TOC right Encephalization is defined as the amount of brain mass exceeding that related Brain to body mass ratio to an animal s total body mass . Quantifying an animal s encephalization has been argued to be directly related to that animal s level of intelligence . Aristotle wrote in 335 B.C. Of all the animals, man has the brain largest in proportion to his size. ref name RussellNorvigAI Also, in 1871, Charles Darwin wrote in his book The Descent of Man No one, I presume, doubts that the large proportion which the size of man s brain bears to his body, compared to the same proportion in the gorilla or orang, is closely connected with his mental powers. ref name Darwin1871reprintp145 Williams ref name Williams citation author Williams, M.F. date April 2002 title Primate encephalization and intelligence journal Medical Hypotheses volume 58 pmid 12027521 issue 4 pages 284 290 url http www.sciencedirect.com science? ob ArticleURL& udi B6WN2 45WYMG6 9& coverDate 04 2F30 2F2002& alid 345187568& rdoc 1& fmt & orig search& qd 1& cdi 6950& sort d&view c& acct C000050221& version 1& urlVersion 0& userid 10&md5 cb9acecb46bd950701b34eb5bb5e94ee doi 10.1054 mehy.2001.1516 ref has recently argued that the most accurate means for quantifying the encephalization of humans and other adult primate species requires the use of Lapicque s universal exponent of 0.28 in Snell s equation of simple allometry . Since Lapicque s slope was derived from various vertebrate groups, this equation may potentially be universally applicable for determining relative adult vertebrate encephalization and intelligence. Encephalization may also refer to the tendency for a species toward larger brains through evolutionary time. Antropology Anthropological studies indicate that bipedal ism preceded encephalization .... last5 Jonxis first5 J. H. P. title Ecology and energies of encephalization in hominid evolution journal ... Encephalization quotients, Kleiber s Law, and statistical methods Category Evolutionary biology Category ... more details
class wikitable sortable align right style margin left 10px Species Encephalization quotient EQ ref name Roth2005 cite journal title Evolution of the brain and Intelligence author Gerhard Roth und Ursula Dicke journal TRENDS in Cognitive Sciences volume 9 issue 5 pages 250 date 2005 05 url doi 10.1016 j.tics.2005.03.005 accessdate 2011 02 12 pmid 15866152 ref Human 7.4 7.8 Bottlenose dolphin 4.14 ref name Marino cite journal last Marino first Lori title Cetacean Brain Evolution Multiplication Generates Complexity journal International Society for Comparative Psychology issue 17 pages 1 16 publisher The International Society for Comparative Psychology year 2004 url http www.cogs.indiana.edu spackled 2005readings CetaceanBrainEvolution.pdf format PDF accessdate 2010 08 29 ref Orca 2.57 3.3 ref name Marino ref name Marino2006 cite journal author Marino, L. and Sol, D. and Toren, K. and Lefebvre, L. year 2006 title Does diving limit brain size in cetaceans? journal Marine Mammal Science volume 22 issue 2 pages 413 425 url http biology.mcgill.ca faculty lefebvre articles Marinoetal 2006.pdf doi 10.1111 j.1748 7692.2006.00042.x ref Chimpanzee 2.2 2.5 Rhesus monkey 2.1 Whale 1.8 Elephant 1.13 2.36 ref Cite journal doi 10.1016 j.brainresbull.2006.03.016 last Shoshani first Jeheskel last2 Kupsky first2 William J. last3 Marchant first3 Gary H. title Elephant brain Part I Gross morphology, functions,comparative anatomy, and evolution journal Brain Research Bulletin volume 70 issue 2 pages 124 157 date 30 June year 2006 pmid 16782503 ref Dog 1.2 Cat 1.00 Horse 0.9 Sheep 0.8 Mouse 0.5 Rat ... Encephalization Quotient EQ , or encephalization level is a measure of relative brain size defined ... noted that if one looks at vertebrates with very low encephalization quotient s, their brains are slightly ... of cognitive abilities than EQ for primates at least. ref Overall Brain Size, and Not Encephalization ... Encephalization Brain to body mass ratio References references External links http www.tufts.edu ... more details
Letter NumberCombination EP ER DQ FQ wiktionary EQ may refer to Earthquake , or a seism E a de Queiroz , realistic and critical Portuguese writer Embarq NYSE stock symbol , a local exchange carrier in the United States Emotional quotient , a psychological measure Encephalization quotient , a value for the brain to body mass ratio English Qaballa , a system of numerology TAME airline IATA airline designator , an airline based in Quito, Ecuador eQ Bank , a Finnish bank EQ Recordings Equalization in audio processing Equals disambiguation Equality relational operator , used in computer programming for an equality operator Equation in mathematics Equatorial in geography Equestrianism , pertaining to horses or their riders Equivalent chemistry , a measurement unit used in chemistry EverQuest , a massively multiplayer online role playing game MMORPG disambig Category Initialisms cs EQ da EQ de EQ fa EQ fr EQ ko EQ it EQ sw EQ nl EQ ja EQ no EQ pl EQ fi Eq sv EQ zh EQ ... more details
of monash.edu.au ref Stephen Jay Gould noted that if one looks at vertebrates with very low encephalization ... abilities than brain to body mass ratio for primates at least. ref Overall Brain Size, and Not Encephalization ... 223831&Ausgabe 233218&ArtikelNr 102973&ContentOnly false ref See also Encephalization quotient Cranial capacity Encephalization References references External links http www.tufts.edu ... more details
