This section is linked from Elias delta codingGammacoding does not code zero or negative integers. One way of handling zero is to add 1 before coding and then subtract 1 after decoding. Another ...Eliasgamma code is a universal code data compression universal code encoding positive integers developed by Peter Elias . It is used most commonly when coding integers whose upper bound cannot be determined beforehand. Encoding To code a number Write it in binary numeral system binary . Subtract 1 from the number of bits written in step 1 and prepend that many zeros. An equivalent way to express the same process Separate the integer into the highest power of 2 it contains 2 sup N sup and the remaining N binary digits of the integer. Encode N in Unary numeral system unary that is, as N zeroes followed by a one. Append the remaining N binary digits to this representation of N . The code begins ... Decoding To decode an Eliasgamma coded integer Read and count 0s from the stream until you reach the first ..., 7, ... before coding. Exponential Golomb coding generalizes the gamma code to integers with a flatter power law distribution, just as Golomb coding generalizes the unary code. It involves dividing the number by a positive divisor, commonly a power of 2, writing the gamma code for one more than the quotient ... Lossless Compression Handbook publisher Elsevier year 2003 chapter Levenstein and EliasGamma Codes isbn 9780126208610 See also Elias delta codingElias omega coding Compression Methods DEFAULTSORT EliasGammaCoding Category Numeration Category Lossless compression algorithms Category Articles with example C code cs Eliasovo gama k dov n fr Codage gamma ko ja ru ... of the integer, with a value of 2 sup N sup , read the remaining N digits of the integer. Uses Gammacoding is used in applications where the largest encoded value is not known ahead of time, or to Data ... first Peter last Elias title Universal codeword sets and representations of the integers journal IEEE ... more details
Eliascoding is term used for one of two types of lossless coding schemes used in digital communications Shannon Fano Eliascoding , a precursor to arithmetic coding , in which probabilities are used to determine codewords Universal code data compression Universal coding using one of Elias three universal codes, each with predetermined codewords Elias delta codingEliasgammacodingElias omega coding Disambig cs Eliasovy k dy ... more details
4 sup 1 17 This code can be generalized to zero or negative integers in the same ways described in Eliasgammacoding Generalizations Eliasgammacoding . See also EliasgammacodingElias omega coding ...Elias delta code is a Universal code data compression universal code encoding the positive integers developed by Peter Elias . To code a number Write it in binary. Count the bits and write down that number of bits in binary X . Use the binary representation written in step 1 again, remove the leading bit and write down the remaining bits Y . Append the second binary representation Y to the first binary representation X . Count the bits written in step 2 X , subtract 1 from that number and prepend that many zeros. An equivalent way to express the same process Separate the integer into the highest power of 2 it contains 2 sup N sup and the remaining N binary digits of the integer. Encode N N 1 with Eliasgammacoding . Append the remaining N binary digits to this representation of N . The code begins class wikitable Number N N Encoding Implied probability 1 2 sup 0 sup 0 1 1 1 2 2 2 sup 1 sup 0 1 2 010 0 1 16 3 2 sup 1 sup 1 1 2 010 1 4 2 sup 2 sup 0 2 3 011 00 1 32 5 2 sup 2 sup 1 2 3 011 01 6 2 sup 2 sup 2 2 3 011 10 7 2 sup 2 sup 3 2 3 011 11 8 2 sup 3 sup 0 3 4 00100 000 1 256 9 2 sup 3 sup 1 3 4 00100 001 10 2 sup 3 sup 2 3 4 00100 010 11 2 sup 3 sup 3 3 4 00100 011 12 2 sup 3 sup 4 3 4 00100 100 13 2 sup 3 sup 5 3 4 00100 101 14 2 sup 3 sup 6 3 4 00100 110 15 2 sup 3 sup 7 3 4 00100 111 16 2 sup 4 sup 0 4 5 00101 0000 1 512 17 2 sup 4 sup 1 4 5 00101 0001 To decode an Elias delta coded integer Read and count zeroes from the stream until you reach the first one. Call this count of zeroes L . Considering the one that was reached to be the first digit of an integer, with a value of 2 sup L sup , read the remaining L digits of the integer. Call this integer N . Put a one in the first place of our final output, representing the value 2 sup N 1 sup . Read and append the following ... more details
