In computer science , a buffer is a region of Memory computers memory used to temporarily hold data while it is being moved from one place to another. Typically, the data is stored in a buffer as it is retrieved ... . However, a buffer may be used when moving data between Process computing processes within ... on the data contained within it and commits data within a time out period in write back modes. A buffer ... buffer Optical buffer MissingNo. , the result of bufferdata not being cleared properly in Pok mon Red ... Write buffer , a type of memory buffer References Reflist DEFAULTSORT DataBuffer Category Synchronization ... used when there is a difference between the rate at which data is received and the rate at which ... spooler or in Video hosting service online video Streaming media streaming . A buffer often adjusts timing by implementing a Queue data structure queue or FIFO algorithm in memory, simultaneously writing data into the queue at one rate and reading it at another rate. Applications Buffers are often used in conjunction with I O to hardware , such as disk drives , sending or receiving data to or from ... . The queue area acts as a buffer a temporary space where those wishing to ride wait until the ride is available. Buffers are usually used in a FIFO first in, first out method, outputting data in the order it arrived. Telecommunication buffer A buffer routine or data storage device storage Recording medium medium used in telecommunications compensates for a difference in rate of flow of data , or time of occurrence of events, when transferring data from one device to another. Buffers are used ... data for use at a later time, allowing timing corrections to be made on a data stream , collecting Binary numeral system binary data bits into groups that can then be operated on as a unit, delaying .... Buffer versus cache Further Cache The difference between buffer and cache The difference between buffer and cache A cache often also acts as a buffer, and vice versa. However, cache operates on the premise ... more details
Command DataBuffer CDB was a system used by the United States Air Force s LGM 30 Minuteman Minuteman ICBM force. CDB was a method to transfer targeting information from a Minuteman Launch control center ICBM Launch Control Center to an individual missile by communications lines. Prior to CDB, new missile guidance would have to be physically loaded at the Launch facility ICBM launch facility the process usually took hours. History The surviving remnant of the Minuteman Command Control System MICCS , CDB permitted the rapid, remote, retarging of the Minuteman III fleet. CDB was operational at all Minuteman III wings by 15 Aug 1977. Minuteman II wings had a similar install, designated Improved Launch Control System , providing the older system the potential for remote retarging. ref Department of the Air Force Strategic Air Command Weapon Systems Acquisition 1964 1979 , 28 April 1980 ref File Command DataBuffer configuration.png thumb right CDB configuration Phaseout CDB was replaced in the late 1990s by the Rapid Execution and Combat Targeting System Rapid Execution and Combat Targeting system, currently in use by United States ICBM forces. ref http www.fas.org nuke guide usa c3i react.htm FAS.org Rapid Execution and Combat Targeting ref See also Portal United States Air Force LGM 30 Minuteman Launch control center ICBM Improved Launch Control System Minuteman II upgrade similar to CDB Rapid Execution and Combat Targeting System REACT References Reflist Category Nuclear command and control Category Cold War weapons of the United States Category Nuclear weapons of the United States USAF stub ... more details
Wiktionarypar bufferBuffer may refer to Buffer state , a country lying between two potentially hostile greater powers, thought to prevent conflict between them Buffer zone , any area that keeps two or more other areas distant from one another, may be demilitarized Buffer rail transport , a device that cushions the impact of vehicles against each other Buffer stop bumper in U.S. , a device to prevent railway vehicles from going past the end of a section of track Recoil buffer , an accessory for firearms, to cushion the impact of recoil Buffer navy , the colloquial term for the senior seaman sailor in a British Commonwealth Navy ship Buffer wheel , a wheel attached to a motor similar to a pedestal ... in a Movie projector Film loop movie projector People Bruce Buffer , sports announcer Michael Buffer , sports announcer In physical science Buffer solution , a solution which reduces the change ... or weak base in a buffer solution Buffer gas , an inert or nonflammable gas Buffer GIS , a zone around a map feature Lysis buffer , in biochemistry, a destructor of cell membranes that enables analysis of the compounds within Mineral redox buffer , a mineral assemblage which stabilises oxidation state in natural rock systems In electronics and computer science Databuffer , memory used to temporarily store output or input data Framebuffer , a particular type of databuffer for use in graphical display Buffer telecommunication , a routine or storage medium used to compensate for a difference in rate of flow of data between devices Optical buffer , a device that stores optically transmitted data without converting it to the electrical domain Buffer amplifier also sometimes simply called a buffer , an isolating circuit used in electronics or telecommunications Buffer optical fiber , a component ... ca Buffer da Buffer de Puffer es Buffer fa fr Buffer ko he Buffer id Buffer disambiguasi io Bufro nl Buffer ja pl Bufor ru sv Buffert ... more details
