Datarate can refer to Bit rate , or data transfer rateData signaling rateDatarate units See also Baud rate Channel capacity Throughput Bandwidth computing disambig everything in this page is falsified Long comment to prevent listing on Special Shortpages........................................................................... more details
In telecommunication , effective data transfer rate is the average number of units of data , such as bits, characters, blocks, or frames, transferred per unit time from a source and accepted as valid by a Sink computing sink . Note The effective data transfer rate is usually expressed in bits, characters, blocks, or frames per second. The effective data transfer rate may be averaged over a period of seconds, minutes, or hours. References FS1037C MS188 Category Telecommunications terms Category Units of information telecomm stub ... more details
Expert subject Telecommunications date November 2008 In telecommunication , data signaling rate DSR , also known as gross bit rate , is the aggregate rate at which data pass a point in the transmission telecommunications transmission data link path of a data transmission system . Notes The DSR is usually expressed in bits per second . The data signal information theory signaling rate is given by math sum i 1 m frac log 2 n i T i math where m is the number of parallel channels, n sub i sub is the number of significant conditions of the modulation in the i th channel communications channel , and T sub i sub is the Unit interval data transmission unit interval , expressed in seconds, for the i th ... rate is 2400 bit s on the serial communications serial input side, but the modulation rate is only 1200 bauds on the 4 phase output side. Transmission DataRate Terminology class wikitable style text align center border 1px DataRate Abbreviation Lower Upper Extremely Low DataRate ELDR 300 bit s 3 kbit s Very Low DataRate VLDR 3 kbit s 30 kbit s Low DataRate LDR 30 kbit s 300 kbit s Medium DataRate MDR 300 kbit s 3 Mbit s High DataRate HDR 3 Mbit s 30 Mbit s Very High DataRate VHDR 30 Mbit s 300 Mbit s Ultra High DataRate UHDR 300 Mbit s 3 Gbit s Super High DataRate SHDR 3 Gbit s 30 Gbit s Extremely High DataRate EHDR 30 Gbit s 300 Gbit s Based upon proposal from davisnetworks.com. 1 Mbit s is defined as 1,000,000 bits per second signal datarate OSI Layer 1 . DataRate and Standard class wikitable DataRate Standard 155 Mb s OC 3 622 Mb s OC 12 1063 Mb s Fibre Channel ... FEC 11.300 Gb s 10 G Fibre Channel See also Bit rate Bandwidth computing Baud Line rate Maximum user signaling rate Transfer rate References FS1037C Category Data transmission Category Units of measure ... rate expressed in bauds. signal information theory Signal processors, such as four Phase waves phase modems, cannot change the DSR, but the modulation rate depends on the telephone line line ... more details
Quad datarate or quad pumping is a communication signaling technique wherein data are transmitted at four points in the clock cycle on the rising and falling edges, and at two intermediate points between them. The intermediate points are defined by a 2nd clock that is 90 out of phase waves phase from the first. The effect is to deliver four bits of data per signal line per clock cycle. In a quad datarate system, the data lines operate at twice the frequency of the clock signal. This is in contrast to double datarate systems where the clock and data lines operate at the same frequency. QDR technology was introduced by Intel in their Pentium 4 Willamette Willamette core Pentium 4 Central processing unit CPU , and is currently employed in their Intel Atom Atom , Pentium 4 , Celeron , Pentium D , and Core 2 Central processing unit Processor ranges. This technology has allowed Intel to produce chipsets and microprocessors that can communicate with each other at data rates expected of the traditional Front side bus FSB technology running from 400 Megatransfer MT s to 1600 Megatransfer MT s, while maintaining a lower and thus more stable actual clock frequency of 100 MHz to 400 MHz. File Quad Pumping.png center See also Double datarate Pumping computer systems Category Digital electronics Compu hardware stub fr Quad datarate it Quad pumped es Quad DataRate ... more details
refimprove date July 2009 In computing , a computer bus operating with double datarate transfers data on both the rising and falling edges of the clock signal ref cite book url http books.google.com ?id pqYl3SWkA64C&pg PA314&dq 22double datarate 22 isbn 0123704901 author John L. Hennessy, David A. Patterson with contributions by Andrea C. Arpaci Dusseau ... year 2007 publisher Morgan Kaufmann location Amsterdam title Computer architecture a quantitative approach ref . This is also known as double ... frequency . By using both edges of the clock, the data signals operate with the same limiting frequency, thereby doubling the data transmission rate. This technique has been used for microprocessor .... An alternative to double or Quad datarate quad pumping is to make the link self clocking ... generally talks about 500 MHz, double datarate or 1000 MT s , but people will refer casually to a 1000 ... s data transfer rate , and a 64 bit 8 