Elias omega coding is a universal code data compression universal code encoding the positive integers developed by Peter Elias . Like Eliasgammacoding and Elias delta coding , it works by prefixing the integer with a representation of its order of magnitude in a universal code. Unlike those other two codes, however, Elias omega recursively encodes that prefix thus, they are sometimes known as recursive Elias codes . Omega coding is used in applications where the largest encoded value is not known ahead of time, or to Data compression compress data in which small values are much more frequent than large values. To code a number Put a 0 at the end of the representation. If the number to be encoded is 1, stop if not, add the binary numeral system binary representation of the number as a group to the beginning of the representation. Repeat the previous step, with the number of digits just written, minus 1, as the new number to be encoded. To decode an Elias omega coded integer Start with a variable N , set to a value of 1. Read the first group , which will either be a single 0 , or a 1 followed by N more digits. If it is a 0 , it means the value of the integer is 1 if it starts with a 1 , then N becomes the value of the group interpreted as a binary number. Read each successive group it will either be a single 0 , or a 1 followed by N more digits. If it is a 0 , it means the value ... 483003 Implementation in Python See also Elias delta codingEliasgammacoding Compression Methods DEFAULTSORT Elias Omega Coding Category Numeration Category Lossless compression algorithms fr ... power, 10 sup 10000 sup , is 33243 bits long under Elias delta coding , the same number is 33250 bits long. Interestingly, log2 10 sup 10000 sup is about 33219 bits, making Elias omega coding in this instance being only 0.07 short of being optimal. External references Peter Elias, Universal ... , describing the distribution of values for which this coding yields a minimum size code see ... more details
Move to Commons Convert to SVG graph This image compares Fibonacci, EliasGamma, and Elias Delta encoding schemes for bit usage. This image was creating using a C program I wrote to produce a table of encoding lengths for fibonacci, elias delta, and eliasgamma integer encoding methods binary encoding is also provided as a reference . The output was filtered through Excel to produce the image. Licensing PD self date July 2005 ... more details
Wiktionarypar codingCoding may refer to Channel coding in coding theory Line coding Computer programming The process of Statistical classification of information Coding social sciences Legal coding A coding strand of DNA is translated into a protein product Present progressive tense for Code Blue , which is a patient in Cardiac Arrest or Respiratory Arrest See also Code Encoding Entropy encoding Source coding Medical coding disambig ... more details
pp semi indef About Latin IPA Latin gamma other uses Unreferenced date December 2009 Wiktionary Greek Alphabet letter gammaGamma uppercase , lowercase Lang el is the third letter of the Greek ... Gamma include the Roman C and G and the Cyrillic letters Ge Cyrillic Ge and Ge with upturn Ghe . Uses Greek In isolation In Greek language Modern Greek , gamma represents either a voiced velar ... a voiced velar stop IPA . Before velars Before other velars , , k, kh, ks , gamma represents a velar nasal IPA in Modern as well as Ancient Greek. A double gamma represents the sequence ... Phonetic Alphabet , lowercase gamma IPA represents the voiced velar fricative . A lowercase gamma that lies above the baseline typography baseline rather than crossing it IPA represents the close mid back unrounded vowel . Math and science Lower case The lower case letter math gamma math is used as a symbol for gamma radiation in nuclear physics surface energy in materials science the Lorentz ... coefficient in thermodynamics The gyromagnetic ratio in electromagnetism gamma waves gamma oscillation in neuroscience gamma motoneurons Gamma Motor Neurons in neuroscience Gamma is a non International ... of an image is increased in gamma correction The Euler Mascheroni constant In mechanical engineering, specific weight The shear rate of a fluid is represented by a lower case gamma with a dot above it math dot gamma math Austenite also known as iron , a metallic non magnetic allotrope or solid solution of iron. Upper case The upper case letter math Gamma math is used as a symbol for In mathematics, the gamma function usually written as math Gamma math function is an extension of the factorial to complex number s In probability theory and statistics, the gamma distribution is a two parameter ... references in HTML HTML entities for uppercase and lowercase gamma are code & Gamma code and code & gamma code . Unicode class wikitable unicode description character Unicode HTML colspan 4 ... more details
