primarysources date September 2010 Electromagnetism cTopic Electrostatics In physics , an electricfield surrounds electric charge electrically charged particles and time varying magnetic field s. This electric ... introduced the concept of an electricfield. The electricfield is a vector field with SI units of newton ... base units of the electricfield are kg m s sup 3 sup A sup 1 sup . The Field strength strength ... of the field amplitude. The electricfield is to charge as gravitational acceleration is to mass and force density is to volume. An electricfield that changes with time, such as due to the motion of charged particles in the field, influences the local magnetic field. That is, the electric and magnetic fields are not completely separate phenomena what one observer perceives as an electricfield ... is quantized. Definition The electricfield is defined as the force per unit charge that would be experienced ... astr.gsu.edu http hyperphysics.phy astr.gsu.edu hbase electric elefie.html Electricfield in Electricity ... by the particle q is its electric charge charge E is the electricfield wherein the particle is located Taken literally, this equation only defines the electricfield at the places where there are stationary ... q will alter the source distribution, which means the electricfield in the presence of q differs from itself in the absence of q . However, the electricfield of a given source distribution remains defined .... By this process, the electricfield created by a given source distribution is defined as the limit ... E lim q to 0 frac mathbf F q math This allows the electricfield to be dependent on the source distribution alone. As is clear from the definition, the direction of the electricfield is the same ... as quantified below , the electricfield tends to point away from positive charges and towards negative ... sub is the vacuum permittivity electric constant . The total E field due to a quantity of point charges ... Heading3 The ElectricField Chapter 23 of Frank Wolfs s lectures at University of Rochester ref ... more details
about Electricfield NMR EFNMR Earth s field NMR same acronym EFNMR Earth s field NMR Electricfield NMR EFNMR spectroscopy differs from conventional NMR in that a sample containing suitable Atomic nucleus nuclei is polarised by a strong dc electricfield instead of a constant magnetic field . The nuclei are stimulated perturbed by means of an alternating magnetic field, generated by passing an alternating current through a set of coils. The resulting magnetic resonance signal is small, and as in conventional NMR is typically sensed using a second set of coils and an amplifier. The shifting and splitting of spectral line s of atoms and molecules due to the presence of an external static electricfield is referred to as the Stark effect . See also Earth s field NMR NMR NMR spectroscopy Stark effect Category Nuclear magnetic resonance nuclear stub ... more details
Field Emission Electric Propulsion FEEP is an advanced electrostatic propulsion concept, a form of ion thruster , that uses liquid metal usually either caesium or indium as a propellant. A FEEP device consists of an emitter and an accelerator electrode. A potential difference of the order of 10 kV is applied between the two, which generates a strong electricfield at the tip of the metal surface. The interplay of electric force and surface tension generates surface instabilities which give rise to Taylor cone s on the liquid surface. At sufficiently high values of the applied field, ions are extracted from the cone tip by field evaporation or similar mechanisms, which then are accelerated to high velocities typically 100 km s or more . A separate electron source is required to keep the spacecraft electrically neutral. Due to its very low thrust in the newton unit micronewton to millinewton range , FEEPs are primarily used for microradian, micronewton attitude control on spacecraft , such as in the ESA NASA LISA Pathfinder scientific spacecraft. spacecraft propulsion External links http www.alta space.com index.php?page feep FEEP Field Emission Electric Propulsion at Alta SpA http mnemosyne.engin.umich.edu electric propulsion FEEP thrusters studied in the Nonequilibrium Gas and Plasma Dynamics Group at the University of Michigan Category Spacecraft propulsion it Propulsione elettrica a emissione di campo physics stub ... more details
In physics , the electric displacement field , denoted as math mathbf D math , is a vector field that appears in Maxwell s equations . It accounts for the effects of bound state free electric charge charges ... in dielectric s. In free space , the electric displacement field is equivalent to flux density , a concept ... of an electricfield E causes the bound charges in the material atomic atomic nucleus nuclei and their electron s to slightly separate, inducing a local electric dipole moment . The electric displacement field D is defined as math mathbf D equiv varepsilon 0 mathbf E mathbf P , math where math varepsilon ... cdot mathbf P . math P is a vector field whose divergence yields the density of bound charges math rho b math in the material. The electricfield satisfies the equation math nabla cdot mathbf E frac ... to an electricfield. If the wayward student