in the hippocampal region associated with episodic memoryencoding has been shown to occur in the rostral ... of memoryencoding and retrival The HIPER model. Hippocampus, 8 4 313 322 ref This is referred ..., encoding can occur on different levels. The first step is short term memory formation, followed ... molecular biology of memory storage. Progress in Brain Research, 169, Ch 2. ref The encoding process .... Encoding and genetics Human memory, including the process of encoding, is known to be a heritable ... memoryencoding and retrieval Roles of the task positive and task negative networks. Neuroimage ... to learn Studies have shown that the intention to learn has no direct effect on memoryencoding. Instead, memoryencoding is dependent on how deeply each item is encoded, which could be affected by intention ... strategies, and consequently, better memoryencoding, but if you learn something incidentally i.e. ... 294. ref Optimal encoding Organization can be seen as the key to better memory. As demonstrated in the above ... and Memory, 3 6 , 701 711. ref Encoding specificity File Facevase.png thumb alt An ambiguous figure ... Models of MemoryEncoding Computational models of memoryencoding have been developed in order ... by a vector representing the context at the time of encoding, and is stored in a memory matrix ... suggested that information not present at the time of encoding would be added to memory if it was based ... that encoding was the process by which information is entered into memory. At this time George ... was again noted as an influence on encoding. References Reflist memory Mental processes DEFAULTSORT EncodingMemory Category Memory processes Category Memory Category Mental processes es Codificaci n ...Memory has the ability to encode , Storage memory store and Recall memory recall information. Memories .... Encoding allows the perceived item of use or interest to be converted into a construct that can be stored within the brain and recalled later from short term or long term memory. Working memory ... more details
The Cork also known as T1 or EC encoding is a character encoding . It is named after the city of Cork city Cork in Ireland , where during a TeX Users Group TUG conference, a new encoding ref Citation last Ferguson first Michael title Report on Multilingual Activities journal TUGboat volume Volume 11 issue Issue 4 pages 514 516 year 1990 url https www.tug.org TUGboat Articles tb11 4 tb30ferguson.pdf ref was introduced for LaTeX . It contains 256 characters supporting west and east European languages with the Latin alphabet . It is the default encoding in many TeX installations. References reflist External links http www.tug.org fontname ec.enc Encoding file http www.tex.ac.uk tex archive macros latex doc encguide.pdf Overview of encodings in LaTeX character encoding Category Character encoding Category Character sets Category TeX CharacterEncoding stub de Cork Kodierung ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2010 The Kamenick encoding Czech k dov n Kamenick ch , named for the brothers Ji and Marian Kamenick , was a code page for personal computer s running MS DOS , very popular in Czechoslovakia since 1993, the Czech Republic and Slovakia around 1985 1995. Another name for this encoding is KEYBCS2 , the name of the Terminate and Stay Resident utility which implemented the matching Keyboard computing keyboard device driver driver . It was actually a Code page 437 encoding with accented characters for Western European languages where the characters from codepoints 128 to 171 were replaced by Czech alphabet Czech and Slovak alphabet Slovak characters chosen so that the glyph s of the replacement characters resembled those of the original as closely as possible, e. g. in the place of . This ensured that text in the Kamenick encoding was barely readable even on older or cheap computers with the original fonts which were often in videocard Read only memory ROM , making modification difficult, if not impossible . A supplemental feature was that the block graphic characters of code page 437 remained unchanged IBM s official Central European code page 852 did not have this property, making programs like Norton Commander look funny with corners and joints of border lines broken by accented letters . The widespread use of the Kamenick encoding was undermined neither by IBM s code page 852, nor by the Windows 3.1x Windows 3.1 introducing Microsoft Central Europe Windows 1250 code page 1250 . Only with Windows 95 and the spreading deployment of Microsoft Office did users begin to use code page 1250, which in turn is now obsoleted by Unicode . The Kamenick encoding ... encoding, Japan 7 Bit Latin 00895 http www 03.ibm.com servers eserver iseries software globalization ... space NBSP 255 See also Mazovia encoding similar codepage for Polish Character encoding DEFAULTSORT Kamenicky Encoding Category DOS code pages cs K d Kamenick ch pl Kamenick sk K d Kamenick ch ... more details