For the prophet of the Hebrew Bible Elijah Other uses Infobox given name name Elias image imagesize caption ... thumb right The Prophet Elias , by Daniele da Volterra . Elias IPAc en lang l a s , IPA all ... language Greek name Unicode . Elias is also a common name in Lebanon and the Levant .... In the King James Version, Elias appears only in the texts translated from Greek rather than ... as Elijah even when the translation is from Greek. Elias is linguistically derived from Elijah or more ... Eliyahu is transcribed as Unicode Eliu rather than Unicode Elias and is not marked for case. Elijah oratorio Elias is also an oratorio about the prophet Elijah, composed by Felix Mendelssohn . Liturgical commemorations Image Prophet Elias Grk ikon.png thumb left 200px Elias on Mount ... language or translated their liturgies from the Greek, Elias is the form of the prophet ... which follow the Byzantine Rite . The feast day of saint Elias falls on July 20 of the Eastern Orthodox ... by a launching of fireworks by the general public. The full name of St. Elias in Lebanon translates to St. Elias the Living because it is believed that he did not die but rode his fiery ... with fireworks. Elias is also commemorated, together with all of the righteous persons of the Old ... . Elias with pagan origins The name Elias has links with the Religion in ancient Greece pagan Greek ... Russian icon of Elias being taken up into heaven in the fiery chariot, 16th century Pskov museum ... Greece, high peaks in many regions are named after Prophet Elias or . Alternatively ... its dominance. blockquote Helios the sun god became the prophet Elijah the Greek form is Elias and, as the ... had ... . ref blockquote Elias in Mormonism In Latter day Saint theology , the name title Elias is not always ... Smith, Jr. Joseph Smith , The spirit of Elias is first, Elijah second, and Messiah last. Elias ... of all Teachings of the Prophet Joseph Smith , p. 340 . People to whom the title Elias is applied ... more details
about a physics experiment other uses Gamma disambiguation GAMMA Experiment is a study of a Primary cosmic ray energy spectra and elemental composition abundances of the elements at energies 10 sup 15 sup 10 sup 18 sup Electronvolt eV so called knee energy region ref cite journal author A.P. Garyaka, R.M. Martirosov, S.V. Ter Antonyan, A.D. Erlykin, N.M. Nikolskaya, Y.A. Gallant, L.W. Jones, J. Procureur year 2008 title All particle primary energy spectrum in the 3 200 PeV energy range journal Journal of Physics G Nuclear and Particle Physics volume 35 issue 11 page 115201 doi 10.1088 0954 3899 35 11 115201 id arXiv 0808.1421 ref ref name Samo cite journal author A.P. Garyaka, R.M. Martirosov, S.V. Ter Antonyan, N. Nikolskaya, Y.A. Gallant, L. Jones, J. Procureur year 2007 title Rigidity dependent cosmic ray energy spectra in the knee region obtained with the GAMMA experiment journal Astroparticle Physics journal Astroparticle Physics volume 28 issue 2 page 169 doi 10.1016 j.astropartphys.2007.04.004 id arXiv 0704.3200 ref ref cite journal author S.V. Ter Antonyan year 2007 title Mutually compensative pseudo solutions of primary energy spectra in the knee region journal Astroparticle Physics journal Astroparticle Physics volume 28 issue 3 page 321 doi 10.1016 j.astropartphys.2007.06.004 id arXiv 0706.4087 ref b Galactic diffuse gamma ray intensity at energies 10 sup 14 sup 10 sup 15 sup eV ref cite journal author Romen M. Martirosov, Samvel V. Ter Antonyan, Anatoly D. Erlykin ... diffuse gamma ray flux at the energy about 175 TeV journal Proceedings of 31 st International Cosmic ... d Hard jets production at energies 10 sup 16 sup eV by the muon multi core shower events. Image Gamma Experiment diagrammatic layout.png 400px thumb GAMMA Experiment. GAMMA experiment is deployed on the South .... The elevation of the GAMMA facility is 3200 m above sea level, which corresponds to about 700 ... of shower muons with energy greater than 5 GeV. The results of GAMMA experiment for 2005 2007 ... more details