were to assume the D field were entirely determined by the free charge, he or she would immediately conclude the electricfield were zero in such a material, but this is patently not true. The electricfield can be properly determined by using the above ..., which will, in turn, yield the electricfield. In a linear , homogeneous space homogeneous , isotropic dielectric with instantaneous response to changes in the electricfield, P depends linearly on the electric ... inside the medium. It may also depend upon the electricfield nonlinear materials and have a time ... the imposition of the electricfield and the resulting polarization of the material. In this case, P is a convolution of the impulse response susceptibility and the electricfield E . Such a convolution ... dielectric with permittivity math varepsilon math the electricfield between the plates is constant ... math . See also Polarization density Electric susceptibility Magnetizing fieldElectric dipole moment ... field at PhysicsForums Category Electric and magnetic fields in matter ar ca Despla ament ... density of the permanent and induced electric dipole moments in the material, called the polarization ... more details
Wikify date April 2010 Orphan date September 2008 ElectricField Proximity Sensing or EFPS is a sensory system that relies on the fact that an electricfield can be perturbed by the existence of a nearby object, provided it is at least slightly conductive. One type of EFPS is The People Detector. The People Detector is a is an micro electronic based device that can detect the presence of both moving and stationary objects through solid materials. Its ability to operate through any non conductive material permits complete invisibility. The sensor functions by detecting small changes in an ultra low power electromagnetic field generated between two remotely located antenna electrodes. Its range is adjustable from inches to over 12 feet. ref http www.bik.com ref Because EF sensors provide comparatively low amounts of data, they have the potential to provide several advantages over optical systems. Electricfield systems can be made smaller, lighter, and power efficient valuable qualities in an age of ever shrinking electronics such as palm and watch based computers . Since EF sensors penetrate non conducting materials, they can remain hidden allowing them to remain protected from weather. EFPS systems today are used in a wide variety of industrial and commercial applications, including automobile airbag systems to determine where passengers are seated , in advanced robotic manipulators to determine the properties of an object in the manipulator s grasp , and in home automation , to determine which rooms are occupied. This is the same sensing system that is used by the electric ... possible through electric fields. EF gradients as low as 5nV cm can be found in some saltwater weakly electric fish. ref Zimmerman, T., Smith, J., Paradiso, J., Allport, D., & Gershenfeld, N. 1995 . Applying ElectricField Sensing to Human Computer Interfaces. IEEE SIG . ref References reflist http ... to determine factors such shape, size, distance, velocity, and conductivity. The abilities of the electric ... more details
In atomic physics atomic , molecular physics molecular , and solid state physics , the electricfield gradient EFG measures the rate of change of the electricfield at an atomic nucleus generated by the electron ic charge distribution and the other nuclei. The EFG couples with the nuclear electric quadrupole moment of quadrupolar nuclei those with spin quantum number greater than one half to generate an effect which can be measured using several spectroscopic methods, such as nuclear magnetic resonance NMR , electron paramagnetic resonance EPR, ESR , nuclear quadrupole resonance NQR , M ssbauer spectroscopy or perturbed angular correlation PAC . The EFG is non zero only if the charges surrounding the nucleus violate cubic symmetry and therefore generate an inhomogeneous electricfield at the position of the nucleus. EFGs are highly sensitive to the electronic density in the immediate vicinity of a nucleus. This is because the EFG Operator physics operator scales as r sup &minus 3 sup , where r is the distance from a nucleus. This sensitivity has been used to study effects on charge distribution resulting from substitution, weak interactions, and charge transfer. Definition A given charge distribution of electrons and nuclei, &rho r , generates an electrostatic potential V r . The derivative of this potential is the negative of the electricfield generated. The first derivatives of the field, or the second derivatives of the potential, is the electricfield gradient. The nine components of the EFG are thus defined as the second spatial derivatives of the electrostatic potential, evaluated at the position of a nucleus math V ij frac partial 2 V partial x i partial x j . math For each nucleus, the components V sub ij sub are combined as a symmetric 3 × 3 matrix. Under the assumption that the charge distribution generating the electrostatic potential is external ... first Elton N coauthors Reiner J. Vianden date 1979 title The electricfield gradient in noncubic ... more details