byte wide DIMM operated at that datarate is called PC 1600, after .... Note that DDR SDRAM only uses double datarate signalling telecommunications signalling on the data ... using double datarate. Notes references See also DDR SDRAM , DDR2 SDRAM , and DDR3 SDRAM which all use DDR signalling Quad datarate Pumping computer systems Category Digital electronics Category Clock signal de Double DataRate eu Double DataRate fr Double datarate no Double DataRate pt Double datarate ..., requires that the clock signal changes twice per transfer, while the data lines change at most ... with high data transfer speed requirements e.g. for the output of analog to digital converter s ADC s ref see for example Analog Devices AD9467 ADC http www.analog.com static imported files data sheets AD9467.pdf data sheet ref . DDR should not be confused with Dual channel architecture dual channel ... of referring to the bus bandwidth in megabytes per second , the product of the transfer rate and the bus ... more details
Quad DataRate QDR SRAM is a type of static RAM computer memory that can transfer up to four words of data in each clock signal clock cycle. Like DDR SDRAM Double DataRate DDR SDRAM , QDR SRAM transfers data on both rising and falling edges of the clock signal. The main purpose of this capability is to enable reads and writes to occur at high clock frequencies without the loss of bandwidth due to bus turnaround cycles incurred in DDR SRAM. QDR SRAM uses two clocks, one for read data and one for write data and has separate read and write data buses also known as Separate I O , whereas DDR SRAM uses a single clock and has a single common data bus used for both reads and writes also known as Common I O . This helps to eliminate problems caused by the propagation delay of the clock wiring, and allows ... , then NEC , Samsung and Renesas . Quad DataRate II Memory is currently being designed by Cypress Semiconductor ... the read address, A The second rising edge of K puts the data word, from address A, on the Data Out bus The next rising edge of K puts the next data word, from address A 1, on the Data Out bus External links http www.elecdesign.com Articles ArticleID 1153 1153.html Quad DataRate Description Electronic ... still has a conventional single port operations are pipelined but sequential . When all data I O ... cycles are lost for bus turnaround to avoid data contention, hence bus efficiency is reduced. Most ... communication s and computer network networking applications, where data throughput ... at 120 LET and SEU data of 1.34E 10, by using simple SECDED Hamming code. I O Clock inputs 4 clock ... enable WPS not Read enable RPS Buses One address bus and two data buses Address bus Data in bus Data out bus Clocking scheme Addresses Read address latched on rising edge of K Write address latched on rising edge of K in burst of 4 mode, burst of 2 uses rising edge of not K Data Write If WPS is low A data word on Data In is latched on rising edge of K The next data word on Data In is latched ... more details
In telecommunications, bit rate or data transfer rate is the average number of bit s, characters, or blocks per unit time passing between equipment in a data transmission system. This is typically measured ... . In the context of datarate units, one byte refers to Octet computing 8 bits . For example, when ... per second kbit s , kb s , or kbps is a unit of data transfer rate equal to 1000 bits per second ... with mbit s which means, literally, milli bit per second is a unit of data transfer rate ... per second A gigabit per second Gbit s , Gb s , or Gbps is a unit of data transfer rate equal to 1,000 ... is. Mebibit per second A mebibit per second Mibit s or Mib s is a unit of data transfer rate equal ... Gibit s or Gib s is a unit of data transfer rate equal to 1,073,741,824 bits per second or 1,048,576 ... s or Tib s is a unit of data transfer rate equal to 1,099,511,627,776 bits per second or 1,073,741,824 ... Problems . Kilobyte per second A kilobyte per second is a unit of data transfer rate equal to 8,000 ... of data transfer rate equal to 8,000,000,000 bits per second, or 1,000,000,000 bytes per second, or 1,000,000 ... second A terabyte per second TB s or TBps is a unit of data transfer rate equal to 8,000,000,000,000 ... A kibibyte per second KiB s or KiBps is a unit of data transfer rate equal to 1,024 bytes per ... MiB s or MiBps is a unit of data transfer rate equal to 1,048,576 bytes per second, or 1,024 kibibyte .... Gibibyte per second A gibibyte per second GiB s or GiBps is a unit of data transfer rate equal to 1,073,741,824 ... right 1,000 Audio data low bit rate telephone quality 32 kbit s align right 32,000 align right 4,000 ... QDR See also Binary prefix Bit rate List of device bandwidths Orders of magnitude data SI prefix Notes ... staff.stanford.edu uno news99.html What is a kilobyte? DEFAULTSORT DataRate Units Category Telecommunications ... . bit rates Avoiding confusion See also2 Bit rate for the differences between gross bitrate and net ... , gibi , and tebi Kibibit per second A kibibit per second Kibit s or Kib s is a unit of data transfer ... more details