s Hz , i.e. the domain of binary signaling , the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math of a signal ... amplitude modulation PAM or 2× 2 Quadrature amplitude modulation QAM i.e. no coding . The nominal coding gain math gamma c A math is defined as math gamma c A d 2 min A over 4E b . math This definition is normalized so that math gamma c A 1 math for 2 PAM or 2× 2 QAM. If the average number of nearest neighbors per transmitted bit math K b A math is equal to one, the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math is approximately equal to the nominal coding gain math gamma c A math . However, if math K b A 1 math , the effective coding gain math gamma eff A math is less than the nominal coding gain math gamma c A math by an amount which depends on the steepness of the math P b E math vs ... coding gain math gamma eff A math of a signal set math A math at a given target error rate math P s E ... no coding . The nominal coding gain math gamma c A math is defined as math gamma c A 2 rho 1 d 2 min A over 6E s . math This definition is normalized so that math gamma c A 1 math for M PAM or M× M QAM. The UBE becomes math P s E approx K s A Q sqrt 3 gamma c A SNR norm , math where math K s A math ...In coding theory and related engineering problems, coding gain is the measure in the difference between ..., then we say the coding gain 4dB 2.5dB 1.5dB, due to the code used in this case BCH . Power limited ... bound estimate UBE math P b E approx K b A Q sqrt 2 gamma c A E b N 0 , math where math Q cdot math ... rho 2k n math and the nominal coding gain is kd n . Example The table below lists the nominal spectral efficiency, nominal coding gain and effective coding gain at math P b E approx 10 5 math for Reed Muller code s of length math n le 64 math class wikitable Code math rho math math gamma c math math gamma c math dB math K b math math gamma eff math dB 8,7,2 1.75 7 4 2.43 4 2.0 8,4,4 1.0 2 3.01 ... Notes sections 5.3, 5.5, 6.3, 6.4 Category Coding theory Category Error detection and correction ... more details
Levenstein coding , or Levenshtein coding , is a universal code data compression universal code encoding the non negative integers developed by Vladimir Levenshtein . ref cite web url http www.compression.ru download articles int levenstein 1968 on the redundancy and delay.pdf title 1968 paper by V. I. Levenshtein in Russian ref ref cite book title Variable length codes for data compression author David Salomon publisher Springer year 2007 isbn 9781846289583 page 80 url http books.google.com books?id 81AfzW6vux4C&pg PA80&dq 22Levenstein coding 22&hl en&ei tYKZTIfzKJScsQP 1eWpAw&sa X&oi book result&ct result&resnum 3&ved 0CDgQ6AEwAg v onepage&q&f false ref The code of 0 number zero is 0 to code a positive number Initialize the step count variable C to 1. Write the binary numeral system binary representation of the number without the leading 1 to the beginning of the code. Let M be the number of bits written in step 2. If M is not 0, increment C , repeat from step 2 with M as the new number. Write C 1 bits and a 0 to the beginning of the code. The code begins 0 0 1 10 2 110 0 3 110 1 4 1110 0 00 5 1110 0 01 6 1110 0 10 7 1110 0 11 8 1110 1 000 9 1110 1 001 10 1110 1 010 11 1110 1 011 12 1110 1 100 13 1110 1 101 14 1110 1 110 15 1110 1 111 16 11110 0 00 0000 17 11110 0 00 0001 To decode a Levenstein coded integer Count the number of 1 bits until a 0 is encountered. If the count is zero, the value is zero, otherwise Start with a variable N , set it to a value of 1 and repeat count minus 1 times Read N bits, prepend 1 , assign the resulting value to N The Levenstein code of a positive integer is always one bit longer than the Elias omega codingElias omega code of that integer. However, there is a Levenstein code for zero, whereas Elias omega coding would require the numbers to be shifted so that a zero is represented by the code for one instead. See also Elias omega coding Iterated logarithm References reflist Compression Methods DEFAULTSORT Levenshtein Coding Category Numeration ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The temporal coding is a type of neural coding which relies on precise timing of action potential s or inter spike interval s. Combined with traditional rate coding models, temporal coding can provide additional information with the same rate. There is no precise definition of temporal code. Actually almost any coding scheme that is not rate coding can be referred to as a temporal code. Unlike rate coding, the temporal coding model tries to account for short term stimuli producing a small number of spikes. For example, if a neuron is capable of firing at a maximum rate of 100 spikes per second, then a