The natural electricfield of the Earth refers to the planet Earth having a natural direct current DC electricfield or potential gradient from the ground upwards to the ionosphere . The static Fair weather condition fair weather electricfield in the atmosphere is 150 volt s per metre meter V m near ... capacitor hypothesis of the Earth s electricfield journal Pure Appl Geophys. month Nov Dec year ... DC electricfield. ref name Fews The natural field can be visualized as a spherical capacitor system ... and distinct element. Ground level variation At ground level, the natural DC electricfield ... C, Tselentis G title Periodic variations in the Earth s electricfield as earthquake precursors ... electricfield of identical frequency and related amplitude and phase. ref name ... electricfield instrument journal J Geomag Geoelectr. month year 1985 volume 37 issue pages 1115 ... name Webb Earthquake precursor main Earthquake precursor Variations in the natural electricfield ... constant of the natural electricfield of the Earth is about 120 s. ref name Montana cite journal author Monta J, Bergas J, Hermoso B title Naural electricfield measurements applied as a predictive ... 336 9 url http www.actapress.com PDFViewer.aspx?paperId 25044 ref The natural electricfield is recovered ... Earth s magnetic fieldElectricfield Electrosphere Electrostatics Electrostatic suspension Ionosphere ... charged, carrying 500,000 Coulomb s C of electric charge 500 kC , and is at 300,000 volt s V , 300 ... atmospheric electric circuit? journal J Geophys Res. month April year 2001 volume 106 ... s surface carries around 1 nC of electric charge per square meter. Ionosphere Image Atmosphere with Ionosphere.svg ... variation Short period variations in the fair weather field have been attributed to the movement of electrified ... electric potential gradient journal Quart J Res Meteorol Soc. month year 1956 volume 82 issue ... by a layer of negative charge distributed over the surface of the Earth. ref name Fews The electric ... more details
Disputed date April 2008 Cleanup confusing date March 2009 The electricfield integral equation is a relationship that allows one to calculate the electricfield intensity E generated by an electric current distribution J . Derivation We consider all quantities in the frequency domain, and so assume a time dependency math e jwt , math that is suppressed throughout. Begin with the Maxwell equations relating the electric and magnetic field an assume linear medium linear , wiktionary Homogeneous homogeneous media with Permeability electromagnetism permeability and permittivity math epsilon , math and math mu , math , respectively math nabla times textbf E j omega mu textbf H , math math nabla times textbf H j omega epsilon textbf E textbf J , math Following the third equation involving the divergence of H math nabla cdot textbf H 0 , math by vector calculus we can write any divergenceless vector ... , math We can now write what is called the electricfield integral equation EFIE , relating the electricfield E to the vector potential A math textbf E j omega mu textbf A frac 1 j omega epsilon ... of a scalar, hence math textbf E j omega mu textbf A nabla Phi math where math Phi math is the electric ... k 2 right G textbf r , textbf r prime , math Interpretation The EFIE describes a radiated field E given ... and design. It is a very general relationship that can be used to compute the radiated field ... whose boundary is located at infinity . For closed surfaces it is possible to use the Magnetic Field Integral Equation or the Combined Field Integral Equation , both of which result in a set of equations ... resonances. In scattering problems, it is desirable to determine an unknown scattered field math E s math that is due to a known incident field math E i math . Unfortunately, the EFIE relates the scattered field to J , not the incident field, so we do not know what J is. This sort of problem can be solved by imposing the boundary conditions on the incident and scattered field, allowing one to write ... more details
see also Electromagnetic shielding Screening is the damping of electricfield s caused by the presence of mobile electric charge charge carriers. It is an important part of the behavior of charge carrying fluid s, such as ionized gases classical Plasma physics plasma s and electrical conduction conduction electron s in semiconductor s and metal s. In a fluid composed of electrically charged constituent particles, each pair of particles interact through the Coulomb s law Coulomb force , math mathbf F frac q 1 q 2 4 pi epsilon 0 left mathbf r right 2 hat mathbf r math . This interaction complicates the theoretical treatment of the fluid. For example, a naive quantum mechanical calculation of the ground state energy density yields infinity, which is unreasonable. The difficulty lies in the fact that even though the Coulomb force diminishes with distance as 1 r , the average number of particles at each distance r is proportional to r , assuming the fluid is fairly isotropy isotropic . As a result, a charge fluctuation at any one point has non negligible effects at large distances. In reality, these long range effects are suppressed by the flow of the fluid particles in response to electric ... charge which cancels the electricfield produced by the electron. Only at short distances, inside the hole region, can the electron s field be detected. Electrostatic screening The first theoretical treatment ... screening. In each case the net electricfield does not fall off exponentially in space, but rather ... Coulomb interaction. For example, consider a fluid composed of electrons. Each electron possesses an electricfield which repels other electrons. As a result, it is surrounded by a region in which the density ... . Let denote the number density of electrons, and the electric potential . At first, the electrons ..., let the change in the electron density and electric potential be r and r respectively. The charge density and electric potential are related by the first of Maxwell s equations , which ... more details