Wiktionarypar rateRate or rates may refer to Rate mathematics , a specific kind of ratio, in which two measurements are related to each other Rate of travel, or velocity Naval rating or rate, terms used to designate specialty or seniority of enlisted naval personnel. Rate of a ship , a term indicating a sail ship s firepower in the British Royal Navy Bit rate , number of bits that are conveyed or processed per unit of time Rates , a Portuguese parish and town located in the municipality of P voa de Varzim In math and finance Rate function , a function used to quantify the probabilities of rare event Rates tax , a type of taxation system used to fund local government Exchange rate , specifies how much one currency is worth in terms of the other In human growth Birth rate , the natality or childbirths per 1,000 people per year Mortality rate , a measure of the number of deaths in some population As an initialism Radioisotopes and the Age of the Earth , a project of creation geophysics See also lookfrom intitle Rating disambiguation disambig da Rate fr Rate homonymie wa Rate ... more details
two other uses data in computer science Data computing pp move indef Editors please keep the count mass discussion and etymology in the body, not the intro. Data IPAc en icon d e t respell DAY t ... attributes of a variable mathematics variable or set of variables. Data are typically the results of measurements and can be the basis of graph data structure graph s, image s, or observations of a set of variables. Data are often viewed as the lowest level of abstraction from which information and then knowledge are derived. Raw data , i.e., unprocessed data, refers to a collection of number ... and a byte word of data storage. All data can be reduced to Attribute value pair key value pair combinations ... data structure s. They are also used in Peripheral peripheral devices. The word data is the plural ... givens and data are used interchangeably. Also, data are representations of a fact, figure, and idea. Citation needed date September 2011 Such usage is the origin of data as a concept in computer science data are numbers, words, images, etc., accepted as they stand. Usage in English In English ... specific Datum reference reference datum from which distances to all other data are measured. Any measurement or result is a datum , but data point is more usual, ref cite web author Matt Dye year ... usage in datum geodesy datum article and the originally Latin plural data are used as the plural of datum in English, but data is commonly treated as a mass noun and used with a verb in the Grammatical number singular form, especially in day to day usage. For example, This is all the data from the experiment ... the data from the experiment . Even when a very small quantity of data is referenced One number, for example the phrase piece of data is often used, as opposed to datum . The debate over appropriate ... January 2012 The IEEE Computer Society , allows usage of data as either a mass noun or plural based ... date December 2010 ref require that authors treat data as a plural noun. For example, the Air Force ... more details
otheruses Data disambiguation Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa or DATA was a multinational Non governmental organization non government organization founded in January 2002 in London by U2 s Bono along with Robert Sargent Shriver III Bobby Shriver and activist s from the Jubilee 2000 Drop the Debt campaign. DATA was created for the purposes of obtaining social equality equality and justice for Africa through debt relief adjusting trade rules which burden Africa eliminating the AIDS in Africa African AIDS epidemic strengthening democracy furthering accountability by the wealthiest nations and African leaders and Transparency humanities transparency towards the people. In 2007, DATA and Bono were jointly awarded the National Constitution Center s 2007 Liberty Medal for their groundbreaking efforts to address the AIDS crisis and extreme poverty in Africa. Start up funds came from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation , financier George Soros , and technology entrepreneur Edward W. Scott . ref cite news url http www.time.com time printout 0,8816,1142270,00.html title The Constant Charmer author Josh Tyrangiel date 2005 12 19 work Time Magazine ref In 2007, DATA and the ONE Campaign decided to join forces, and in January 2008, they formally merged under the name ONE. ref cite news url http www.reuters.com article idUSN2953856520071029 title Bono s U.S. based anti poverty groups to merge author Lesley Wroughton date 2007 10 29 work Reuters ref DATA received support from the Christian rock Alternative rock bands Switchfoot and Third Day . References references External links http www.one.org ONE official site Category International nongovernmental organizations Category HIV AIDS in Africa Category Organizations founded by Bono int org stub de Debt, AIDS, Trade in Africa it DATA sv DATA f rening vi DATA ... more details