In telecommunication s, delay encoding is the encoding of binary numeral system binary data to form a two level Signalling telecommunication signal such that a a 0 causes no change of signal level unless it is followed by another 0 in which case a transition to the other level takes place at the end of the first bit period and b a 1 causes a transition from one level to the other in the middle of the bit period. Propagation delay Delay encoding is used primarily for encoding radio signals because the frequency spectrum of the encoded signal contains less low frequency energy than a conventional non return to zero NRZ signal and less high frequency energy than a biphase signal. Delay encoding is an encoding using only half the bandwidth as biphase mark code biphase encoding but has all the advantages of biphase encoding To be rewritten It is guaranteed to have transitions every other bit, meaning that decoding systems can adjust their clock DC threshold continuously . One drawback is human readability e.g. on an oscilloscope . Delay encoding is also known as Miller encoding named after Armin Miller, its inventor . US Pat. 3,108,261 Some RFID cards, in particular EPC UHF Gen 2 RF cards, use a variant called Miller sub carrier coding . ref http rfidusa.com superstore pdf UHF System Overview.pdf UHF Gen 2 System Overview , p. 19. March, 2005 ref Such cards include the CharlieCard . In this system, 2, 4 or 8 cycles of a subcarrier square wave are transmitted for each bit time. The Miller encoding transitions are indicated by 180 phase shifts in the subcarrier, i.e. the subcarrier pauses for 1 2 of a cycle at each transition. The resultant binary subcarrier is itself either Amplitude shift keying ASK or Phase shift keying PSK modulated on another carrier. References references FS1037C Bit encoding Category Encodings Category Line codes de Digitale Frequenzmodulation fr Codage Miller ... more details
unreferenced date November 2011 In digital communications, an encoding law is a typically non uniform allocation of signal quantization levels across the possible analog signal levels in an analog to digital converter system. They can be viewed as a simple form of instantaneous companding . The best known encoding laws are the law and A law encoding laws defined in the ITU T standard G.711 for use in digital telephony , and still used to the present day. telecomm stub Category Digital technology ... more details
Dvorak encoding is a type of code encoding based on the differences in layout of a QWERTY QWERTY keyboard and a Dvorak keyboard . There are two main variations One is achieved by typing in the Dvorak layout on a QWERTY keyboard, and the other is similarly achieved by typing in the QWERTY layout on a Dvorak keyboard. This effectively makes Dvorak encoding into a monoalphabetic substitution cipher like ROT13 and the Caesar Cipher , since each one character translates to one other character in a consistent pattern. Several layers of Dvorak encoding may be added on top of each other for a variance of the translation table , which adds an obfuscating effect. The one where the Dvorak layout is used ... applied translation tables must happen in the correct order. If encoding or decoding in one direction for example, from Dvorak to QWERTY , it only takes 210 layers of encoding for the original ... title Dvorak Fun date 2011 07 01 publisher Angela Gong accessdate 2011 07 15 ref Dvorak encoding, like other monoalphabetic encryption ciphers, is a very simple encoding and may provide a weak ... comparable to modern encryption algorithm s which advocate security, and the advantages with this encoding can as such be summarised to encompass Dvorak encoding is an unavoidable consequence ... because it doesn t require a purchase of a special Dvorak keyboard. Dvorak encoding can be typed real time by anyone proficient with the Dvorak keyboard layout, allowing for very fast encoding by hand. Dvorak encoding may make it harder for physically present surveillance to find out what the user ... retrieval and analysis, the original cryptographic weakness of the encoding applies. Variations in the use ... keys &ndash in this respect, the left hand Dvorak encoding changes the most keys. Notably ... Dvorak Encoding work Dvorak Encoding A Simple Encoding Mechanism url http turbogfx.homelinux.org dvorak encoding accessdate 2006 03 19 cite book last Hatch first Brian coauthors Moss, Jeff Dark Tangent ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 In computing, JIS encoding refers to several Japanese Industrial Standard s for character encodingencoding the Japanese language . Strictly speaking, the term means either A set of standard character sets for Japanese, notably JIS X 0201 , the Japanese version of ISO 646 ASCII containing the base 7 bit ASCII characters with some modifications and 64 half width katakana characters. JIS X 0208 , the most common kanji character set containing 6,879 kanji JIS X 0212 , a character set containing 6,067 characters JIS X 0213 , which extends JIS X 0208 JIS X 0202 also known as ISO 2022 JP , a set of encoding mechanisms for sending JIS data over transmission mediums that only support 7 bit data. In practice, JIS encoding usually refers to JIS X 0208 data encoded with JIS X 0202. There is also the Shift JIS encoding, which adds the kanji, full width hiragana and full width katakana from JIS X 0208 in a compatible way to JIS X 0201. Shift JIS is perhaps the most widely used encoding in Japan, as the compatibility with the single byte JIS X 0201 character set made it possible for electronic equipment manufacturers such as cash register manufacturers to offer an upgrade from older cheaper equipment that was not capable of displaying kanji to newer equipment while retaining character set compatibility. The main alternatives to JIS encoding are Extended Unix Code EUC used on Unix UNIX systems where the JIS encodings are incompatible with POSIX standards and more recently Unicode , particularly in the form of UTF 8 . See also Japanese language and computers Character encoding DEFAULTSORT Jis Encoding Category Character sets ... more details
