significatiu cs MSB de Bitwertigkeit et Suur ... more details
The Resource Interchange File Format RIFF is a generic file container format digital container format for storing data in tagged chunks. It was introduced in 1991 by Microsoft and International Business Machines IBM , and was presented by Microsoft as the default format for Windows 3.1x Windows 3.1 multimedia files. It is based on Electronic Arts Interchange File Format , introduced in 1985 on the Amiga 1000, the only difference being that multi byte integers are in endianness little endian format, native to the 80x86 processor series used in IBM PCs, rather than the Endianness big endian format native to the 68k processor series used in Amiga and Apple Macintosh computers, where IFF files were heavily used. The specification for AIFF , the endianness big endian analogue of RIFF, was published by Apple Computer in 1988. The Microsoft implementation is mostly known through container formats like Audio Video Interleave AVI , ANI animation file format ANI and WAV , which use RIFF as their basis. In 2010 Google introduced the WebP picture format, which uses RIFF as a container. ref Cite web url http code.google.com speed webp docs riff container.html title RIFF Container work Google Code publisher Google accessdate 1 October 2010 ref Explanation RIFF files consist entirely of Chunked file format chunk s . The overall format is identical to Interchange File Format IFF , except for the endianness as previously stated, and the different meaning of the chunk names. All chunks have the following format 4 bytes an ASCII identifier for this chunk, e.g. fmt or data . 4 bytes an unsigned, little endian 32 bit integer with the length of this chunk except this field itself and the chunk identifier . variable sized field the chunk data itself, of the size given in the previous field. a pad byte, if the chunk s length is not even. Two chunk identifiers, RIFF and LIST , introduce a chunk that can contain subchunks. Their chunk data, after the identifier and length, has the following ... more details
Sign extension is the operation, in computer arithmetic , of increasing the number of bit s of a binary number while preserving the number s sign mathematics sign positive negative and value. This is done by appending digits to the most significant bit most significant side of the number, following a procedure dependent on the particular signed number representation used. For example, if six bits are used to represent the number code 00 1010 code decimal positive 10 and the sign extend operation increases the word computer science word length to 16 bits, then the new endianness big endian , i.e. the left most bit is the most significant bit representation is simply code 0000 0000 0000 1010 code . Thus, both the value and the fact that the value was positive are maintained. If ten bits are used to represent the value code 11 1111 0001 code decimal negative 15 using two s complement , and this is sign extended to sixteen bits, the new representation is code 1111 1111 1111 0001 code . Thus, by padding the left side with ones, the negative sign and the value of the original number are maintained. In the x86 instruction listings x86 instruction set , used by most home IBM PC compatible PC s, there are two ways of doing sign extension using the instructions tt cbw tt , tt cwd tt , tt cwde tt , and tt cdq tt convert byte to word, doubleword, extended doubleword, and quadword, respectively in the x86 context, a byte has 8 bits, a word 16 bits, a doubleword and extended doubleword 32 bits, and a quadword 64 bits using one of the sign extended moves, accomplished by the tt movsx tt move with sign extension family of instructions. References Mano, Morris M. Kime, Charles R. 2004 . Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals 3rd ed. , pp 453. Pearson Prentice Hall. ISBN 0 13 140539 X. Category Computer arithmetic de Zweierkomplement Vorzeichenerweiterung ja tr aretle geni letme ... more details
Refimprove date May 2009 lowercase libsndfile Infobox software name libsndfile developer Erik de Castro Lopo latest release version 1.0.23 latest release date start date and age 2010 10 10 programming language C programming language C operating system Cross platform genre Sound Library computing library license GNU Lesser General Public License website http www.mega nerd.com libsndfile libsndfile is a widely used ref http www.mega nerd.com erikd Blog CodeHacking libsndfile ten years.html ref C programming language C library written by Erik de Castro Lopo for reading and writing audio files ref name site top http www.mega nerd.com libsndfile libsndfile ref . It supports a wide variety of audio encoding s and sound file format s and will convert automatically from one to another ref name site top . It allows the programmer to ignore many details, such as endianness . In addition to the library itself, the package provides command line programs for converting one format to another sndfile convert , for playing audio files sndfile play , and for obtaining information about the contents of an audio file sndfile info . libsndfile is available for Unix like systems, including Linux and Mac OS X , and for Microsoft Windows ref name site top . It is licensed under the GNU Lesser General Public License ref http www.mega nerd.com libsndfile Licensing libsndfile Licensing ref . See also Portal Free software Pulse code modulation WAV AIFF External links http www.mega nerd.com libsndfile Official website http tontonth.free.fr libsound77.html Fortran77 interface http www.mega nerd.com SRC Secret Rabbit Code Sample Rate Converter References references Compression Software Implementations Compression Formats Category Free multimedia codecs, containers, and splitters Category Digital audio Category Free audio software Category C libraries Category Application programming interfaces Category Free software programmed in C Free software stub multimedia software stub ... more details