stimulus 10ms would likely elicit only a single spike. This model is especially important for sound localization , which occurs within the brain on the order of milliseconds. The discovery of spike timing dependent plasticity , where synaptic efficacy is modulated by the precise timing of spikes, provides strong evidence that temporal codes are used for cortical information transmission. It should not be confused with the coding of the temporal information. See also Sparse coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding Neural synchronization References Vanrullen, R., Guyonneau, R., and Thorpe, S. 2005 . Spike times make sense. Trends in Neurosciences , 28 1 1 4. Rullen, R. V. and Thorpe, S. J. 2001 . Rate Coding Versus Temporal Order Coding What the Retinal Ganglion Cells Tell the Visual Cortex. Neural Computation , 13 6 1255 1283. Dayan P, Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 0 262 04199 5 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 0 262 68108 0 Theunissen F, Miller ..., 2, 149 162 1995. Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Legal coding is the process of creating summary or keyword data from a document. It is widely used in the legal profession to create a fast search index or database of documents for use in litigation . Objective coding Objective coding is creating an index of Objectivity philosophy objective summary data from a document, and if discoverable , would include such information as dates, author, recipient and title. Subjective coding Subjective coding is the indexing of documents around subjectivity subjective data. This may be gleaned from templates, or more usually from a subjective reading by someone familiar with the topic. This is the more realiable way to determine factors such as importance of the document. External links http www.integra india.com litigation services.htm http www.intercomindia.com legal coding objective coding.html http www.intercomindia.com legal coding subjective coding.html http www.cchworkflow.com.au processing services coding.html DEFAULTSORT Legal Coding Category Legal citation Category Document management systems ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Notability Notability date December 2008 Diversity Coding is a particular technique for antenna diversity and is implemented by Space time code space time coding . Category Radio resource management wireless stub ... more details
Userspace draft source ArticleWizard date July 2010 Zen Coding is a set of Plug in computing plug ins for text editors that allow for high speed coding and editing in HTML , XML , Extensible Stylesheet Language XSL , and other structured code formats. The project was created by Sergey Chikuyonok in 2009 and continues to be actively developed by Chikuyonok and Zen Coding users. The tools have been incorporated into a number of high profile text editor s, some plug ins developed by the Zen Coding team and others implemented independently. However, Zen Coding is primarily independent from any text editor, as the engine works directly with text rather than with any particular software. ref http www.smashingmagazine.com 2009 11 21 zen coding a new way to write html code Smashing Magazine Zen Coding A Speedy Way To Write HTML CSS Code ref Zen Coding is an open source code distributed under an MIT License . Functions Expand abbreviations Zen Coding uses a specific syntax in order to expand small snippets of code, similar to CSS selectors, into full fledged HTML code. ref http mondaybynoon.com 2009 08 17 the art of zen coding bringing snippets to a new level Monday By Noon The Art of zen coding ... http www.downloadsquad.com 2010 04 30 if you code html zen coding will change your life Download ... tag for the tag at the current cursor position. Unlike other HTML pair matchers, Zen Coding searches ... 2009 11 21 zen coding a new way to write html code Smashing Magazine Zen Coding ... by the Zen Coding team Eclipse software Aptana Eclipse crossplatform . TextMate Mac . Coda web ... plug ins were developed by third party groups with the official Zen Coding engine Adobe Dreamweaver ... ins were developed independently and with a different Zen Coding engine IntelliJ IDEA WebStorm PHPStorm ... Reflist External links http code.google.com p zen coding Zen Coding Google Project Page http www.emeditor.com modules feature1 rewrite tc 37.html How to Use Zen Coding Category Application programming ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The rate coding model of neuron al firing