RACE encoding is a method for encoding foreign languages that use non English characters Chinese, Japanese, etc. in ASCII characters for storage in domain name system servers. ref name main http tools.ietf.org html draft ietf idn race 03 Row based ASCII Compatible Encoding for IDN ref All names without non English characters are unchanged. RACE codes are made up of digits, letters and dashes. ref http www.pcmag.com encyclopedia term 0 2C2542 2Ct 3DRACE encoding&i 3D50122 2C00.asp Definition of RACE encoding by http www.pcmag.com encyclopedia PC Mag Encyclopedia ref RACE encoding is part of the larger scheme of the Universal Character Set specifically the ISO IEC 10646. The assignment of characters also coincides with Unicode . ref name main Today, it is mostly abandoned in favor of punycode . Nomenclature RACE is an acronym for its main purpose. R stands for Row based A for ASCII C for Compatible E Encoding References Reflist External links http www.acmqueue.com modules.php?name Content&pa showpage&pid 481 Acmqueue.com , DNS Complexity, Paul Vixie , Association for Computing Machinery ACM Queue Category Domain name system www stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date February 2009 Cultural encoding is a process in which a website or related node is encoded with the language , symbols, or representative styles of particular culture or subculture . Encoding refers to the digital processes that make the representative culture of the site self evident. For example, interpunk.com uses punk iconography including a mohawk hairstyle mohawk icon , font s, and a do it yourself interface for selling music that cleary establishes the Punk subculture punk identity of the site. DEFAULTSORT Cultural Encoding Culture stub Socio stub Category Internet advertising and promotion ... more details
Notability date March 2010 MPEG encoding is the process of Video capture capturing digitizing or converting re encoder encoding video and or Sound recording and reproduction audio to one of several MPEG video and or audio standards for distribution Internet , LAN or for archiving to optical disc CD , DVD . MPEG encoding can be done purely in software , or by using an MPEG TV tuner card Video capture capture card or a video editing card with in built MPEG encoding capabilities, or via a dedicated hardware encoder like those built into DVD Video recorders. Further Moving Picture Experts Group Overview Moving Picture Experts Group External links Category Film and video technology Multimedia software stub ... more details
perspective there are three main stages in the formation and retrieval of memoryEncodingmemoryEncoding or registration receiving, processing and combining of received information Storage memory ... context, such as a time and place. Semantic memory allows the encoding of abstract knowledge ... of facts and events Byrne 2007 . EncodingmemoryEncoding . Encoding of working memory involves the spiking ... disappears Jensen and Lisman 2005 Fransen et al. 2002 . Encoding of episodic memory involves persistent ... . The persistent spiking in working memory can enhance the synaptic and cellular changes in the encoding ...Other uses Neuropsychology File Memory.gif thumb 400px Overview of the forms and functions of memory in the sciences In psychology , memory is an organism s ability to store, retain, and recall information and experiences. Traditional studies of memory began in the fields of philosophy , including techniques of mnemonic artificially enhancing memory . During the late 19th and early 20th century, scientists have put memory within the paradigm of cognitive psychology . In recent decades, it has become ... Sensory memory Main Sensory memory Sensory memory corresponds approximately to the initial 200 ... like with just a second of observation, or memorisation, is an example of sensory memory. With very ... report. The first experiments exploring this form of sensory memory were conducted by George Sperling ..., Sperling was able to show that the capacity of sensory memory was approximately 12 items, but that it degraded very quickly within a few hundred milliseconds . Because this form of memory degrades ... report procedure before they decayed. This type of memory cannot be prolonged via rehearsal. There are many types of sensory memories. Iconic memory is a type of sensory memory that briefly stores an image which has been perceived for a small duration. Echoic memory is another type of sensory memory that briefly stores sounds which has been perceived for a small duration. ref cite book author ... more details