Pixel buffer or pBuffer or PBO is an extension to OpenGL which allows to do off screen rendering. It expands upon Vertex Buffer Object Vertex Buffer Objects VBO in order to store not only vertex data but also pixel data into the buffer objects. The pBuffer has been deprecated and replaced by Framebuffer Object FBOs Framebuffer Objects . See also Framebuffer Object External links http www.songho.ca opengl gl pbo.html OpenGL Pixel Buffer Object PBO Category OpenGL compu prog stub ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A buffer in GIS is a zone around a map feature measured in units of distance or time. A buffer is useful for proximity analysis . ref Wade, T. and Sommer, S. eds. http store.esri.com esri showdetl.cfm?SID 2&Product ID 868&Category ID 49 A to Z GIS ref A buffer is an area defined by the bounding region determined by a set of points at a specified maximum distance from all nodes along segments of an object. See also Dilation morphology databufferBuffer computing GIS References reflist Category Geographic information systems tech stub es Buffer GIS pl Bufor geoinformatyka sv Buffertzon ... more details
the buffer could easily not allow data to be overwritten and return an error or raise an exception handling exception . Whether or not data is overwritten is up to the semantics of the buffer ... of the start and end of data is, that in the case the buffer is entirely full, both pointers point ... buffer and overrun while adhering to the rule that only the source of data modifies the write ... are different chunks of data in the same circular buffer. The writer is not only writing elements .... Example The writer is reading data from small files, writing them into the same circular buffer ..., ... class Ring Queue template class T class tm RingQueue T qbuf data int qsize buffer size 2, 4 ... Data structures Category Computer memory Category Arrays de Digitaler Ringspeicher fr Buffer circulaire ... A ring showing, conceptually, a circular buffer. This visually shows that the buffer has no real end and it can loop around the buffer. However, since memory is never physically created as a ring, a linear representation is generally used as is done below. A circular buffer , cyclic buffer or ring buffer is a data structure that uses a single, fixed size buffer computer science buffer as if it were connected end to end. This structure lends itself easily to buffering data stream s. Uses An example that could possibly use an overwriting circular buffer is with multimedia. If the buffer is used as the bounded buffer in the producer consumer problem then it is probably desired for the producer e.g., an audio generator to overwrite old data if the consumer e.g., the sound card is unable to momentarily ... of a circular buffer is that it does not need to have its elements shuffled around when one is consumed. If a non circular buffer were used then it would be necessary to shift all elements when one is consumed. In other words, the circular buffer is well suited as a FIFO computing FIFO buffer while a standard, non circular buffer is well suited as a LIFO computing LIFO buffer. Circular buffering ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Buffer credits , also called buffer to buffer credits BBC are used as a flow control method by Fibre Channel technology and represent the number of frames a port can store. Each time a port transmits a frame that port s BB Credit is decremented by one for each R RDY received, that port s BB Credit is incremented by one. If the BB Credit is zero the corresponding node cannot transmit until an R RDY is received back. The benefits of a large databuffer are particularly evident in long distance applications, when operating at higher data rates 2Gbit s, 4Gbit s , or in systems with a heavily loaded Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI bus. See also Fibre Channel Host adapter DEFAULTSORT Buffer Credits Category Fibre Channel de Buffer Credits ... more details
, use the stencil buffer in other ways for example, it can be used to find the area of the screen obscured by a portal and re render those pixels correctly. The stencil buffer and its modifiers can ... also Z buffering depth buffer Shadow volume a stencil buffer technique creating shadows DEFAULTSORT Stencil Buffer Category 3D computer graphics Compu graphics stub Link GA sr de Stencilbuffer hu Stencil buffer pl Bufor szablonowy sr zh ... more details