communication states that as the intensity of a stimulus increases the frequency or rate of action potential s, or spike firing , increases. Rate coding is sometimes called frequency coding . This phenomenon was originally shown by Edgar Adrian ED Adrian and Y Zotterman in 1926. ref cite journal title The impulses produced by sensory nerve endings Part II The response of a single end organ. author Adrian ED & Zotterman Y. journal J Physiol Lond. year 1926 volume 61 pages 151 171 http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov pmc articles PMC1514782 ref In this simple experiment different weights were hung from a muscle . As the weight of the stimulus increased, the number of spikes recorded from sensory nerves innervating the muscle also increased. From these original experiments Adrian and Zotterman concluded that action potentials were unitary events, and that the frequency of events, and not individual event magnitude, was the basis for most inter neuronal communication. See also Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding References references Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 978 0 262 04199 7 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 978 0 262 68108 7 Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The sparse code is a kind of neural code in which each item is encoded by the strong activation of a relatively small set of neurons. For each item to be encoded, this is a different subset of all available neurons. As a consequence, sparseness may be focused on temporal sparseness a relatively small number of time periods are active or on the sparseness in an activated population of neurons. In this latter case, this may be defined in one time period as the number of activated neurons relative to the total number of neurons in the population. This seems to be a hallmark of neural computations since compared to traditional computers, information is massively distributed across neurons. A major result in neural coding from Olshausen et al. is that sparse coding of natural images produces wavelet like oriented filters that resemble the receptive fields of simple cells in the visual cortex. See also Rate coding Independent spike coding Correlation coding Population coding Grandmother cell References F ldi k P, Endres D, http www.scholarpedia.org article Sparse Coding Sparse coding , Scholarpedia , 3 1 2984, 2008. Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 0 262 04199 5 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 0 262 68108 0 B. A. Olshausen and D. J. Field. Emergence of simple cell receptive field properties by learning a sparse code for natural images. Nature, 381 6583 607 9, jun 1996. Category Neural coding neuroscience stub ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 The correlation coding model of neuron al firing claims that correlations between action potential s, or spikes , within a spike train may carry additional information above and beyond the simple timing of the spikes. It has been theoretically demonstrated that correlation between spike trains can only reduce, and never increase, the total mutual information present in the two spike trains about a stimulus feature. ref KO Johnson, J Neurophysiol. 1980 Jun 43 6 1793 815. ref Any degree of correlation reduces the total entropy thus, by Fisher information Fisher s Information Theorem , correlations can only reduce information. However, this does not prevent correlations from carrying information not present in the average firing rate of two pairs of neurons. A good example of this exists in the pentobarbital anesthetized marmoset auditory cortex, in which a pure tone causes an increase in the number of correlated spikes, but not an increase in the mean firing rate, of pairs of neurons. ref Nature. 1996 Jun 13 381 6583 610 3 ref Contrast this with independent spike coding . See also Rate coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Population coding References Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience Computational and Mathematical Modeling of Neural Systems . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 2001. ISBN 978 0 262 04199 7 Rieke F, Warland D, de Ruyter van Steveninck R, Bialek W. Spikes Exploring the Neural Code . Cambridge, Massachusetts The MIT Press 1999. ISBN 978 0 262 68108 7 references Category Neural coding neuroscience stub uk ... more details