Image Ami encoding.svg thumb right 360px An example of bipolar encoding, or AMI Alternate mark inversion . In telecommunication, bipolar encoding is a type of line code a method of encoding digital information to make it resistant to certain forms of signal loss during transmission . A duobinary signal is such an encoding. Advantages A binary 0 is encoded as zero volts as in unipolar encoding . A binary 1 is encoded alternately as a positive voltage and a negative voltage. This prevents a significant build up of Direct current DC , as the positive and negative pulses average to zero volts. Little or no DC component is considered an advantage because the cable may then be used for longer distances and to carry power for intermediate equipment such as line repeater s. ref name digitallink http www.stromcarlson.com docs basics t1svcfund.pdf T1 Fundamentals , Revision 1.0, dated 23 January 1997, by Digital Link, retrieved on 25 January 2007 ref The DC component can be easily and cheaply removed before the signal reaches the decoding circuitry. Bipolar encoding is preferable to non return ..., respectively. A bipolar encoding is an often good compromise runs of ones will not cause a lack ..., a self clocking encoding such as return to zero or some other more complicated line code may be more ... ref Error detection Another benefit of bipolar encoding compared to unipolar is error detection . In the T carrier ... error . Other T1 encoding schemes main Modified AMI code For data channels, in order to avoid the need of always setting bit 8 to 1, as described above, other T1 encoding schemes Modified AMI ... line coding type used in Europe and Japan. A very similar encoding scheme, with the logical positions reversed, is also used and is often referred to as pseudoternary encoding . This encoding is otherwise identical. See also commonscat Alternate mark inversion AMI code MLT 3 encoding polar encoding References reflist Bit encoding Category Encodings Category Line codes bn de ... more details
Orphan date September 2011 Dyadic Encoding is a form of binary encoding defined by Smullyan ref cite book last Smullyan first R. M. title Theory of formal systems year 1961 publisher Princeton Univ. Press location Princeton, N. J. ref commonly used in computational complexity theory 1 s and 2 s that is bijective and has the technical advantage, not shared by binary, of setting up a one to one correspondence between finite strings and numbers. ref name Richie http www.ams.org journals tran 1963 106 01 S0002 9947 1963 0158822 2 S0002 9947 1963 0158822 2.pdf Classes of Predictable Computable Functions by Robert W. Ritchie ref Dyadic encoding works by using a recursive definition of concatenating strings of 1 s and 2 s together using the following formula. dya 0 empty set dya 2n 1 dya n 1 Odd numbers dya 2n 2 dya n 2 Even numbers For example class wikitable Natural Number Dyadic Encoding 1 1 2 2 3 11 4 12 5 21 6 22 7 111 References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist Computational complexity theory Category Computer file formats Category Articles created via the Article Wizard ... more details
Incremental encoding , also known as front compression , back compression , or front coding , is a type of delta encoding compression algorithm whereby common Prefix linguistics prefix es or Affix suffixes and their lengths are recorded so that they need not be duplicated. This algorithm is particularly well suited for compressing sorting sorted data Uses of data in computing data , e.g., a list of word s from a dictionary . For example align center border 1 cellspacing 0 cellpadding 3 Input Common prefix Compressed output pre myxa myxophyta myxopod nab nabbed nabbing nabit nabk nabob nacarat nacelle pre pre no preceding word myx myxop no common prefix nab nabb nab nab nab na nac pre pre 0 myxa 3 ophyta 5 od 0 nab 3 bed 4 ing 3 it 3 k 3 ob 2 carat 3 elle pre align right 64 bytes align left 46 bytes The encoding used to store the common prefix length itself varies from application to application. Typical techniques are storing the value as a single byte delta encoding , which store only the change in the common prefix length and various Universal code data compression universal codes . It may be combined with other general lossless data compression techniques such as entropy encoding and dictionary coder s to compress the remaining suffixes. Applications Incremental encoding is widely used in information retrieval to compress the lexicons used in Index search engine search indexes these list all the words found in all the documents and a pointer for each one to a list of locations. Typically, it compresses these indexes by about 40 . ref Ian H. Witten, Alistair Moffat, Timothy C. Bell. Managing Gigabytes. Second edition. Academic Press. ISBN 1 55860 5703. Section 4.1 Accessing the lexicon, subsection Front coding, pp.159&ndash 161. ref As one example, incremental encoding is used as a starting point by the GNU locate utility, in an index of filenames and directories. The GNU locate utility further uses bigram encoding to further shorten popular filepath prefixes. References ... more details