In physics , photon induced electricfield poling is a phenomenon whereby a pattern of local electricfield orientations can be encoded in a suitable ferroelectric material , such as perovskite . The resulting encoded material is conceptually similar to the pattern of magnetic field orientations within the magnetic domains of a ferromagnet , and thus may be considered as a possible technology for computer storage media. The encoded regions are optically active have a varying index of refraction and thus may be read out optically. Patents, US 6028835 2 22 2000 US 6046973 4 4 2000 Encoding process The encoding process proceeds by application of ultraviolet light tuned to the absorption band associated with the transition of electrons from the valence band to the conduction band . During UV application, an external electricfield is used to modify the electricElectric dipole moment dipole moment of regions of the ferroelectric material that are exposed to UV light. By this process, a pattern of local electricfield orientations can be encoded. Technically, the encoding effect proceeds by the creation of a population inversion between the valence and conduction bands, with the resulting creation of plasmon s. During this time, ferroelectric perovskite materials can be forced to change geometry by the application of an electricfield. The encoded regions become optically active due to the Pockels effect . Decoding process The pattern of ferroelectric domain orientations can be read out optically. The refractive index of the ferroelectric material at wavelengths from near infrared through to near ultraviolet is affected by the electricfield within the material. A changing pattern of electricfield domains within a ferroelectric substrate results in different regions of the substrate having different refractive indices. Under these conditions, the substrate behaves as a diffraction ... related techniques http www.opticsexpress.org abstract.cfm?URI OPEX 13 21 8565 Electric polarization ... more details
In ultrafast optics , spectral phase interferometry for direct electricfield reconstruction SPIDER is an ultrashort pulse measurement technique. The basics SPIDER is an interferometric ultrashort pulse measurement technique in the frequency domain based on spectral shearing interferometry . Spectral shearing interferometry is similar in concept to lateral shearing interferometry, except the shearing is performed in the frequency domain. The spectral shear is typically generated by sum frequency mixing the test pulse with two different quasi monochromatic frequencies usually derived by chirping a copy of the pulse itself . The interference between the two upconverted pulses allows the spectral phase at one frequency to be referenced to the spectral phase at a different frequency, separated by the spectral shear the difference in frequency of the two monochromatic beams. In order to extract the phase information, a carrier fringe pattern is introduced, typically by delaying the two spectrally sheared copies with respect to one another. Theory There are two important specifications for filters time frequency response and amplitude phase response. A filter is said to be time or frequency stationary if its output is unaffected by the time or frequency of the input. A filter can also be classified as amplitude only or phase only depending on its response to the amplitude or phase of the input ... of the electricfield of an input pulse. Image Spider filter config.jpg thumb right 300px ... electricfield reconstruction.svg thumb The two arms in a spectral shearing interferometer are implemented ... for Direct ElectricField Reconstruction of Ultrashort Optical Pulses journal Opt. Lett. volume 23 issue ... of the ElectricField of Ultrashort Optical Pulses journal J. Opt. Soc. Am. B volume 13 ... a pulse, the field must be sampled by a certain number of spectrally sheared components. This sampling ... to obtain the spectral phase of the field. The spectral amplitude must be obtained by a separate ... more details
The Electric may refer to The Electric Blues Company , A backing band for former The Animals Animals keyboardist Alan Price Electric Slide , a four wall line dance Electric Cinema, Birmingham , the oldest running cinema in the UK disambig ... more details