unref date December 2007 Speech coding is the application of data compression of digital audio signals containing speech . Speech coding uses speech specific parameter estimation using audio signal processing techniques to model the speech signal, combined with generic data compression algorithms to represent the resulting modeled parameters in a compact bitstream. The two most important applications of speech coding are mobile telephony and Voice over IP . The techniques used in speech coding are similar to that in audio data compression and audio coding where knowledge in psychoacoustics is used ... coding, only information in the frequency band 400 Hz to 3500 Hz is transmitted but the reconstructed signal is still adequate for intelligibility. Speech coding differs from other forms of audio coding in that speech is a much simpler signal than most other audio signals, and much a lot more ... which is relevant in audio coding can be unnecessary in the speech coding context. In speech coding, the most important criterion is preservation of intelligibility and pleasantness of speech ... speech applications require low coding delay, as long coding delays interfere with speech interaction. Sample companding viewed as a form of speech coding From this viewpoint, the A law algorithm A law ... coding scheme is Code Excited Linear Prediction CELP coding, which is used for example in the GSM ... model. In addition to the actual speech coding of the signal, it is often necessary to use channel coding for transmission, to avoid losses due to transmission errors. Usually, speech coding and channel coding methods have to be chosen in pairs, with the more important bits in the speech data stream protected by more robust channel coding, in order to get the best overall coding results. The Speex .... Major subfields Wide band speech coding AMR WB for WCDMA networks VMR WB for CDMA2000 networks G.722 , G.722.1 , Speex and others for VoIP and videoconferencing Narrow band speech coding FNBDT for military ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date August 2006 att June 2008 Cover coding is a technique for obscuring the data that is transmitted over an insecure link, to reduce the risks of snooping. An example of cover coding would be for the sender to perform a bitwise Exclusive or XOR exclusive OR of the original data with a password or random number which is known to both sender and receiver. The resulting cover coded data is then transmitted from sender to the receiver, who uncovers the original data by performing a further bitwise Exclusive or XOR exclusive OR operation on the received data using the same password or random number. DEFAULTSORT Cover Coding Category Cryptography crypto stub ... more details
Network coding is a technique where, instead of simply relaying the Packet information technology packets ... flow network flow in a Network theory network . Network coding is a field of information theory and coding ..., Li, et al. proved that linear coding is enough to achieve the upper bound in multicast problems ref S. Li, R. Yeung, and N. Cai, Linear Network Coding http pdos.lcs.mit.edu decouto papers li03.pdf PDF ... Dougherty , Chris Freiling , and Ken Zeger showed that the linear coding is not sufficient in general ... coding , filter bank coding , etc. ref Dougherty, Freiling, and Zeger. Insufficiency of Linear Coding in Network Information Flow. http code.ucsd.edu zeger publications journals DoFrZe05 ... DoFrZe05 IT Insufficiency DoFrZe05 IT Insufficiency erratum.pdf ref Linear network coding In a Linear Network coding problem, a group of nodes math P math are involved in moving the data from math ... messages, a 100 improvement . Random network coding Random Network Coding relies on using random coding random code s at nodes for multicast or in cast networks. It was originally proposed in T. Ho, R. Koetter, M. Medard, D. R. Karger and M. Effros, The Benefits of Coding over Routing in a Randomized Setting 2003 IEEE International Symposium on Information Theory. In random network coding, interior ... processes. Coding aware routing The example of coding aware routing was first proposed in ROCX ... paths are 2 5 7 4 1, 1 4 7 6 3, and 3 9 8 2 respectively. Without coding, the total number of transmissions ... each other, there is only one coding opportunity at node 4 as node 1 and node 7 exchange ... transmission than the shortest path, it creates coding opportunities at nodes 5 and 6. This leads us to investigate the extent of gain possible when routing is performed with the awareness of coding opportunities. Applications Network coding is seen to be useful in the following areas Alternative ... XORs in The Air Practical Wireless Network Coding Bot generated title ref Coding aware routing ref ... more details