Image Principle of calcium encoding.tif thumb right x150px Principle of calcium encoding . A schematics of intracellular calcium signaling and its equivalent from a calcium encoding perspective. Calcium encoding also referred to as Ca sup 2 sup encoding or calcium information processing is a termed used ... , information processing process and encoding encode external information detected by the cell. In cell ... dynamics . The concept of calcium encoding explains how calcium Ca sup 2 sup ion s act as intracellular ... Nature1998 . Given the ubiquity of Ca sup 2 sup ions in cell physiology , Ca sup 2 sup encoding has ... of Ca sup 2 sup encoding have been pioneered by work of http universityofcalifornia.edu senate inmemoriam ... affiliates showperson.php?id 61 Herbert Levine and co workers. AM, FM and AFM calcium encoding Image Elementary modes of calcium encoding.tif thumb left x350px Elementary modes of calcium encoding . AM, FM and AFM encoding Ca sup 2 sup oscillations correspond to analogous modulation s in electronic ... or the frequency or both features of these Ca2 oscillation s define the Ca sup 2 sup encoding mode. Therefore three classes of Ca sup 2 sup signals can be distinguished on the basis of their encoding ... encoding Ca sup 2 sup signals when the strength of the stimulus physiology stimuli is encoded by amplitude ... of these oscillations are similar FM encoding Ca sup 2 sup signals when the strength of the stimulus ... of Ca sup 2 sup oscillations but the amplitudes of these oscillations are similar AFM encoding Ca sup 2 sup signals when both AM and FM encoding modes coexist. Experiments and biophysical modeling, show that the mode of calcium encoding varies from cell to cell, and that a given cell could even show different types of calcium encoding for different patho physiological conditions ref name ... . Mathematical aspects of calcium encoding Calcium encoding can be mathematically characterized ... PRER2008 . Occurrence of AM , FM or AFM encoding can be assessed on the extension of the range computer ... more details
the codebook based approach of 8B 10B encoding . The encoding and scrambling are normally done entirely ... or 1 zero and 65 ones maximum DC imbalance . This makes the encoding scheme suitable and efficient for optical ... protocol addresses this by using the 64b 67b encoding . 64b 67b extends 64b 66b with DC balancing ... by Xilinx on 64b 66b encoding and scrambling http www.xilinx.com products ipcenter aurora64b66b.htm Aurora 64B66B IP core using 64b 66b encoding Bit encoding DEFAULTSORT 64b 66b Encoding Category Encodings ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2008 Unipolar encoding is a line code . A positive voltage represents a Binary logic binary 1, and zero volts indicates a binary 0. It is the simplest line code, directly encoding the bitstream, and is analogous to on off keying in modulation. Its drawbacks are that it is not self clocking signal self clocking and it has a significant DC component , which can be halved by using return to zero , where the signal returns to zero in the middle of the bit period. With a 50 duty cycle each rectangular pulse is only at a positive voltage for half of the bit period. This is ideal if one symbol is sent much more often than the other and power considerations are necessary, and also makes the signal self clocking. Traditionally, a unipolar scheme was designed as a non return to zero scheme, in which the positive voltage defines bit 1 and the zero voltage defines bit 0. It is called NRZ because the signal does not return to zero at the middle of the bit. Compared with its polar counterpart, Polar NRZ, this scheme is very expensive. The normalized power power required to send 1 bit per unit line resistance is double that for polar NRZ. For this reason, this scheme is not normally used in data communications today. See also Bipolar encoding Bipolar violation On off keying Bit encoding In a unipolor encoding, all signal levels are on one side of the axis, either above or below. NRZ Non Return Zero Traditionally, a unipolor coding was designed as a non return zero NRZ coding in which the positive voltage defines bit 1 and the zero voltage defines bit 0. It is called NRZ because the signal does not return to zero at the middle of the bit. Compared with the counterpart, this coding is very costly. Hence, this scheme is normally not used in data communications today. Category Encodings Category Line codes ... more details