not happen with frequency. The prime rate is currently 3.25 in the United States , ref According to data published by http online.wsj.com mdc public page 2 3020 moneyrate.html The Wall Street Journal Online and the Federal Reserve Bank . cite web url http www.federalreserve.gov releases h15 data Monthly H15 PRIME NA.txt title Federal Reserve Statistical Data publisher Federal Reserve ref and the Canadian prime rate is currently 3.00 . ref According to data published by Bank of Canada . cite ...globalize date December 2010 Prime rate or prime lending rate is a term applied in many countries to a reference interest rate used by banks. The term originally indicated the rate of interest at which ... the case. Some variable interest rates may be expressed as a percentage above or below prime rate ... rate was the actual interest rate although this is no longer the case. The prime rate varies ... of Canada publisher Bank of Canada ref Image Federal funds effective rate 1954 to present.svg thumb Historical chart of the effective Federal Funds Rate In the U.S., the prime rate runs approximately 300 basis point s or 3 percentage points above the federal funds rate , the interest rate that banks ... rate 3 prime rate . The Federal funds rate plus a much smaller increment is frequently used for lending to the most creditworthy borrowers today, as is LIBOR, the London Interbank Offered Rate . The Federal ... funds rate. Other rates, including the prime rate, derive from this base rate. Prior to December 17, 2008, when 23 out of 30 of the United States largest banks changed their prime rate, the Wall Street Journal would change its published rate. On December 17, 2008, the Wall Street Journal recognized that fewer, but larger banks controlled most assets and changed the methodology for the prime rate that is published. The Journal s rate today now reflects the base rate posted by at least 70 of the top ten banks by assets. Uses The prime rate is used often as an index in calculating rate changes ... more details
In telecommunication and information theory , the code rate or information rate ref Huffman, W. Cary, and Pless, Vera, Fundamentals of Error Correcting Codes , Cambridge, 2003. ref of a forward error correction code is the proportion of the data stream that is useful non redundant . That is, if the code rate is k n , for every k bits of useful information, the coder generates totally n bits of data, of which n k are redundant. If R is the gross bitrate or data signalling rate inclusive of redundant error coding , the net bitrate the useful bit rate exclusive of error correction codes is R k n . For example The code rate of a convolutional code may typically be 1 2, 2 3, 3 4, 5 6, 7 8, etc, corresponding to that one redundant bit is inserted after every single, second, third, etc, bit. The code rate of the Reed Solomon block code denoted RS 204,188 is 188 204, corresponding to that 204 188 16 redundant bytes are added to each block of 188 byte of useful information. A few error correction codes do not have a fixed code rate rateless erasure code s. Note that bit s is a more widespread unit of measurement for the information rate , implying that it is synonymous to net bit rate or useful bit rate exclusive of error correction codes. See also Information rate Source information rate Entropy rate References reflist Category Information theory Comp sci stub de Informationsrate he pt Taxa de C digo ... more details
Standardized rates are a statistical measure of any rates in a population . The most common are birth , death and unemployment rates. The formula for standardized rates is as follows crude rate for age group × standard population for age group standard population Category Data analysis Math stub Statistics stub it Tasso matematica Tasso standardizzato ... more details
modulation modulated signal or a line code . The Symbol rate is measured in baud Bd or symbols second. In the case of a line code, the symbol rate is the pulse rate in pulses second. Each symbol can represent or convey one or several bit s of data. The symbol rate is related to, but should not be confused ... between baud or signalling rate and the datarate or bit rate is like a man using a single flag ... three Binary numeral system binary digits to encode eight states. The datarate is three bits ... of these produce many symbols, each conveying several bits, a higher datarate. If N bits are conveyed ... the data bit rate, due to the overhead of extra non data symbols used for self synchronizing code and error ... the symbol rate calculation is symbol rate in symbols per second Datarate in bits per second 204 188 ... than the datarate they transmit many symbols called Chip CDMA chips per data bit. Representing one ... not apply to asynchronous data transmission systems. In a modulated system, the term modulation rate ..., then only one bit of data i.e., a 0 or 1 can be transmitted in each symbol. The bit rate is in this case ... between symbols. Then two bits could be encoded at each symbol interval, achieving a datarate of double the symbol rate. In a more complex scheme such as 16 QAM , four bits of data are transmitted in each symbol, resulting in a bit rate of four times the symbol rate. DataRate versus Error Rate Modulating .... In the case of GPS, we have a datarate of 50 bit s and a symbol rate of 1.023 Mchips ... Reflist See also Chip rate Gross bit rate , also known as data signaling rate or line rate . Bandwidth ...In digital communications , symbol rate also known as baud or modulation rate is the number of symbol ... period of time. A sending device places symbols on the channel at a fixed and known symbol rate, and the receiving ... data. There may be a direct correspondence between a symbol and a small unit of data for example ... or the data may be represented by the transitions between symbols or even by a sequence of many symbols ... more details