Professor Robert Andrew Foley born 1953 is Director of the Leverhulme Centre for Human Evolutionary Studies and Leverhulme Professor of Human Evolution at the University of Cambridge . He was educated at Ardingly College and Peterhouse, Cambridge where he earned an MA and PhD in anthropology. He is a Fellow of King s College, Cambridge . Foley is the leading light of the Cambridge school in evolutionary biology which argues, within the context of the Out of Africa theory of human evolution human origins , for two waves of migrations by Homo sapiens . The competing Oxford school, championed by Stephen Oppenheimer , holds that there was just one migration across the Bab el Mandeb strait at the end of the Red Sea . The two schools also diverge on when they date the migrations. While the Oxford school places it around 85,000 years ago, before the Toba catastrophe theory Toba eruption 74,000 years ago, the Cambridge school believes the first migration occurred nearer to 60,000 years ago. This dispute should eventually be settled by the Genographic Project initiated by the National Geographic Society and IBM due to be completed in 2010. Publications citation last Foley first Robert last2 Dunbar first2 Robin authorlink Robin Dunbar date 14 October 1989 title Beyond the bones of contention journal New Scientist volume 124 issue 1686 pages 21 25 citation last Foley first R.A last2 Lee first2 P.C year 1991 title Ecology and energies of encephalization in hominid evolution journal Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B Biological Sciences volume 334 pages 223 232 External links http www.human evol.cam.ac.uk Members Foley foley.htm Robert A. Foley s homepage https www5.nationalgeographic.com genographic atlas.html The Genographic Project Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Foley, Robert ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1949 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Foley, Robert Category 1949 births Category Living peopl ... more details
Refimprove date May 2010 The term australopithecine refers generally to any species in the related genus genera Australopithecus or Paranthropus . These species occurred in the Plio Pleistocene era, and were bipedal and dentally similar to humans, but with a brain size not much larger than modern apes, lacking the encephalization characteristics of the genus Homo . ref name CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp45 They are classified within the Hominina subtribe of the Hominini tribe biology tribe . They appeared in the Pliocene Australopithecus , appeared about 4 million years ago Paranthropus , appeared about 2.7 million years ago. When used alone, the term refers to both genera together. Australopithecus is sometimes referred to as the gracile slender australopithecines , while Paranthropus are also called the robust australopithecines . ref name CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolGeneral A likely ancestor of the Australopithecines is the genus Ardipithecus genus, which lived in East Africa. The Homo genus Homo genus human s, appear about 2.4 million years ago with Homo habilis appear to be descended from australopithecine ancestors, more precisely from Kenyanthropus platyops branching off Australopithecus some 3.5 million years ago. An alternative possibility is the derivation of Homo directly from Ardipithecus with an as yet undiscovered link connecting Ardipithecus and Homo habilis existing in parallel to the Australopithecines in the period 4 to 2.5 million years ago. See also wiktionary Human taxonomy References reflist 2 refs ref name CambridgeDictHumBiol&Evolp45 citation date 2005 author Larry L Mai Marcus Young Owl M Patricia Kersting title The Cambridge Dictionary of Human Biology and Evolution page 45 place Cambridge & New York publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 978 0 521 66486 8 ref ref name CambridgeDictHumBiol&EvolGeneral Larry L Mai Marcus Young Owl M Patricia Kersting, 2005 . While there are spedific discussions of these terms, description and definition of is fo ... more details
Taxobox name Brown eared Woolly Opossum status LC status system iucn3.1 status ref ref IUCN2008 assessors Costa, L., Astua de Moraes, D., Brito, S., Soriano, P., Lew, D. & Delgado, C. year 2008 id 3648 title Caluromys lanatus downloaded 28 December 2008 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern ref trend unknown regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia infraclassis Marsupialia ordo Didelphimorphia familia Caluromyidae genus Caluromys subgenus Mallodelphys species C. lanatus binomial Caluromys lanatus binomial authority Ignaz von Olfers Olfers , 1818 subdivision ranks Subspecies subdivision Caluromys lanatus cicur Caluromys lanatus lanatus Caluromys lanatus nattereri Caluromys lanatus ochropus Caluromys lanatus orntus Caluromys lanatus vitalinus range map Brown eared Wooly Opossum area.png range map caption Brown eared Woolly Opossum range The Brown eared Woolly Opossum Caluromys lanatus , also known as the Western Woolly