Context date October 2009 Posh is a software Software framework framework consisting of a header file and an optional C programming language C source file to aid in cross platform software Computer programming development . It was created by Brian Hook . It s BSD license d and currently at Software versioning version 1.3.002. Posh does not provide alternatives where a host Platform computing platform does not offer a feature, but informs through C preprocessor preprocessor Macro computer science macros what s supported and what not. It sets macros to assist in compiling with various different compiler s such as GNU Compiler Collection GCC , Visual C MSVC and Watcom C compiler OpenWatcom , and different host endianness es. In its simplest form, only a single header file is required. In the optional C source file, there are Subroutine functions for byte swapping and in memory Serialization serialisation deserialisation . Brian Hook also created Simple Audio Library SAL Simple Audio Library that utilises Posh. Both are featured in his book Write Portable Code . Posh is also used in Ferret search library Ferret and Vega Strike Vega Strike . See also libslack Simple DirectMedia Layer External links http poshlib.hookatooka.com Poshlib Official website username guest, password guest123 http www.bookofhook.com poshlib POSH The Portable Open Source Harness Doxygen documentation http www.bookofhook.com sal Simple Audio Library Category Computer libraries compu prog stub ... more details
Contradict date February 2010 misleading The LNX Code 8 is the central processor chip used in the Elonex ONE range of notebook computers announced in early 2008. Sometimes the CPU is called XBurst . It is described in the company s product announcement ref http www.elonexone.co.uk overview.html Hardware specifications on ElonexOne site ref as a Mobile 300MHz processor . The exact technical specifications are not known but the publicly available chip to which the LNX Code 8 specifications correspond most closely is the DM&P vortex86 Vortex86SX Embedded System on Chip, containing a Intel 80486 486 compatible processor without a floating point unit. The Elonex ONEt uses a different, RISC based Processor. The design is an 32 bit 0.18 m ref name ingenic cn pfCustomPage theinquirer Me, 06 August 2008 Endianness little endian MIPS architecture MIPS Single Instruction Multiple Data SIMD ref name ingenic cn pfCustomPage cite web title Ingenic Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. XBurst CPU url http www.ingenic.cn eng productServ XBurst pfCustomPage.aspx 090515 ingenic.cn ref alike instruction set theinquirer Simon Farnsworth, 06 August 2008 ref name theinquirer net maplin flogs mystery minibook cite web title Maplin flogs mystery minibook The Inquirer url http www.theinquirer.net inquirer news 1041538 maplin flogs mystery minibook 090515 theinquirer.net ref That uses Pipeline computing pipeline technology. ref name ingenic cn pfCustomPage And have 128 kiB cache . theinquirer ropod, 17 August 2008 Manufactured by theinquirer Su, 06 August 2008 Chempros Limited. Compatible with the mipsel architecture in Linux . ref name ingenic cn Linux cite web title Ingenic Semiconductor Co.,Ltd. Linux url http www.ingenic.cn eng productServ kfyd Linux pfCustomPage.aspx 090515 ingenic.cn ref http chempros.manufacturer.globalsources.com si 6008825269924 Homepage.htm Chempros Limited Unit 929, International Mayor Communication Center P.O. Box 518053 Shenzhen, Guangdong China mainland 518053 Reference ... more details
Machine state register , also known as model specific register MSR is a feature Intel implemented in their X86 and X86 64 family processors which provides the option to control and receive information regarding the CPU performance. All the MSRs registers handle only system functions and cannot be accessible by application programs. The CPU uses Read from Model Specific Register and Write to Model Specific Register instructions which are used in turn to modify or read from the MSR registers. The operating system usually modifies the MSR registers during the early staging of the boot process. Common example is the SYSENTER both Linux and Windows use it , which is also known as the Fast System Call . Simple example from Linux, when code needs to get services from the kernel using the SYSENTER the operating system reads the SYSENTER CS MSR, SYSENTER EIP MSR, SS Stack Segment is being set to the sum of SYSENTER CS MSR 8 and SYSENTER ESP MSR registers and jump directly into Ring0 Kernel instead of using int 80 old method and much slower to call the system call handler. Linux kernel source provides some MSR registers values which can found in usr src linux include asm msr.h blockquote define MSR IA32 SYSENTER CS 0x174 br define MSR IA32 SYSENTER ESP 0x175 br define MSR IA32 SYSENTER EIP 0x176 blockquote PowerPC Most PowerPC chips switch endianness via a bit in the MSR Machine State Register . References http www.intel.com assets pdf manual 253669.pdf Intel 64 and IA 32 Architectures Software Developer s Manual http articles.manugarg.com systemcallinlinux2 6.html Linux 2.6 Fast System Call http www.codeguru.com Cpp W P system devicedriverdevelopment article.php c8223 Windows Fast System Call Category Intel Corporation ... more details