Refimprove date December 2009 A flat fee , also referred to as a flat rate or a linear rate , refers ... ref Rarely, it may refer to a rate that does not vary with usage or time of use. Another term used is flate , a hybrid of flat and rate . Telephony See also Mobile telephony GSM services Voice charges Automatic Message Accounting American Telecommunication s companies commonly offer a flat rate to residential customers for local telephone call s. However, a regular rate or Message Rate is advantageous ... and for Mobile VoIP . Most VoIP services are effectively flat rate telephony services, since only ... Pay per view pricing. Internet See also Mobile Internet For Internet service provider s, flat rate is Internet access access to the Internet at all hours and days of the year linear rate and for all customer s of the Telephone company telco operator universal at a fixed and cheap tariff . Flat rate ... is a class of linear rate, different from the flat rate, where the user is charged by the upload s and download s data transfer s . Some GPRS data UMTS access to the Internet in some countries of Europe has no flat rate pricing, following the traditional metered mentality . Because of this, users prefer using fixed lines with narrow or broadband access to connect to the Internet. A wavy rate is not a linear rate, because the Internet surfer pays the monthly fixed price to use the connection only ... . Electricity A flat rate for electricity is different from that for other services. An electric utility that charges a flat rate for electricity does not charge different rates based upon the demand ... a flat rate, though not the same rate per kilowatt hour . A special type of electricity meter , a time of use meter, is required to charge a non flat rate. Time of use meters can lower a customer s electricity .... Real Estate In real estate, flat rate is an alternative, nontraditional full service listing where ... dollar amount that is typically paid at closing. The rate is generally less than a gross 6 ... more details
bitrates In telecommunications and computing , bit rate sometimes written bitrate , datarate or as a variable ... s that are conveyed or processed per unit of time. The bit rate is wiktionary quantified quantified using the Datarate units bits per second bit s or bps unit, often in conjunction with an SI prefix ...?id WOCrSSfxE EC&pg PA133&dq 22raw datarate is 22 v onepage&q 22raw 20data 20rate 20is 22&f false title ... year 2009 accessdate 2011 07 10 ref data signaling rate ref cite book url http books.google.com ... data transmission rate 22 22gross data transmission rate 22 v onepage&q 22net 20data 20transmission ... bit rate More specifically, a line code or baseband transmission scheme representing the data using ..., 2009. ref net data transfer rate , ref name 3G coded transmission rate , ref name Pahlavan effective datarate ref name Pahlavan or wire speed informal language of a digital communication channel ... systems, link adaptation automatic adaption of the datarate and the modulation and or error coding ... 64 16 144 kbit s also refers to the payload data rates, while the D channel signalling rate is 16 kbit ... rate main Goodput Goodput or data transfer rate refers to the achieved average net bit rate that is delivered ... transfer rate of a V.92 voiceband modem is affected by the modem physical layer and data link layer protocols. It is sometimes higher than the physical layer datarate due to V.44 data compression , and sometimes ... after source coding data compression . The encoding bit rate of a multimedia file is the size of a multimedia ... data compression is the source information rate , also known as the entropy rate . Entropy ... rate Code rate Constant bitrate Datarate units Data signaling rate List of device bit rates Measuring ... v onepage&q bit 20 22rate 20R 22&f false title Data Communications and Computer Networks author Prakash ... s bps or b s . Protocol layers anchor Bit rates at various protocol layers Gross bit rate In digital ... books.google.com books?id x4jOplMbLx0C&pg PA692&dq gross bit rate v onepage&q gross 20bit 20rate&f false ... more details