Universal Coding can refer to one of two concepts in data compression Universal code data compression , a fixed prefix code that, for any probability mass function , has a data compression ratio within a constant of the optimal prefix code Universal source coding , a data compression method that limit mathematics asymptotically approaches the data compression ratio of the optimal data compression method, e.g., LZ77 and LZ78 disambig ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Context date April 2008 Motion coding is a technique that can be viewed as extensions of the standard block matching techniques in other MPEG standard to image sequences of arbitrary shape. Advanced motion compensation such as overlapped motion compensation and coding of motion vectors for 8x8 blocks, could be used. Category Film and video technology design stub Compu stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In computing , hand coding means editing the underlying representation of a document or a computer program , when tools that allow working on more sophisticated representation also exist. Typically this means editing the source code , or the textual representation of a document or a program, instead of using a WYSIWYG editor that always displays an approximation of the final product. It may also mean translating the whole or parts of the source code into machine language manually instead of using a compiler or an automatic translator. The reasons to use hand coding include the ability to Use features or refinements not supported by the graphical editor or compiler Control the semantics of a document beyond that allowed by the graphical editor Produce more elegant source code to help maintenance and integration Produce better performing machine code than that produced by the compiler see optimization computer science optimization Avoid having to pay for expensive WYSIWYG Editors. Note that there are some open source editors available on the web, however. However, hand coding may require more expertise and time than using automatic tools. See also HTML Markup language Normal text editors provide an environment to edit a computer program with the help of right syntax. A programmer, with sufficient knowledge in a particular language can debug a program with the help of hand coding. DEFAULTSORT Hand Coding Category Computer programming Comp sci stub ... more details
Merge to Neural coding discuss Talk Neural coding Merger possibilities date July 2010 Population coding is a means by which information is coded in a group of neurons. In population coding, each neuron has a distribution of responses over some set of inputs, and the responses of many neurons may be combined to determine some value about the inputs. In one classic example in primary motor cortex, Georgopoulos and colleagues trained monkeys to move a joystick in one of several directions towards a target. ref Science. 1986 Sep 26 233 4771 1416 9 ref Neurons in primary motor cortex responded maximally during movements to their preferred direction, and their response decreased if the animal made movements towards directions increasingly different from the preferred direction. Kenneth Johnson originally derived that if each neuron represents movement in its preferred direction, and the vector sum of all neurons is calculated each neuron has a firing rate and a preferred direction , the sum points in the direction of motion. In this manner, the population of neurons codes the signal for the motion. This particular population code is referred to as population vector coding. This particular study divided the field of motor physiologists between Evarts upper motor neuron group, which followed the hypothesis that motor cortex neurons contributed to control of single muscles, and the Georgopoulos group studying the representation of movement directions in cortex. Typically an encoding function has a peak value such that activity of the neuron is greatest if the perceptual value is close ... of neurons. The Johnson Georgopoulos vector coding is an example of simple averaging. A more sophisticated ... none ref . Contrast this with sparse coding . See also Rate coding Temporal coding Sparse coding Independent spike coding Neural coding References Dayan P & Abbott LF. Theoretical Neuroscience ... Neural coding ... more details
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