Unreferenced auto yes date December 2009 A write buffer is a type of databuffer . In a CPU cache , a write buffer can be used to hold data being written back from the cache to Computer data storage Primary storage main memory . This is a variation of write through caching called buffered write through . Use of a write buffer in this manner frees the cache to service read requests while the write is taking place. There is usually only one stage of buffering, so subsequent writes must wait until the first write is complete. Since most accesses are reads, buffered write through is typically only useful for very slow main memory . DEFAULTSORT Write Buffer Category Computer memory Computer stub ... more details
of the buffer if an incoming data stream needs to be read at 1 bit per second, a buffer of 10 bits would ... can cause the data on the disc to become invalid. Since the buffer is generally being filled from a relatively ... to hang until the buffer receives new data. Many video player programs e.g. MPlayer feature the ability ... Data transmission ca Subdesbordament de mem ria interm dia de Buffer Underrun es Subdesbordamiento ...unreferenced date December 2007 Wiktionary underrun In computing , buffer underrun or buffer underflow is a state occurring when a Buffer computer science buffer used to communicate between two devices or process computing processes is fed with data at a lower speed than the data is being read from it. This requires the program or device reading from the buffer to pause its processing while the buffer refills. This can cause undesired and sometimes serious side effects because the data being buffered ... should not be confused with buffer overflow , a condition where a portion of memory being used as a buffer has a fixed size but is filled with more than that amount of data. Whereas buffer overflows are usually the result of programming errors, and thus preventable, buffer underruns are often the result ... or device, which can be expensive. It assumes that the buffer starts full requiring a potentially ... the connection is currently blocked. If the data does not, on average, arrive faster than it is needed ... connection with a 60 bit buffer would lead to a buffer underrun if the connection remained active for an hour. In real time applications, a large buffer size also increases the latency between input ... recording issues Buffer underruns can cause serious problems during CD DVD burning , because once ... concurrent tasks can easily exhaust the capacity of a small buffer. Therefore, a technique called Optical disc recording technologies Buffer underrun protection buffer underrun protection was implemented ... is indeed able to stop writing for any amount of time and resume when the buffer is full again. The gap ... more details
Multiple issues notability June 2008 context October 2009 In biochemistry and molecular biology , the saline sodium citrate SSC buffer is used as a hybridization buffer chemistry buffer , to control stringency for washing steps in protocols for Southern blotting , in situ hybridization , DNA Microarray or Northern blotting . 20X SSC may be used to prevent drying of agarose gel s during a vacuum transfer. A 20X stock solution consists of 3 molar concentration M sodium chloride and 300 milli m M trisodium citrate adjusted to pH 7.0 with hydrochloric acid HCl . See also Southern Blot Northern Blot DNA Microarray DNA Fingerprinting References http www.cellgro.com shop files documents 46 020.pdf Material safety data sheet for 20x SSC buffer, Mediatech, Inc. http www.le.ac.uk bl phh4 probuffer.htm Molecular Cytogenetics and biology Buffers, University of Leicester DEFAULTSORT Ssc Buffer Category Buffers biochem stub ... more details
performance,1557 14.html ref Where a buffer is large and the throughput of the disk is slow, the data ... with disc buffer. In computer storage , disk buffer often ambiguously Fact date September 2007 called disk cache or cache buffer Fact date September 2007 is the embedded memory in a hard drive acting as a buffer computer science buffer between the rest of the computer and the physical hard disk platter ... buffer is physically distinct from and is used differently than the page cache typically kept by the operating system in the computer s main memory . The disk buffer is controlled by the microcontroller .... The disk buffer is usually quite small, from 2 to 32 Mebibyte MiB , and the page cache is generally all unused physical memory . While data in the page cache is reused multiple times, the data in the disk buffer is rarely reused. Fact date September 2007 In this sense, the terms disk cache and cache buffer are misnomers the embedded controller s memory is more appropriately called the disk buffer. Fact date September 2007 Note that disk array controller s, as opposed to disk controller ... s embedded computer typically saves these unrequested