There are various implementations of the Advanced Encryption Standard , also known as Rijndael. Libraries File Cbc128192256.jpg thumb right 300px AES speed at 128, 192 and 256 bit key sizes. Rijndael is free for any use public or private, commercial or non commercial. The authors of Rijndael used to provide a homepage ref http web.archive.org web 20080608025456 http www.esat.kuleuven.ac.be rijmen rijndael Original homepage and http web.archive.org web 20070503005400rn 1 homes.esat.kuleuven.be rijmen rijndael archived copy ref for the algorithm. Care should be taken when implementing AES in software. Like most encryption algorithms, Rijndael was designed on Endianness Big endian big endian systems. For this reason, Endianness Little endian little endian systems return correct test vector results only through swapping bytes of the input and output words. The algorithm operates on plaintext blocks of 16 bytes. Encryption of shorter blocks is possible only by padding cryptography padding the source bytes, usually with null character null bytes . This can be accomplished via several methods, the simplest of which assumes that the final byte of the cipher identifies the number of Null bytes of padding added. Careful choice must be made in selecting the Block cipher modes of operation mode of operation of the cipher. The simplest mode encrypts and decrypts each 128 bit block separately. In this mode, called Block cipher modes of operation Electronic codebook ECB electronic code book ECB , blocks that are identical will be encrypted identically. This will make some of the plaintext structure visible in the ciphertext. Selecting other modes, such as empressing a sequential counter over the block prior to encryption CTR mode and removing it after decryption avoids this problem. http csrc.nist.gov groups STM cavp documents aes aesval.html Current list of FIPS 197 validated cryptographic modules hosted by NIST http csrc.nist.gov cryptval 140 1 140val all.htm Current list of FIP ... more details
SWEET16 is an interpreted byte code language invented by Steve Wozniak and implemented as part of the Integer BASIC read only memory ROM in the Apple II series of computers. It was created because Wozniak needed to manipulate 16 bit pointer computing pointer data in his implementation of BASIC , and the Apple II family Apple II was an 8 bit computer. ref name byte nov77 cite journal url http amigan.1emu.net kolsen programming sweet16.html title SWEET16 The 6502 Dream Machine first Stephen last Wozniak authorlink Steve Wozniak work Byte magazine Byte month November year 1977 accessdate 2011 01 05 ref SWEET16 code is executed as if it were running on a 16 bit central processing unit processor with sixteen internal 16 bit endianness little endian processor register registers , named tt tt R0 tt tt through tt tt R15 tt tt . Some registers have well defined functions ref name byte nov77 tt R0 tt is the accumulator computing accumulator . tt R12 tt is the subroutine stack pointer . tt R13 tt stores the result of all comparison operations for branch computer science branch testing. tt R14 tt is the status register . tt R15 tt is the program counter . The 16 virtual registers, 32 bytes in total, are located in the zero page of the Apple II s real, physical memory map at 00 1F , with values stored as low byte followed by high byte. ref name byte nov77 The SWEET16 interpreter itself is located from F689 to F7FC in the Integer BASIC ROM. According to Wozniak, the SWEET16 implementation is a model of frugal Computer programming coding , taking up only about 300 byte s in memory. citation needed date January 2010 SWEET16 runs about one tenth the speed of the equivalent native MOS Technology 6502 6502 code. ref name byte nov77 See also Lazer s Interactive Symbolic Assembler &mdash an Apple II assembler References reflist External links http www.applefritter.com files Call APPLE 20Woz 20Pak 202 201979.pdf Call A.P.P.L.E. Wozpak II &mdash 1979 Call A.P.P.L.E. booklet that includes ... more details