Infobox album Name It s Electric Type live Cover It s Electric.jpg Artist Diamond Head band Diamond Head Released 2006 Recorded November 4, 2005 Genre Heavy metal music Heavy metal Length 142 mins Label Secret Films Producer Roger Lomas It s Electric is a Concert live CD from United Kingdom British Heavy metal music heavy metal band Diamond Head band Diamond Head . It features a live concert recorded at the London Astoria on November 4, 2005 during their All Will Be Revealed album tour, the first tour to feature Nick Tart on vocals for Diamond Head. The actual concert was held in celebration of the 25th anniversary of the emergence of the New Wave of British Heavy Metal . At the concert Diamond Head were supported by Praying Mantis band Praying Mantis , Witchfynde , Jaguar band Jaguar and Bronz . This concert was also later released as a DVD called To the Devil His Due , which contained footage of the making of the album and interviews with the band. Track listing Am I Evil intro It s Electric Give It To Me The Prince Mine All Mine Lightning To The Nations Fallen Angel To The Devil His Due Alimony I Can t Help Myself Sucking My Love Streets Of Gold Helpless Am I Evil? In The Heat Of The Night Line up Brian Tatler Guitar Nick Tart Singing vocals Karl Wilcox Drum kit drums Eddie Chaos Moohan Bass Guitar Adrain Mills Guitar Category Diamond Head albums Category 2006 live albums ... more details
Wiktionarypar fieldField may refer to TOCright Field surname Places Field, British Columbia , Canada Field, Minneapolis , Minnesota, United States Field, Ontario , Canada Field Island , Nunavut, Canada Mount Field disambiguation Expanses of open ground Field agriculture Playing field , used for sports or games Meadow , an untilled field Aerodrome , an air field Science and mathematics Field mathematics , type of algebraic structure Field physics , mathematical construct for analysis of remote effects Field geography , with a definition similar to that of physics but in a different context and using unique models and methods Field computer science , a smaller piece of data from a larger collection e.g., database fields Field programmability , an electronic device s capability of being reprogrammed with new logic Field of sets , a mathematical structure of sets in an abstract space Electricfield , term in physics to describe the energy that surrounds electrically charged particles Magnetic field , force produced by moving electric charges Electromagnetic field , combination of an electricfield and magnetic fieldField winding or field magnet, the stator of an electric motor Field of heliostat s, an assembly of heliostats acting together Sociology and politics Field Bourdieu , a sociological ... by various species of capital Field Department , the division of a political campaign tasked with organizing local volunteers and directly contacting voters Sexual field , a term that describes systems of objective relations within collective sexual life Other technical uses Field video , one half of a frame in an interlaced display Field heraldry , the background of a shield Field, in flag terminology , the background of a flag Other Field of study , a branch of knowledge Field of view , the area of a view imaged by a lens Field of use , the subject matter of a patent license limited to some but not all uses of the invention Visual field , the part of the field of view which can be perceived ... more details
About the shopping centre in Denmark the Canadian chain of department stores Fields department store Image Fields 2005 syd.jpg thumb 300px Field s seen from the south next to the tall Ferring Building Field s is the biggest shopping mall shopping centre in Denmark and one of the largest in Scandinavia . It is located in restad , Copenhagen , close to the European route E20 E20 motorway and restad station on the Copenhagen Metro . It takes 10 minutes from restad station to the city centre Kgs. Nytorv . Alternatively, it takes 7 minutes by regional trains on a direct railway link to the central station K benhavn H . Facts about Field s One of the largest shopping and entertainment centres in Scandinavia, Owned by Steen & Str m Danmark A S, Designed by Arkitektfirmaet C. F. M ller , Evenden and Haskolls, Opening date 9 March 2004, Size 115,000 m , Size of shopping area 65,000 m , More than 140 retailers 20 caf s and restaurants, 2,500 employees and 3,000 parking spaces. Field s opened on March 9, 2004, with more than 250,000 customers visiting the centre during its first week in business. Field s occupies more than 115,000 m under one roof and features a total of approx. 150 stores, with more than 70 specialising in clothing, fashion or footwear. Denmark s second largest shopping centre is Roseng rdcentret in Odense . External links http www.fields.dk default.asp?PageID 181 Field s English http www.fields.dk Field s Danish Coord 55 37 49 N 12 34 40 E type landmark region DK display title This article is a translation of da Field s the corresponding article on the Danish Wikipedia, accessed December 12, 2006. Category Shopping centres in Denmark Denmark company stub da Field s nl Field s pl Field s sv Field s ... more details