sectors in the disk buffer, in case the operating ... . The disk buffer is used so that both the I O interface and the disk read write head can operate ... that a disk write is complete immediately after receiving the write data, before the data are actually ... the data has not actually been written yet. This can be somewhat dangerous, because if power is lost before the data are permanently fixed in the magnetic media, the data will be lost from the disk buffer, and the file system on the disk may be left in an inconsistent state. On some disks, this vulnerable period between signaling the write complete and fixing the data can be arbitrarily long ... memory system for caching data &mdash although this is typically only found in high end RAID controller s. Alternately, the caching can simply be turned off when the integrity of data is deemed ... more details
. See also Dynamic array , the special case of a gap buffer where the gap is always at the end Zipper data structure , conceptually a generalization of the gap buffer. Linked list Circular buffer Rope ...In computer science , a gap buffer is a dynamic array that allows efficient insertion and deletion operations clustered near the same location. Gap buffers are especially common in text editor s, where most changes to the text occur at or near the current location of the cursor computers cursor . The text is stored in a large buffer in two contiguous segments, with a gap between them for inserting new text. Moving the cursor involves copying text from one side of the gap to the other sometimes copying is delayed until the next operation that changes the text . Insertion adds new text at the end of the first segment. Deletion increases the size of the gap. The advantage of using a gap buffer over more sophisticated data structure s such as linked list s is that the text is represented simply as two literal string s, which take very little extra space and which can be searched and displayed very quickly. The disadvantage is that operations at different locations in the text and ones that fill ... operations. A gap buffer is used in most Emacs editors. Example Below are some examples of operations with buffer gaps. The gap is represented pictorially by the empty space between the square brackets ... this allows, for example, deletions to be done by adjusting a pointer without changing the text in the buffer ... the start of gap points to the invalid character following the last character in the first buffer, and the end of gap points to the first valid character in the second buffer or equivalently, the pointers ... started from the first buffer to the second buffer. This is the way the world started out. User ... sorted gap buffer in .NET C http history.dcs.ed.ac.uk archive apps ecce hmd e915.imp.html Use of gap buffer in early editor. First written somewhere between 1969 and 1971 Category Arrays it Buffer ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2010 In telecommunications , an optical buffer is a device that is capable of temporarily storing light. Just as in the case of a regular buffer telecommunication buffer , it is a storage medium that enables compensation for a difference in time of occurrence of events. More specifically, an optical buffer serves to store data that was transmitted optically i.e., in the form of light , without converting it to the electrical domain. Optical networks Today, computer networks consist of optical fiber links, interconnected by electrical nodes. The data transport in the backbone is done in the form of light, typically from LED or laser . DWDM technologies enable bitrates well beyond 1 Tbit s. However, at the nodes, this light has to be converted to the electronic domain, in order to switch all data to their separate destinations. Due to rapidly increasing channel capacities, the switching capacity is becoming the bottleneck of the system. Currently, research activities focus on optical switching technologies, that involve fewer or no conversions from the optical to the electronic domain. An important problem however, is the buffering. Contention resolution Whenever two or more data packets arrive at a network node at the same time and contend for the same output, external blocking occurs. All packets but one are perceived as superfluous, and have to be dealt with. Next to the obvious choice of dropping all excess packets, academic literature typically presents ... buffer is made of optical fibers, and is generally much larger than a RAM chip of comparable capacity. A single fiber can serve as a buffer. However, a set of more than one is usually used. A possibility ... a single loop, in which the data circulates a variable number of times. Research Currently, research ... implementation of this buffer, and try to reduce the size by using slow light slow light http ... author s homepage . Category Fiber optic communications Buffer, optical ... more details