characters . A character encoding system consists of a code that pairs each character computing character ... computing octets , or a sequence of electrical pulses. History Common examples of character encoding ... bit encoding scheme used to encode letters, numerals, symbols, and device control code s as fixed ... EBCDIC is an 8 bit encoding scheme developed in 1963. The limitations of such sets soon became ... encoding rather than the previous ad hoc approaches. Early binary repertoires include Bacon s cipher ... 1872 and following Encoding of Chinese characters as 4 digit decimals. Unicode encoding model ... a modern, unified character encoding. Rather than mapping characters directly to octets byte s , they separately ... Unicode Technical Report 17 Unicode Character Encoding Model date 2008 11 11 accessdate 2009 08 08 ... encoding . The terms used in the modern model follow ref name utr17 A character repertoire is the full ... character set is a function mathematics function . A character encoding form CEF specifies the conversion .... Next, a character encoding scheme CES specifies how the fixed size integer code values should be mapped ... an octet based network. With Unicode, a simple character encoding scheme is used in most cases, simply ... order even this isn t needed with UTF 8 . However, there are also compound character encoding schemes ... maps In computer science , the terms character encoding , character map , character set or code ... encoding systems. ref name utr17 Regardless, the terms are still used interchangeably, with character set being nearly ubiquitous. A code page usually means a byte oriented encoding, but with emphasis .... Contrasted to CCS CCS above , a character encoding is a map from abstract characters to code word s. A character set in HTTP and MIME parlance is the same as a character encoding but not the same as CCS . legacy system Legacy encoding is a term sometimes used to characterize old character encodings ... using Unicode, a case study ref or versa see e.g. code page 437 . Some sources refer to an encoding ... more details
Distinguish Elias delta coding Delta encoding is a way of storing or transmitting data in the form of difference s between sequential data rather than complete files more generally this is known as data differencing . Delta encoding is sometimes called delta compression , particularly where archival histories of changes are required e.g., in software project s . The differences are recorded in discrete files called deltas or diffs , after the Unix file comparison utility, diff . Because changes are often small for example, changing a few words in a large document, or changing a few records in a large table delta encoding greatly reduces data redundancy. Collections of unique deltas are substantially ... Format IFF 8SVX sound format applies this encoding to raw sound data before applying compression ... delta encoded, and the usability of delta encoding is even smaller for 16 bit and better samples ... the correspondence to transaction log s in databases . Variants A variation of delta encoding which ... of string computer science strings is called incremental encoding . It is particularly effective ... Courgette The Chromium Projects ref Delta encoding performs best when data has small or constant variation ... language C code performs a simple form of delta encoding and decoding Yes, it is possible to write smaller ... Examples Delta encoding in HTTP Another instance of use of delta encoding is RFC 3229, Delta encoding ... how delta encoding can be supported as a compatible extension to HTTP 1.1. p p Many HTTP Hypertext ... encoding is VCDIFF, described in RFC 3284. Free software implementations include Xdelta and open vcdiff. GDIFF Generic Diff Format GDIFF is another delta encoding. It is submitted to W3C in 1997. ref ... System References reflist External links RFC 3229 Delta Encoding in HTTP Compression methods Revision control software DEFAULTSORT Delta Encoding Category Lossless compression algorithms Category Data differencing Category Articles with example C code de Delta Kodierung es Delta encoding it Codifica ... more details
TRON Code is a multi byte character encoding used in the TRON Project . It is similar to Unicode but does not use Unicode s Han unification process each character from each CJK character set is encoded separately, including archaic and historical equivalents of modern characters. This means that Chinese, Japanese, and Korean text can be mixed without any ambiguity as to the exact form of the characters however, it also means that many characters with equivalent semantics will be encoded more than once, complicating some operations. TRON has room for 150 million code points. Separate code points for Chinese, Korean, and Japanese variants of the 70,000 Han characters in Unicode 4.1 if that were deemed necessary would require more than 200,000 code points in TRON. TRON includes the non Han characters from Unicode 2.0, but it has not been keeping up to date with recent editions to Unicode as Unicode expands beyond the Basic Multilingual Plane and adds characters to existing scripts. The TRON encoding has been updated to include other recent code page updates like JIS X 0213 . ref http www.t engine.org assoc tron html jpn tronproject tp p 12.html ref Fonts for the TRON encoding are available, but they have restrictions for commercial use ref http charcenter.t engine.org tfont license.html ref . Commonscat TRON Code See also TRON Project BTRON ITRON External links http www.personal media.co.jp tron developer doc btron3 shared data tron code.html TRON Tron code system in BTRON specification document http www2.tron.org TRON Tron character collection center http www.chokanji.com Operating system with BTRON standard http www.l.u tokyo.ac.jp KanjiWEB 00 cover.html GT Tron GT Mincho font http www.ertl.jp ITRON home e.html ITRON Project Archive References Reflist character encoding Category Character sets Compu stub ja TRON ... more details