otheruses Infobox film name The Field image Fieldposter.jpg caption Theatrical release poster based on Based on The Field John B. Keane screenplay Jim Sheridan starring Richard Harris br John Hurt br Sean Bean br Brenda Fricker br Frances Tomelty br and br Tom Berenger director Jim Sheridan producer Noel Pearson distributor Avenue Pictures released Film date df y 1990 12 20 runtime 110 minutes country Film Ireland language English The Field is a play written by John B. Keane , first performed in 1965. It was adapted into a film in 1990 by Jim Sheridan . It tells the story of the hardened farmer Bull McCabe and his love for the land he rents. The play debuted at Dublin s Olympia Theatre, Dublin Olympia Theatre in 1965, with Ray McAnally as The Bull and Eamon Keane as The Bird O Donnell. The play was published in 1967 by Mercier Press. A new version with some changes was produced in 1987. Plot The Field is set in a small country village in southwest Ireland. Bull McCabe has spent many hard years of labour turning the rocky land he rents from the widow Maggie Butler into a field suitable for grazing cattle. He has always considered the land his own, and dreams of buying it Butler decides to sell the land at public auction . The McCabes intimidate most of the townspeople out of bidding ... England, where he has lived for many years, with his own plans for the field. An encounter between ... for having lost their connection to the land. The ending was also changed for the film. The Field was released to generally good reviews, ref http www.rottentomatoes.com m field ?critic columns Rottentomatoes.com ... Irish cinema the 32p stamp featured an image from The Field of actors Harris, Bean, and Hurt ...&products id 99 The Field . mercierpress.i.e. Retrieved January 26, 2009. External links IMDb title 0099566 The Field Jim Sheridan DEFAULTSORT Field Category 1965 plays Category 1990 films Category Irish ... Category Irish plays es El prado eu The Field filma fr The Field film, 1990 it Il campo pl Pole ... more details
Electric monopole , or object with non zero divergency of electrical field may refer to Electric charge Magnetic monopole non zero divergency of magnetic field Disambig ... more details
Electromagnetism cTopic Electrostatics In electromagnetism , electric flux is the flux of the electricfield . Electric flux is proportional to the number of electricfield line s going through a virtual surface. The electric flux math d Phi E , math through a small area math d mathbf A math is given by math d Phi E mathbf E cdot d mathbf A math the electricfield, E , multiplied by the component of area perpendicular to the field . The electric flux over a surface S is therefore given by the surface integral math Phi E int S mathbf E cdot d mathbf A math where E is the electricfield and d A is a differential area on the closed surface math S math with an outward facing surface normal defining its direction. For a closed Gaussian surface , electric flux is given by math Phi E oint S mathbf E cdot d mathbf A frac Q S epsilon 0 math where Q sub S sub is the net Electric charge charge enclosed by the surface including both free charge free and bound charge , and sub 0 sub is the electric constant . This relation is known as Gauss law for electricfield in its integral form and it is one of the four Maxwell s equations . It is important to note that while the electric flux is not affected by charges that are not within the closed surface, the net electricfield, E , in the Gauss Law equation, can be affected by charges that lie outside the closed surface. While Gauss Law holds for all situations, it is only useful for by hand calculations when high degrees of symmetry exist in the electricfield. Examples include spherical and cylindrical symmetry. Electrical flux has SI units ... 2 sup C sup 1 sup . Thus, the SI base units of the electric flux are kg m sup 3 sup s sup 3 sup A sup 1 sup . See also Magnetic flux External links http hyperphysics.phy astr.gsu.edu Hbase electric gaulaw.html c3 Electric flux HyperPhysics Category Electrostatics Category Physical quantities ar ... fluxus nl Elektrische flux ja pl Strumie elektryczny ro Flux electric sq Fluksi elektrik ... more details
other uses In simplest case, electric torque is the force heating water in the microwave oven . Variable electricfield cause water molecule s to periodically align dipole vector with the field vector . Energy absorbed by molecule during alignment is ultimately converted to heat energy . physics stub Category Electromagnetism Category Chemical properties Category Fundamental physics concepts ... more details
An Electric sail also called electric solar wind sail or E Sail is a proposed form of spacecraft propulsion using the dynamic pressure of the solar wind as a source of thrust. It uses an electricfield ... an electricfield on small wires. http www.wipo.int pctdb en wo.jsp?WO 2007099201 . To test the technology a new European Union backed electric sail study project is underway. http www.popsci.com technology article 2010 12 eu backed electric sail could be fastest man made device ever built The EU ... an electricfield is created around the wires. The electricfield of the wires extends a few dozen metres into the surrounding solar wind plasma. Because the solar wind electrons react on the electricfield similarly to the photons on a traditional solar sail , the functional radius of the wires is based on the electricfield that is generated around the wire rather than the actual wire itself. This fact also makes it possible