A buffer overflow occurring in the heap data area is referred to as a heap overflow and is exploitable ... data in any part of memory more specifically, they do not check that data written to a buffer is within ... data, and techniques to avoid buffer overflows also exist for C. Many other programming languages ... details of buffers as containers for data types. Buffer overflows must thus be avoided by maintaining ... abstract data type libraries which centralize and automatically perform buffer management, including ... data types in these languages in which buffer overflows commonly occur are strings and arrays thus, libraries preventing buffer overflows in these data types can provide the vast majority of the necessary ...In computer security and computer programming programming , a buffer overflow , or buffer overrun , is an anomaly in software anomaly where a computer program program , while writing data to a buffer computer science buffer , overruns the buffer s boundary and overwrites adjacent memory. Buffer overflows ... . Programming language s commonly associated with buffer overflows include C programming language C and C , which provide no built in protection against accessing or overwriting data in any part of memory and do not automatically check that data written to an array the built in buffer type is within the boundaries of that array. Bounds checking can prevent buffer overflows. Technical description A buffer overflow occurs when data written to a buffer, due to insufficient bounds checking , corrupts data values in memory address es adjacent to the allocated buffer. Most commonly this occurs when copying string computer science strings of character computing characters from one buffer to another. Basic example In the following example, a program has defined two data items which are adjacent in memory an 8 byte long string buffer, A, and a two byte integer, B. Initially, A contains nothing ... the null terminated string code excessive in the A buffer. By failing to check the length of the string ... more details
unreferenced date January 2010 A prefetch buffer is a databuffer employed on modern dynamic random access memory DRAM chips that allows quick and easy access to multiple data word s located on a common physical row in the memory. The prefetch buffer takes advantage of the specific characteristics of memory accesses to a DRAM. Typical DRAM memory operations involve three phases bitline precharge, row access, column access . Row access is the heart of a read operation as it involves the careful sensing of the tiny signals in DRAM memory cells this is the long and slow phase of memory operation. However once a row is read, subsequent column accesses to that same row can be very quick, as the sense amplifiers also act as latches. For reference, a row of a 1Gb DDR3 device is 2,048 bits wide, so that internally 2,048 bits are read into 2,048 separate sense amplifiers during the row access phase. Row accesses might take 50 nanosecond ns depending on the speed of the DRAM, whereas column accesses ... frequency as the data bus. A prefetch buffer simplifies this process by allowing a single address request to result in multiple data words. In a prefetch buffer architecture, when a memory access occurs to a row the buffer grabs a set of adjacent datawords on the row and reads them out bursts ... improvements. In order to increase the bandwidth of memory modules the prefetch buffer reads data ... to make up the full 64 bits. A 4n prefetch buffer would accomplish this exactly n refers to the IO ... burst sequence . An 8n prefetch buffer on a 8 bit wide DRAM would also accomplish a 64 bit transfer. The prefetch buffer depth can also be thought of as the ratio between the core memory frequency ... correspondingly higher bandwidth. Each generation of SDRAM has a different prefetch buffer size DDR SDRAM s prefetch buffer size is 2n two datawords per memory access DDR2 SDRAM s prefetch buffer size is 4n four datawords per memory access DDR3 SDRAM s prefetch buffer size is 8n eight datawords per ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Orphan date November 2006 A shelving buffer is a technique used in computer processors to increase the efficiency of superscalar processors. Background A Superscalar processor allows the execution of a number of instructions simultaneously in the core of the processor itself, although this behavior is not to be confused with a multi processor system. Most modern processors are superscalar. Problems with Data Dependencies Executing instructions in parallel i.e. simultaneously raises problems with data dependencies, meaning that some instructions may be dependent on the results of others, and hence care must be taken to execute in the correct order. Take for example these sequence of instructions r1 r2 r3 br r7 r1 r4 We have a RAW Read After Write data dependency here, meaning that we must wait for instruction 1 to finish before executing instruction 2, as we require the correct value of r1 register 1 . Hence these instruction cannot be