Image MLT3encoding.svg thumb right 360px Example of MLT 3 Encoding. Light colored lines indicate two previous states. MLT 3 encoding Multi Level Transmit is a line code a signaling method used in a telecommunication system for transmission purposes that uses three voltage levels. An MLT 3 interface emits less electromagnetic interference and requires less Bandwidth signal processing bandwidth than most other Boolean logic binary or Ternary logic ternary interfaces that operate at the same bit rate see PCM for discussion on bandwidth Quantization signal processing quantization tradeoffs , such as Manchester code or Bipolar encoding Alternate Mark Inversion . MLT 3 cycles sequentially through the voltage levels 1, 0, 1. It moves to the next state to transmit a 1 bit, and stays in the same state to transmit a 0 bit. Similar to simple Non return to zero NRZ encoding, MLT 3 has a coding efficiency of 1 bit baud, however it requires four transitions baud to complete a full cycle from low to middle, middle to high, high to middle, middle to low . Thus, the maximum fundamental frequency is reduced to one fourth of the baud rate. This makes signal transmission more amenable to copper wires. MLT 3 was first introduced by Crescendo Communications ref http books.google.com books?id gRAEAAAAMBAJ&pg PA19&lpg PA19&dq crescendo proposal copper FDDI&source bl&ots m17XcZVyVw&sig IrlyTroiHJaeJQ4ysTQmqv0Dch8&hl en&ei oRghTLa2LsOgnQes1IV7&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 1&ved 0CBIQ6AEwAA v onepage&q crescendo 20proposal 20copper 20FDDI&f false , Network World, June 29, 1992, page 19 ref as a coding scheme for FDDI copper interconnect TP PMD, ref name x3t12 cite journal author American National Standards Institute year 1994 title FDDI twisted pair physical layer medium dependent TP PMD journal American National Standard X3T12 incorporates X3.263 initial implementation also see patent ref ... Line codes Bit encoding telecomm stub de MLT 3 Code it MLT 3 ... more details
selfref For the urlencode in MediaWiki, see mw Help Magic words URL data Help Magic words . Percent encoding , also known as URL encoding , is a mechanism for code encoding information in a Uniform Resource Identifier URI under certain circumstances. Although it is known as URL encoding it is, in fact ... of HTML form data in HTTP requests. Percent encoding in a URI Types of URI characters The characters allowed in a URI are either reserved or unreserved or a percent character as part of a percent encoding ... characters have no such meanings. Using percent encoding, reserved characters are represented ... code tilde code colspan 13 empty Other characters in a URI must be percent encoded. Percent encoding ... for some other purpose, then the character must be percent encoded . Percent encoding a reserved ... Reserved characters after percent encoding code exclamation mark code code number sign code code ... characters by individual URI schemes. Percent encoding unreserved characters Characters from the unreserved ... interoperability, URI producers are discouraged from percent encoding unreserved characters. Percent encoding the percent character Because the percent character serves as the indicator for percent .... Percent encoding arbitrary data Most URI schemes involve the representation of arbitrary data, such as an IP ... as it results in shorter URLs. Character data The procedure for percent encoding binary data ... for percent encoding, leading to ambiguities and difficulty interpreting URIs reliably. For example ... to bytes according to some unspecified character encoding before being represented in a URI ... a hint as to what encoding was used, or if the encoding conflicts with the use of ASCII to percent ... fail to account for encoding at all, and instead just suggest that data characters map directly ... percent encoding ASCII or UTF 8 based newline Space punctuation space code double quote code code ... standard implementations There exists a non standard encoding for Unicode characters code u xxxx code ... more details
A semantics encoding is a translation between formal language s. For programmers, the most familiar form of encoding is the compilation of a programming language into machine code or byte code. Conversion between document formats are also forms of encoding. Compilation of TeX or LaTeX documents to PostScript are also commonly encountered encoding processes. Some high level preprocessors such as Objective Caml s Camlp4 or Apple Computer s WorldScript also involve encoding of a programming language into another. Formally, an encoding of a language A into language B is a mapping of all terms of A into B. If there is a satisfactory encoding of A into B, B is considered at least as powerful or at least as expressive as A. Properties An informal notion of translation is not sufficient to help determine expressivity of languages, as it permits trivial encodings such as mapping all elements of A to the same element of B. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the definition of a good enough encoding. This notion varies with the application. Commonly, an encoding math cdot A longrightarrow B math is expected to preserve a number of properties. Preservation of compositions soundness For every n ary operator math op A math of A, there exists an n ary operator math op B math of B such that math forall T A 1,T A 2, dots,T A n, op A T A 1,T A 2, cdots,T A n op B T A 1 , T A 2 , cdots, T A n math completeness For every n ary operator math op A math of A, there exists an n ary operator math op B math of B such that math forall T B 1,T B 2, dots,T B n, exists T A 1, dots,T A n, op B T B 1, cdots,T B N op A T A 1,T A 2, cdots,T A n math Note as far as the author is aware of, this criterion of completeness is never used. Preservation of compositions is useful insofar as it guarantees that components ... is added by the encoding. In particular, in the case of compilation of a programming language ... Bisimulation Compiler Semantics Semantic dictionary encoding SDE External links http catamaran.labs.cs.uu.nl ... more details
In information theory an entropy encoding is a lossless data compression scheme that is independent of the specific characteristics of the medium. One of the main types of entropy coding creates and assigns a unique prefix free code to each unique symbol that occurs in the input. These entropy information theory entropy encoders then compress data by replacing each fixed length input symbol by the corresponding variable length prefix free output codeword. The length of each codeword is approximately Proportionality mathematics proportional to the negative logarithm of the probability . Therefore, the most common symbols use the shortest codes. According to Claude Shannon Shannon s source coding theorem , the optimal code length for a symbol is &minus log sub b sub P , where b is the number of symbols used to make output codes and P is the probability of the input symbol. Two of the most common entropy encoding techniques are Huffman coding and arithmetic coding . If the approximate entropy characteristics of a data stream are known in advance especially for signal compression , a simpler static code may be useful. These static codes include Universal code data compression universal codes such as Elias gamma coding or Fibonacci coding and Golomb coding Golomb codes such as unary coding or Rice coding . Entropy as a measure of similarity Besides using entropy encoding as a way to compress digital data, an entropy encoder can also be used to measure the amount of similarity between streams of data. This is done by generating an entropy coder compressor for each class of data unknown data is then classified by feeding the uncompressed data to each compressor and seeing which compressor yields the highest compression. The coder with the best compression is probably the coder trained on the data that was most similar to the unknown data. External links http www.inference.phy.cam.ac.uk mackay itila book.html On line textbook Information Theory, Inference, and Learning Algorithms ... more details
Mergefrom Fibre Channel 8B 10B encoding date June 2009 In telecommunication s, 8b 10b is a line code that maps 8 bit Symbol data symbol s to 10 bit symbols to achieve DC bias DC balance and bounded disparity, and yet provide enough state changes to allow reasonable clock recovery . This means that the difference between the count of 1s and 0s in a string of at least 20 bits is no more than 2, and that there are not more than five 1s or 0s in a row. This helps to reduce the demand for the lower bandwidth limit of the channel necessary to transfer the signal. The code was described in 1983 by Al ... of the Commodore 2040 introduced in 1979. 8b 10b encoding is normally done entirely in link layer hardware. Because this encoding is 8 bit clean and transparency telecommunication transparent , upper ... where x ranges over 0 31 and y over 0 7. Standards using the 8b 10b encoding also define up to 12 ... 8b 10b encoding uses 10 bit symbols to encode 8 bit words, some of the possible 1024 10 bit, 2 sup ... twisted pair or optical receivers using automatic gain control. Encoding tables Note that in the following ... of encoding for following symbols. Each 6 or 4 bit code word has either equal numbers of 0s ... running disparity of the signal, the encoding engine selects which of the two possible 6 or 4 bit sequences ... encoding must be selected in order to avoid a run of five consecutive 0s or 1s when combined with the preceding ... code can t be used as it would result in chances for misaligned comma sequences. The alternate encoding ... stream. Example encoding of D31.1 class wikitable style text align center D31.1 for both running ... encoding finds application are PCI Express prior to v3.0 IEEE 1394b Serial ATA Serial Attached SCSI ... Radio Interface CPRI USB 3.0 Digital audio The encoding has found a heavy use in digital audio applications ... to Fourteen Modulation Exceptions Note that 8b 10b is the encoding scheme, not a specific code. While ... different method to do so. Notes reflist Bit encoding DEFAULTSORT 8b 10b Encoding Category ... more details
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