for the interest rate charged to banks for borrowing short term funds directly from the Federal Reserve ... Discount Rates Discount Rate under Merchant Account . For discount rate as a term in investment financing, see Discounted cash flow Discount rate Discounted cash flow File Bundesbank discount rate 1948 ... rate can mean an interest rate a central bank charges depository institution s that borrow Bank reserves ... as interest rate the term discount does not refer to the common meaning of the word, but to the meaning ... discount rate , which is the annual interest divided by the capital including that interest this rate is lower than the interest rate it corresponds to using the value after a year as the nominal ... it is used for Treasury Bills and similar financial instruments Annual effective discount rate The annual effective discount rate is the annual interest divided by the capital including that interest, which is the interest rate divided by 100 plus the interest rate. It is the annual discount factor ... 100 in a year s time. The discount rate according to the given definition is math frac 100 95 100 5.00 math The interest rate is calculated using 95 as its base math frac 100 95 95 5.26 math For every annual effective interest rate , there is a corresponding annual effective discount rate, given ... the discount rate when deciding whether to spend some of their profits on buying a new piece of equipment ... rather than giving them the profit now is based on the shareholder s discount rate. There is a widely used way of estimating shareholder s discount rates using share price data. It is known as the capital asset pricing model . Businesses normally apply this discount rate to their decisions about ... discount rate Ramsey growth model Compare and contrast with federal funds References reflist External links http www.federalreserve.gov monetarypolicy discountrate.htm Definition of the Discount Rate from the Federal Reserve Board s official site http www.valuadder.com valuationguide discount rate ... more details
Bounce rate sometimes confused with exit rate ref http www.hmtweb.com blog 2007 08 bounce rate and exit rate what is.html HMTWeb.com Bounce Rate vs. Exit Rate ref is an Internet marketing term used in web analytics web traffic analysis . It represents the percentage of visitors who enter the site and bounce ... frac T v T e right math where R sub b sub Bounce rate T sub v sub Total number of visitors viewing ... title Data Preparation for Mining World Wide Web Browsing Patterns journal Journal of Knowledge and Information ..., a new session will occur. The bounce rate for a single page is the number of visitors who ... rate for a web site is the number of web site visitors who visit only a single page of a web site per ... the effectiveness or performance of an entry page. An entry page with a low bounce rate means ... observation is that it is really hard to get a bounce rate under 20 , anything over 35 is cause ... title ref blockquote Interpretation of the bounce rate measure should be relevant to a website s business objectives and definitions of conversion, as having a high bounce rate is not always a sign ..., the bounce rate would not be as meaningful for determining conversion success. In contrast, the bounce rate of an e commerce site could be interpreted in correlation with the purchase conversion rate ... While site wide bounce rate can be a useful metric for sites with well defined conversion steps requiring ... content sites. ref http www.analyticsbouncerate.com bounce rate web portals referential ... entry pages could have a bounce rate above 80 thereby increasing the site wide average , and they might ... page optimization Internet marketing Web analytics References reflist DEFAULTSORT Bounce Rate Category Internet marketing http www.seozy.com bouncerate how does it affect your seo Bounce Rate and your website s SEO Category Internet marketing terminology Category Web analytics de Bounce Rate es Bounce Rate fr Taux de rebond it Bounce Rate ... more details
. Failure ratedata Failure ratedata can be obtained in several ways. The most common ... failure ratedata. Handbooks of failure ratedata for various components are available from government ... standard that provides failure ratedata for many military electronic components. Several failure ratedata sources are available commercially that focus on commercial components, including ...Failure rate is the frequency with which an engineered system or component fails, expressed for example ... in reliability engineering . The failure rate of a system usually depends on time, with the rate varying over the life cycle of the system. For example, an automobile s failure rate in its fifth year of service may be many times greater than its failure rate during its first year of service. One ... is often used instead of the failure rate. This is valid if the failure rate is constant general agreement ... failure rate needs to be managed, in particular for safety systems. The MTBF appears frequently in the engineering ... be neglected and the likelihood of failure remains constant with respect to time, the failure rate is simply .... Failure rate in the discrete sense The failure rate can be defined as the following The total ..., et al. Although the failure rate, math lambda t math , is often thought of as the probability ... a probability because it can exceed 1. Erroneous expression of the failure rate in could result ... math R t math , the probability of no failure before time math t math . Failure rate t f t R t , where ... rate t function is a CONDITIONAL probability of failure DENSITY function. The condition is that the failure has not occurred at time t. Hazard rate and ROCOF rate of occurrence of failures is often incorrectly seen as the same and equal to the failure rate. And literature is even contaminated with inconsistent definitions. The hazard rate is in contrast to the ROCOF the same a failure rate. ROCOF is used for repairable systems only. In practice not many serious errors are made due to this confusion ... more details