executed simultaneously. How it works? With a superscalar processor, the instruction window of the processor fills up with a number of instructions known as the issue rate . Depending on the scheme that the superscalar processor uses to dispatch these instruction from the window to the execution core of the CPU, we may encounter problems if there is a dependency not unlike the one shown above. Consider an instruction window 3 instructions wide, containing i1, i2, i3 instructions 1,2 & 3 . Suppose that i2 is dependent on an instruction that has not yet finished executing, and we cannot execute it yet. Without the use of a shelving buffer, the superscalar processor will execute i1, wait until i2 can be executed and then execute i2 and i3 simultaneously. However with the use of a shelving buffer, the instruction window will be emptied into shelving buffers regardless of contents. The processor will then search ... simultaneously, and maximising throughput. DEFAULTSORT Shelving Buffer Category Parallel ... more details
Chembox ImageFile TAPS.svg ImageSize ImageAlt IUPACName nowiki 3 1,3 dihydroxy 2 hydroxymethyl propan 2 yl amino propane 1 sulfonic acid nowiki OtherNames N Tris hydroxymethyl methyl 3 aminopropanesulfonic acid Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 29915 38 6 PubChem 121591 SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 7 sub H sub 17 sub NO sub 6 sub S MolarMass 243.28 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition TAPS is used to make buffer solution s. It has a acid dissociation constant pK sub a sub value of 8.44 I 0, 25 C . ref cite journal title Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers last Goldberg first R. coauthors Kishore, N. Lennen, R. journal J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data volume 31 pages 231 370 year 2002 url http www.nist.gov data PDFfiles jpcrd615.pdf doi 10.1063 1.1416902 ref It can be used to make buffer solutions in the pH pH range 7.7 9.1. References reflist category buffers ... more details
Chembox ImageFile TAPSO.svg ImageSize ImageAlt IUPACName nowiki 3 1,3 dihydroxy 2 hydroxymethyl propan 2 yl amino 2 hydroxypropane 1 sulfonic acid nowiki OtherNames 3 N Tris hydroxymethyl methylamino 2 hydroxypropanesulfonic acid Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 68399 81 5 PubChem 109334 SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 7 sub H sub 17 sub NO sub 7 sub S MolarMass 259.28 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition TAPSO is used to make buffer solution s. It has a acid dissociation constant pK sub a sub value of 7.635 I 0, 25 C . ref cite journal title Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers last Goldberg first R. coauthors Kishore, N. Lennen, R. journal J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data volume 31 pages 231 370 year 2002 url http www.nist.gov data PDFfiles jpcrd615.pdf doi 10.1063 1.1416902 ref It can be used to make buffer solutions in the pH pH range 7.0 8.2. References reflist category buffers ... more details
Chembox ImageFile TES free acid.svg ImageSize ImageAlt IUPACName nowiki 2 1,3 dihydroxy 2 hydroxymethyl propan 2 yl amino ethanesulfonic acid nowiki OtherNames TES free acid Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 7365 44 8 PubChem 81831 SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 6 sub H sub 15 sub NO sub 6 sub S MolarMass 229.25 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition TES is used to make buffer solution s. It has a acid dissociation constant pK sub a sub value of 7.550 I 0, 25 C . ref cite journal title Thermodynamic Quantities for the Ionization Reactions of Buffers last Goldberg first R. coauthors Kishore, N. Lennen, R. journal J. Phys. Chem. Ref. Data volume 31 pages 231 370 year 2002 url http www.nist.gov data PDFfiles jpcrd615.pdf doi 10.1063 1.1416902 ref It can be used to make buffer solutions in the pH pH range 6.8 8.2. References reflist category buffers ... more details
A buffer gas is an inert or nonflammable gas . In the Earth s atmosphere , nitrogen acts as a buffer gas. A buffer gas adds pressure to a system and controls the speed of combustion with any oxygen present. Any inert gas such as helium , neon , or argon will serve as a buffer gas. Uses Buffer gases are commonly ... line width of microwave transitions in alkali alkali atoms . A buffer gas usually consists of atomically ... , and xenon are also used, primarily for lighting. In most scenarios, buffer gases are used in conjunction ... light is emitted. Krypton is the buffer gas used in conjunction with the mercury which is used to moderate ... noble gas es as buffer gases. Image Buffer.JPG right Buffer gas loading techniques have been developed for use in cooling paramagnetism paramagnetic atoms and molecules at ultra cold temperatures. The buffer gas most commonly used in this sort of application is helium. Buffer gas cooling can be used ... with low energy helium atoms, which most molecules are capable of