Opossum , is a woolly opossum species from South America . Its habitat is restricted to moist forests. Just like any other member of the Caluromys genus , the Brown eared Woolly Opossum is a strongly arboreal species of marsupial , differing from other Didelphidae opossums for having a comparatively large encephalization quotient and smaller litter size. The tail is long and heavy in more than half of its extension. It is omnivorous and feeds on fruits, nectar, invertebrates and small vertebrates. References reflist John F. Eisenberg and Kent H. Redford, 2000. Mammals of Neotropics Ecuador, Bolivia and Brazil. MSW3 Didelphimorphia id 10400014 page 3 Didelphimorphia C. marsupial stub Category Opossums Category Animals described in 1818 Category Mammals of South America Oppossum, Brown eared Category Mammals of Argentina Category Mammals of Bolivia Category Mammals of Brazil Category Mammals of Colombia Category Mammals of Ecuador Category Mammals of Guyana Oppossum, Brown eared Category Mammals of Paragua ... more details
Refimprove date November 2009 Cranial capacity is a measure of the volume of the interior of the cranium also called the braincase or brainpan of those vertebrates who have both a cranium and a brain . The most commonly used unit of measure is the cubic centimetre or cubic centimetre cc . The volume of the cranium is used as a rough indicator of the size of the brain, and this in turn is used as a rough indicator of the potential intelligence of the organism. However, larger cranial capacity is not always indicative of a more intelligent organism, since larger capacities are required for controlling a larger body, or in some cases are an adaptive feature for life in a colder environment Citation needed date February 2010 . Neurological functions are determined more by the organization of the brain rather than the volume.Individual variability is also important when considering cranial capacity, for example the average Neanderthal cranial capacity for females is 1300 cc and 1600 for males Stanford, 2009, 301 . In an attempt to use cranial capacity as an objective indicator of brain size, the encephalization quotient EQ was developed in 1973 by Harry Jerison. It compares the size of the brain of the specimen to the expected brain size of animals with roughly the same weight Campbell et al., 2006, 346 . This way a more objective judgement can be made on the cranial capacity of an individual animal. Examples of cranial capacity Orangutan s 275&ndash 500 cc Chimpanzee s 275&ndash 500 cc Gorilla s 340&ndash 752 cc Human s 1200&ndash 1850 cc Neanderthal s 1100&ndash 1900 cc Examples of early Hominidae hominid s class wikitable Taxon Size cc Number of specimens Age megannum Australopithecus afarensis align right 438 align center 4 3.6&ndash 2.9 Australopithecus africanus align right 452 align center 7 3.0&ndash 2.4 Paranthropus boisei align right 521 align center 1 2.3&ndash 1.4 Paranthropus robustus align right 530 align center 1 1.9&ndash 1.4 Homo ... more details
Taxobox name Bare tailed Woolly Opossum status LC status system iucn3.1 status ref ref IUCN2008 assessors Brito, D., Astua de Moraes, D., Lew, D., Soriano, P. & Emmons, L. year 2008 id 3649 title Caluromys philander downloaded 28 December 2008 Database entry includes justification for why this species is of least concern ref trend unknown image Caluromys philander Schreber.jpg image width 220px regnum Animalia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia infraclassis Marsupialia ordo Didelphimorphia familia Caluromyidae genus Caluromys subgenus Caluromys species C. philander binomial Caluromys philander binomial authority Carl Linnaeus Linnaeus , 10th edition of Systema Naturae 1758 subdivision ranks Subspecies subdivision Caluromys philander affinis Caluromys philander dichurus Caluromys philander philander Caluromys philander trinitatis range map Bare tailed Woolly Opossum area.png range map caption Bare tailed Woolly Opossum range Bare tailed Woolly Opossum Caluromys philander , also called the White eared Opossum is an opossum species from South America . It s range includes Bolivia , Brazil , French Guiana , Guyana , Suriname , Trinidad and Tobago and Venezuela . It is a species restricted only to moist forests. Like other members of the genus Caluromys , the Bare tailed Woolly opossum is a strongly arboreal species of marsupial , differing from other Didelphidae didelphid opossums in having a comparatively large encephalization quotient and smaller litter size. Its name comes from its naked, prehensile tail. It feeds on fruits, nectar, invertebrates and small vertebrates. Bare tailed woolly opossums actively climb through the upper canopy of trees as they look for fruit and insects. References reflist Cite book last Eisenberg first John F. authorlink coauthors Redford, Kent H. title Mammals of the Neotropics, Volume 3 The Central Neotropics Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil publisher University of Chicago Press date May 15, 2000 location pages 624 see pp. 79 80 url http boo ... more details
Opossum has one of the lowest Brain to body mass ratio encephalization quotient s of any marsupial. ref cite journal last Ashwell first K.W.S. authorlink title Encephalization of Australian and New ... more details