Refimprove date April 2008 The refresh rate most commonly the vertical refresh rate , vertical scan rate for Cathode ray tube CRT s is the number of times in a second that a display hardware draws the data. This is distinct from the measure of frame rate in that the refresh rate includes the repeated drawing of identical frames, while frame rate measures how often a video source can feed an entire frame of new data to a display. For example, most movie projector s advance from one frame to the next ... per second, but has a 48 or 72 Hz refresh rate. On CRT displays, increasing the refresh rate decreases flicker screen flicker ing, thereby reducing eye strain. However, if a refresh rate is specified ... kb 311403 How To Change the Screen Refresh Rate of Your Monitor in Windows XP Bot ... an image In a CRT, the scan rate is controlled by the Vertical blanking interval vertical ... s maximum horizontal scan rate and the resolution, since higher resolution means more scan lines. The refresh rate can be calculated from the horizontal scan rate by dividing the scanning frequency ... scanning frequency of 96 kHz at a resolution of 1280 × 1024 results in a refresh rate ... data except during the retrace phase to prevent tearing from an image that is rendered faster than ... LCD. Liquid crystal displays Refresh rate or the temporal resolution of an LCD is the number of times per second in which the display draws the data it is being given. Since activated LCD ... how low the refresh rate. 28 High end LCD televisions now feature up to 480 Hz refresh rate, which ... the refresh is set to 72 Hz or higher. A rate of 100 Hz is comfortable at almost any size. However, this does not apply to LCD monitors. The closest equivalent to a refresh rate on an LCD monitor is its frame rate , which is often locked at 60 frame s. But this is rarely a problem ... operates at around 200 Hz. Different operating systems set the default refresh rate differently ... more details
Use dmy dates date October 2011 cleanup reorganize date January 2011 Image Birth rate figures for countries.PNG thumb 350px Countries by birth rate in 2008 distinguish Fertility rate Crude birth rate is the nativity ... with birth rate is natality . ref cite web url http www.thefreedictionary.com birthrate title birthrate ... Thefreedictionary.com accessdate 17 October 2011 ref When the crude death rate is subtracted from the crude birth rate, it reveals the rate of natural increase RNI . ref name worldbank1 cite web url http data.worldbank.org indicator SP.DYN.CBRT.IN title Birth rate, crude per 1,000 people & 124 Data & 124 Table publisher Data.worldbank.org accessdate 17 October 2011 ref This number is equal to the rate ... between a total or crude birth rate, which uses all births, typically indicated as births per 1000, versus an age specific rate which is typically indicated as the number of births per 1 000 persons in this age group. ref cite web url http www.answers.com topic birth rate title birthrate Definition ... rate in the English language was in 1859. ref cite web url http www.merriam webster.com dictionary ... webster.com accessdate 17 October 2011 ref The birth rate is typically the main variable in assessing the rate of population growth. ref cite web url http www.indexmundi.com world birth rate.html title World Birth rate Demographics publisher Indexmundi.com accessdate 17 October 2011 ref According ... rate is the number of births over a given period divided by the person years lived by the population ... used is the total fertility rate , which is the average number of children born to each woman over the course of her life. In general, the total fertility rate is a better indicator of current fertility rates because, unlike the crude birth rate, it is not affected by the age distribution of the population ... 3A53 3BcrID 3A900 title UNdata Crude birth rate per 1,000 population publisher United Nations date ... 2045 2050 align center 13.4 div The birth rate is an item of concern and population policy policy ... more details
Image Death rate world map.PNG thumb 250px Crude death rate by country. Mortality rate is a measure of the number ..., per unit time. Mortality rate is typically expressed in units of deaths per 1000 individuals per year thus, a mortality rate of 9.5 in a population of 100,000 would mean 950 deaths per year in that entire population, or 0.95 out of the total. It is distinct from morbidity rate , which refers to the number of individuals in poor health during a given time period the prevalence rate or the number of newly appearing cases of the disease per unit of time incidence rate . The term ... distinguishes The crude death rate , the total number of deaths per year per 1000 people. As of 2009 July the crude death rate for the whole world is about 8.37 per 1000 per year according to the current ... CIA World Factbook Rank Order Death rate Search