to maneuver a ship with an electric solar wind sail by regulating the electric charge of the wires. A full sized operational electric solar wind sail would have 50 100 ... components of the electric sail. The research project called E Sail involves five European ... in its category. http www.electric sailing.fi The electric solar wind sail could enable faster and cheaper ... resources. http www.physorg.com news 2010 12 eu electric solar.html The working principles of the electric ... The electric sail consists of a number of thin, long and conducting tether s which are kept in a high ... individually, the attitude of the spacecraft can be controlled. Intrinsic limitations The electric sail ... slower Plasma physics plasma flows and magnetic field s. While modest variation of the thrust direction ... in a thrusting angle of 30 from the outward radial direction http www.electric sailing.fi . Electric solar wind sail The electric solar wind sail has little in common with the traditional solar ... time than 1 hour spacecraft propulsion References Reflist Janhunen, P., Electric sail for spacecraft ... more details
Objects may possess a property known as an electric charge. An electricfield exerts a force on charged ... direction of the electricfield. If the charged object has a positive charge, the force and acceleration will be in the direction of the field. This force has the same direction as the electricfield vector , and its magnitude is given by the size of the charge multiplied with the magnitude of the electricfield. Classical mechanics explores the concepts such as Force physics force , energy , potential .... The potential of an electricfield is called the electric potential. The synonymous term electrostatic ... s. In electrostatics The electric potential at a point r in a static electricfield E is given by the line ... but only on its endpoints. In this case, the electricfield is conservative vector field conservative ... nowrap &nabla × E 0 , i.e., in the case of a nonconservative electricfield caused by a changing magnetic field see Maxwell s equations . The generalization of electric potential to this case ... field simply in terms of a scalar potential V because the electricfield is no longer conservative ...Electromagnetism cTopic Electrostatics In classical electromagnetism , the electric potential denoted by , sub E sub or V also called the electrostatic potential at a point in space is the electric potential energy divided by electric charge charge associated with a static time invariant electricfield . Typically measured in volt s, the electric potential is a scalar physics scalar quantity equivalent to a joule per coulomb . There is also a generalized electric scalar potential that is used in electrodynamics when time varying electromagnetic fields are present. This generalized electric ... energy. For certain forces, it is possible to define the potential of a field such that the potential energy of an object due to a field is dependent only on the position of the object with respect to the field. Those forces must affect objects depending only on the intrinsic properties of the object ... more details
Image Edison1.jpg thumb 200px Thomas Edison on his 1903 Electric Studebaker Image Studebus.jpg thumb 200px Bus Omnibus Electric Bus made by Studebaker. Image 1903stud1.jpg thumb 200px Studebaker electric vehicle ad. Image 1905StudebakerElectricAd1.jpg thumb 200px 1905 Electric Studebaker 1905 electric vehicle ad. The Studebaker Electric was an automobile produced by the Studebaker Brothers Manufacturing Company of South Bend, Indiana , a forerunner of the Studebaker Studebaker Corporation . The battery powered cars were sold from 1902 to 1912. Studebaker entered into the automobile manufacturing field in 1898 when Fred Fish lawyer Frederick S. Fish , as chairman of the executive committee, ref name Longst cite book title A Century on Wheels The Story of Studebaker last Longstreet first Stephen publisher Henry Holt and Company location New York id 1st edn., 1952 page 121 ref rp p.66 persuaded the board to supply 4,000 for the development of an electric vehicle . However, lacking the board s full support, the project yielded one car. The company did, however, enter into the field of producing bodies for electric taxis through Albert Augustus Pope s Electric Vehicle Company. Studebaker formally began production in earnest in 1902, and the company chose battery powered electric vehicles ... in 1904. Fish realized early on that Studebaker s future did not rest in the limited electric car, but in the gasoline powered automobile. Studebaker s field of expertise was in body building and product ... would then be distributed through Studebaker wagon dealers. Still, Studebaker continued to build electric ... of electric cars stopped. An official announcement from the newly re incorporated Studebaker Corporation stated The production of electric automobiles at South Bend has ended. . . It has been conducted ... vehicles Electric Category First automobile made by manufacturer Category Battery electric vehicles de Studebaker Electric it Studebaker Electric sco Studebaker Electric ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 Image Stator and rotor by Zureks.JPG thumb right Rotor