The Quantum compression format is a little known data compression method created by David Stafford of Cinematronics, LLC . Rights to it were purchased by Microsoft , and Quantum is one of the possible compression methods in a Cabinet file format CAB archive ref http www.cabextract.org.uk History of CAB files format ref . Quantum uses an extended Abraham Lempel LZ compression algorithm. Quantum .Q archiver PAQ.EXE is the Quantum compressor for MS DOS . No Microsoft Windows Windows compressor is known to exist. UNPAQ.EXE is the decompressor for MS DOS and QWIN.EXE is the Microsoft Windows Windows decompressor. The Windows decompressor is much faster and has more features than the MS DOS decompressor, such as selective decompression. Each requires at least a Intel 80386 386 Central Processing Unit CPU in order to run. The last known version is 0.97 . .Q archive header class wikitable Bytes Description 2 signature, must be 0x44 followed by 0x53 1 major version number 1 minor version number 2 number of files which reside in this archive 1 table size required for decompression 1 compression flags This is immediately followed by the list of files class wikitable Bytes Description var. length of file name, see below var. file name, variable length string, not zero terminated var. length of comment field, see below var. comment field, variable length string, not zero terminated 4 fully expanded file size in bytes 2 file time DOS format 2 file date DOS format Immediately following the list of files is the compressed data. Strings are prefixed with their length. This takes one or two bytes. If the length is less than 128 then it is stored directly in one byte. If it is greater than 127 then the high bit of the first byte is set to 1 and the remaining fifteen bits contain the actual length in Endianness big endian format. References reflist cite book last Salomon first David title Data compression the complete reference publisher Springer Verlag year 2007 pages 187 isbn 1 84628 ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Synchsafe integer s appear in ID3 tag s that are attached to an MP3 file. An ID3 tag ref name id3 2 4 0 cite web url http www.id3.org id3v2.4.0 structure.txt title ID3 tag version 2.4.0 Main Structure ref encodes several blocks of data. Some blocks containing metadata about the content of the file are variable in length and are encoded as synchsafe integers to distinguish them from data in other blocks. In a synchsafe integer, the most significant bit of each byte is zero, making seven bits out of eight available. So, for example, a 32 bit synchsafe integer can only store 28 bits of information. Examples 11111111 is encoded as a 16 bit synchsafe integer 00000001 01111111 . 11111111 11111111 is encoded as a 24 bit synchsafe integer 00000011 01111111 01111111 . The ID3 specifications require that multibyte numbers such as these be stored in Endianness big endian order, ref name id3 2 4 0 so the bytes will be ordered exactly as laid out in the examples above. Python code to encode and decode Synchsafe values Please note that the arguments passed to these functions must be in the host s byte order. source lang python Argument i is an integer of arbitrary size. def syncsafe i ss 0x00 shift 0 while i 0 ss i & 0x7F shift i 7 shift 8 return ss Argument ss is a synchsafe integer of arbitrary size. def unsyncsafe ss i 0x00 shift 0 while ss 0 i ss & 0x7F shift ss 8 shift 7 return i source C C code to decode Synchsafe encoded values Please note that the arguments passed to these functions must be in the host s byte order. source lang cpp int synchsafe int in int out, mask 0x7F while mask 0x7FFFFFFF out in & mask out 1 out in & mask mask mask 1 8 1 in out return out int unsynchsafe int in int out 0, mask 0x7F000000 while mask out 1 out in & mask mask 8 return out source C code to decode Synchsafe encoded values Please note that the arguments passed to these functions must be in the host s byte order. source lang csharp public int synchsafe int inData in ... more details
DTED or Digital Terrain Elevation Data is a standard of digital datasets which consists of a matrix of terrain elevation values. This standard was originally developed in the 1970s to support aircraft radar simulation and prediction. DTED supports many applications, including line of sight analyses, terrain profiling, 3 D terrain Scientific visualization visualization , mission planning rehearsal, and Scientific modeling modeling and simulation . DTED is a standard National Geospatial Intelligence Agency NGA product that provides medium resolution, quantitative data in a digital format for military system applications that require terrain elevation. The DTED format for level 0, 1 and 2 is described in U.S. Military Specification Digital Terrain Elevation Data DTED MIL PRF 89020B , and amongst other parameters describes the resolution for each level Level 0 has a post spacing of ca. 900 meter s. Level 1 has a post spacing of ca. 90 meters. Level 2 has a post spacing of ca. 30 meters. The precise spacing is defined by dividing the world into zones based on latitude, and is given in the following tables class wikitable Zone latitude I 0 50 North South II 50 70 North South III 70 75 North South IV 75 80 North South V 80 90 North South class wikitable level 0 arc secs level 1 arc secs level 2 arc secs latitude spacing 30 3 1 zone I longitude spacing 30 3 1 zone II longitude spacing 60 6 2 zone III longitude spacing 90 9 3 zone IV longitude spacing 120 12 4 zone V longitude spacing 180 18 6 In addition three more levels 3, 4 and 5 at increasing resolution have been proposed, but not yet standardized. DTED data is stored in a Endianness big endian format where negative numbers are Signed number representations signed magnitude . External links http www.fas.org irp program core dted.htm DTED at FAS.org http www1.nga.mil ProductsServices TopographicalTerrestrial DigitalTerrainElevationData Pages default.aspx DTED at National Geospatial Intelligence Agency website http www.ev ... more details
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