for World . ref The perinatal mortality rate , the sum of neonatal deaths and fetal deaths stillbirths per 1000 births. The maternal mortality ... rate , the number of maternal deaths per 1,000 women of reproductive age in the population generally defined as 15 44 years of age . The infant mortality rate , the number of deaths of children less than 1 year old per 1000 live births. The child mortality rate , the number of deaths of children ... of Statistics , CUP. ISBN 0 521 81099 X ref The age specific mortality rate ASMR This refers ... , one would also distinguish The early mortality rate , the total number of deaths in the early stages .... The late mortality rate , the total number of deaths in the late stages of an ongoing treatment, or a significant length of time after an acute treatment. Note that the crude death rate as defined above and applied to a whole population can give a misleading impression. The crude death rate depends ... rate s and lower mortality rates. A more complete picture of mortality is given by a life table which shows the mortality rate separately for each age. A life table is necessary to give a good estimate ... more details
Churn rate sometimes called attrition rate , in its broadest sense, is a measure of the number of individuals ... churn , meaning to agitate or produce violent motion . Definition Customer base Churn rate, when applied ..., or reasons having to do with the customer life cycle. The churn rate can be minimized by creating .... It is possible to overstate the churn rate, as when a consumer drops the service but then restarts ... , it can lead to a higher churn rate and subscriber abuse, as some subscribers will sign on, let the service ... In some business contexts, churn rate could also refer to high employee turnover within a company. For instance, most fast food restaurants have a routinely high churn rate among employees. For larger companies, such as Fortune 500 companies, the attrition rate tends to be much lower compared to a Fast Food franchise. The company size and industry also play a key role in attrition rate. An acceptable attrition rate for a given company is relative to its industry. It would not likely be useful ... of industry or company size, attrition rate tends to be highest among the lowest paying jobs, and lowest for the highest paying jobs. Attrition Rate has always played a role in how cash flow ... has 10,000 employees, a natural attrition rate could be between 1 and 5 depending on the size and industry of the company. A rate of 5 or more for a larger company most often indicates ... Employee moves Attrition Rate Churn rate can also describe the number of employees that move within a certain period. For example, the annual churn rate would be the total number of moves completed ... and quarterly churn rates can also be calculated. Formulae Attrition Rate Number of resigned ... first Michael J.A. and Gordon S. title Mastering Data Mining The Art and Science of Customer Relationship ... to reduce attrition rate a psycological analysis 7871 Curbing Employee Attrition Krishna Prasad http ... rate ... more details
Response rate also known as completion rate or return rate in Statistical survey survey research refers to the number of people who answered the survey divided by the number of people in the sample statistics sample . It is usually expressed in the form of a percentage . Example if 1,000 surveys were sent by mail, and 257 were successfully completed and returned, then the response rate would be 25.7 . In direct marketing , the response rate refers to the number of people who responded to the offer. In oncology , response rate RR is a figure representing the percentage of patients whose cancer shrinks termed a partial response, PR or disappears after treatment termed a complete response, CR . In simpler terms RR PR CR. There may be a non response bias if the response rate is low. Importance A survey s response rate is the result of dividing the number of people who were interviewed by the total ... 2008. http www.aapor.org responseratesanoverview ref A low response rate can give rise to biased sample .... For many years, a survey s response rate was viewed as an important indicator of survey quality ... that a lower response rate means lower survey accuracy. One early example of a finding was reported ... Research Center s usual methodology with a 25 response rate with results from a more rigorous survey conducted over a much longer field period and achieving a higher response rate of 50 . In 77 ... who initially refused to cooperate which reduces the response rate 5 10 percentage points , respondents who required more than five calls to complete the interview reducing the response rate ... one. ref Curtin, Richard, Stanley Presser and Eleanor Singer. 2000. The Effects of Response Rate ... response rate does not guarantee lower survey accuracy and instead simply indicates a risk of lower ... and inaccurate data. ref Response Rates An Overview. American Association for Public Opinion Research AAPOR . 29 Sept 2008. http www.aapor.org responseratesanoverview ref See also Response rate ratio ... more details
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