from its body size, is known as the encephalization quotient . When the mammalian brain increases ... though they have small brains. While humans have the largest encephalization quotient of extant ... more details
Orphan date October 2010 Dinosaur brains and intelligence are closely related subjects of study and sometimes points of contention for paleontologists. Dinosaurs were once regarded as being extremely stupid animals but have largely been appraised more generously since the Dinosaur Renaissance . This newfound optimism for dinosaur intelligence has led to highly exaggerated portrayals in pop cultural works like Jurassic Park. Paleontologists now regard dinosaurs as being very intelligent for reptiles, but generally not as smart as mammals. Some have speculated that if the K T Extinction event had not occurred, the more intelligent forms of small theropod may have eventually evolved human like levels of intelligence. Popular misconceptions of dinosaur neurology include the concept of a second brain regarding in the pelves of stegosaurs and sauropods. Dinosaur brain volume and encephalization quotient Traditional comparisons of brain volume to body mass in dinosaurs have estimated brain size as the volume of the endocast. ref name csaharicus endo allo 25 However, the brain of the modern reptile genus Sphenodon fills only about half of its endocranial volume. ref name csaharicus endo allo 25 26 Some paleontologists used this fifty percent estimate in their estimates of dinosaur brain volume. ref name csaharicus endo allo 25 Other workers have observed that details on the endocranial surface indicates that some fossil reptiles had brains that occupied a much larger portion of the endocranium. ref name csaharicus endo allo 26 Hans Larsson notes that the transition from reptiles to birds prevents using a set ratio from being a valid approach to estimating the volume of the endocranium occupied by a dinosaur s brain. ref name csaharicus endo allo 26 Theropod brains In a 2001 study of a Carcharodontosaurus saharicus endocast, Hans C. E. Larsson found that both C. saharicus and Allosaurus had a ratio of cerebrum to brain volume that lay within the 95 confidence limits of non a ... more details
, Plourde M, Stewart K, Crawford MA title Docosahexaenoic acid and shore based diets in hominin encephalization ... Encephalization A Rebuttal journal American Journal of Human Biology volume 19 issue 4 pages ... author Carlson BA, Kingston JD title Docosahexaenoic acid biosynthesis and dietary contingency Encephalization ... more details
and figures accessdate 2006 10 24 ref The brain to body mass ratio as distinct from encephalization ... for insulation is omitted. The encephalization quotient varies widely between species. The Orca Killer ... more details
journal 110487513 abstract accessdate 2009 12 ref C. apella has an encephalization quotient encephalization ratio greater than the hominid s except humans and a neocortex ratio that is almost ... more details
Biogenetic structuralism is a body of theory in anthropology . The perspective grounds discussions of learning, culture, personality and social action in neuroscience . The original book of that title Laughlin and d Aquili 1974 represented an interdisciplinary merger of anthropology, psychology and the neurosciences. It presented the view that the universal structures characteristic of human language and culture, cognition about time and space, affect certain psychopathologies, and the like were due to the genetically predisposed organization of the nervous system. It seemed to the authors preposterous that the invariant patterns of behavior, cognition and culture being discussed in various structuralist theories in anthropology, psychology and literary criticism could be lodged anywhere other than in the nervous system. After all, every thought, every image, every feeling and action is demonstrably mediated by the nervous system. Moreover, it seemed possible to develop a theoretical perspective that was non dualistic in modelling mind and body, was not reductionistic in the positivist sense i.e., that the physical sciences can give a complete account of all things mental cultural , and was informed by all reasonable sources of data about human consciousness and culture. In other words, no explanatory account of culture is complete without encompassing what we know about the structures in the nervous system mediating culture for example, music, which is a cultural universal mediated by demonstrable neurophysiological structures see Biomusicology . This project had to be lodged within an evolutionary frame due to 1 the evidence of dramatic encephalization found in the fossil record of extinct human ancestors, and the fact that cultural variation was conceived as the primary mode of human adaptation see Evolutionary neuroscience . Biogenetic structuralism explores the different areas of the nervous system that seem to have evolved during the course of hominid encephal ... more details
Homo , and was lacking in the first Hominidae hominid . In fact, hominid encephalization quotient is only 1.5 megaannum Ma more recent than that of some dolphin species. The encephalization ... more details
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