lower left and stator upper right of an electric motor Image Hoover dam rotor.jpg thumb Rotor from Hoover Dam generator The rotor is the non stationary part of a rotary electric motor , electric generator or alternator , which rotates because the wires and magnetic field of the motor are arranged so that a torque is developed about the rotor s axis. In some designs, the rotor can act to serve as the motor s Armature electrical engineering armature , across which the input voltage is supplied. The stationary part of an electric motor is the stator . A common problem is called cogging torque . See also Armature electrical engineering Balancing machine Commutator electric Electric motor Field coil Rotordynamics Stator DEFAULTSORT Rotor Electric Category Electric motors electric power stub ar az Rotor be be x old bs Rotor elektrotehnika bg ca Rotor da Rotor de Rotor et Rootor elektrotehnika es Rotor m quina el ctrica eo Rotoro fa fr Rotor gl Rotor el ctrico hr Rotor elektrotehnika io Rotoro elektro it Rotore elettrotecnica nl Rotor elektromotor ja no Rotor maskindel pl Wirnik pt Rotor ru sr sv Rotor tr Rotor vi Rotor zh ... more details
Image Electric Theatre, Guildford.JPG thumb 350px right The Electric Theatre, viewed from across the River Wey . The Electric Theatre is a theatre located in Guildford , Surrey , England , which has gained a widespread reputation for promotion of the musical arts at all levels from community workshops to concerts by internationally well known artists. ref http www.thestage.co.uk The Stage The website for the entertainment industry Theatre, performing arts, TV and radio Bot generated title ref The theatre is housed in a former electricity works which used to provide power to Guildford town centre. The works lay dormant from 1968 until the building s potential as a theatre was recognised 1997 saw the opening of The Electric Theatre in the converted premises. The Theatre is funded and managed by Guildford borough Guildford Borough Council using professional staff with physical and financial support from volunteers. The Electric Theatre has become a major regional attraction, ref http www.ukattraction.com south east england the electric theatre.htm The Electric Theatre, Guildford South East England UK Attraction Bot generated title ref hosting a youth theatre and festivals such as the Guildford Book Festival and the International Music Festival which alternates years with the Guildford ... 10thBirthdayCelebrations Guildford Borough Council website ref Additionally, The Electric Theatre ... the Electric Voices brand and include world renowned acts such as Dick Gaughan , the Copper Family , Ashley Hutchings , Bill Caddick , Coope Boyes and Simpson and many other leading musicians in this field. The celebrated guitarist Eric Roche who taught Newton Faulkner recorded a live DVD at the Electric Theatre in May 2003, Eric Roche in concert at The Electric Theatre DVD Eric Roche in concert at The Electric Theatre, Guildford . ref http www.acousticmasters.com AcousticMasters DVD.htm Acoustic ... http homepage.ntlworld.com borodance evhome.htm Electric Voices http www.gsmf.co.uk index.html Guildford ... more details
the magnitude of the induced dipole moment p of an individual molecule to the local electricfield ... from the local electricfield math E local math is given by math mathbf p varepsilon 0 alpha mathbf E local math This introduces a complication however, as locally the field can differ significantly from the overall applied field. We have math mathbf P Np N varepsilon 0 alpha mathbf E local , math ... contributing to the polarization. Thus, if the local electricfield is parallel to the ambient electricfield, we have math frac chi e N alpha frac mathbf E local mathbf E math Thus only if the local field equals the ambient field can we write math chi e N alpha math Dispersion and causality In general, a material cannot polarize instantaneously in response to an applied field, and so the more general ... E t , dt . math That is, the polarization is a convolution of the electricfield at previous times with time ... only depend on the electricfield at previous times i.e. math chi e Delta t 0 math for math Delta t 0 ...unreferenced date November 2010 The electric susceptibility sub e sub latin susceptibilis receptiveness of a dielectric material is a measure of how easily it polarization density polarizes in response to an electricfield . This, in turn, determines the electric permittivity of the material and thus influences many other phenomena in that medium, from the capacitance of capacitors to the speed of light . It is defined as the constant of proportionality which may be a tensor relating an electricfield E to the induced dielectric polarization electrostatics polarization density P such that math mathbf P varepsilon 0 chi e mathbf E , math where math , varepsilon 0 math is the Vacuum permittivity electric permittivity of free space . The susceptibility of a medium is related to its relative ... in the medium by the Clausius Mossotti relation . The electric displacement D is related to the polarization ... Kubo relations Category Electric and magnetic fields in matter Category Physical quantities ar ... more details
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