doing. Buffer gas cooling is allowing the molecules of interest to be cooled through elastic collision s with a cold buffer gas inside a chamber see Figure a . If there are enough collisions between the buffer gas and the other molecules of interest before the molecules hit the walls of the chamber and are gone, the buffer gas will sufficiently ... and buffer gas density at sub kelvin temperatures. Unsourced image removed Image chem119.jpg right Buffer gases are also commonly used in Gas compressor compressors used in power plants for supplying gas to gas turbines . The buffer gas fills the spaces between seal mechanical seal s in the compressor ... contact in the compressor, leading to compressor failure above right . In this case the buffer ... links http pra.aps.org abstract PRA v66 i3 e030702 Buffer Gas Cooling http ares.ame.arizona.edu publications cospar 98.pdf Buffer Gas on Mars http www.physics.harvard.edu Thesespdfs Egorov.pdf search buffer 20gas Buffer Gas Cooling of Diatomic Molecules http tf.nist.gov ofm smallclock buffergas.htm ... more details
In computing , screen buffer is a part of computer memory used by a computer application for the representation of the content to be shown on the computer display . ref http books.google.com books?id XYQruTc6 44C&pg PA160&dq 22screen buffer 22&hl en v onepage&q 22screen 20buffer 22&f false ref Screen buffers should be distinguished from video memory . To this end, the term off screen buffer is also used. See also Framebuffer References reflist Category User interfaces Category Computer memory ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 A lysis buffer is used for the purpose of lysis lysing cells for use in experiments that analyze the compounds of the cells e.g. western blot . There are many different kind of lysis buffers that one can apply, depending on what analysis the cell lysate will be used for e.g. red blood cell lysis buffer. Generally, lysis buffers have tris HCl , EDTA , EGTA , SDS , deoxycholate , and Triton X 100 tritonX or NP 40 . In some cases it may also contain NaCl 150 mM . In studies like DNA fingerprinting the lysis buffer is used for DNA isolation. Dish soap can be used in a pinch to break down the cell and nuclear membranes, allowing the DNA to be released. Other such lysis buffers include Buffer P2 . MusTexasTechUnivOccasPap163 1 DEFAULTSORT Lysis Buffer Category Laboratory techniques Category Cell biology Category DNA Biology stub ... more details
TE buffer is a commonly used buffer solution in molecular biology , especially in procedures involving DNA or RNA . TE is derived from its components Tris , a common pH buffer, and EDTA , a molecule that chelation chelates cations like Magnesium in biological systems Mg sup 2 sup . The purpose of TE buffer is to solubilize DNA or RNA, while protecting it from degradation. cleanup date January 2010 Recipe A typical recipe for making 10 1 TE buffer is 10 mM Tris , bring to pH 8.0 with HCl 1 mM EDTA TE buffer is also called as T sub 10 sub E sub 1 sub Buffer, and read as T ten E one buffer . To make a 100 ml solution of T sub 10 sub E sub 1 sub Buffer, 1 ml of 1 M tris HCL pH 8.0 and 0.2 ml EDTA 0.5 M and make up with double distilled water up to 100ml. Based on nuclease studies from the 1980 s, the pH is usually adjusted to 7.5 for RNA and 8.0 for DNA . The respective DNA and RNA nucleases are supposed to be less active at these pH values, but pH 8.0 can safely be used for storage of both DNA and RNA. EDTA further inactivates nucleases, by binding to metal ions required by these enzymes . External links cite web title OpenWetWare TE buffer url http openwetware.org wiki TE buffer accessdate July 2, 2006 Category Buffers biochemistry stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A keyboard buffer is a section of computer computer storage memory used to hold keystrokes before they are processed. Computer keyboard Keyboard buffers have long been used in command line interface command line processing. As a user enters a command, they see it Echo computing echoed on their computer display terminal and can edit it before it is processed by the computer. In time sharing systems, the location of the buffer depends on whether communications is full Duplex telecommunications duplex or half duplex. In full duplex systems, keystrokes are transmitted one by one. As the main computer receives each keystroke, it ordinarily appends the character which it represents to the end of the keyboard buffer. The exception is control character s, such as delete or backspace which correct typing mistakes by deleting the character at the end of the buffer. In half duplex systems, keystrokes are echoed locally on a computer terminal . The user can see the command line on his terminal and edit it before it is transmitted to the main computer. Thus the buffer is local. On some systems, by pressing too many keys at once, the keyboard buffer overflows and will emit a beep from the computer s internal speaker. DEFAULTSORT Keyboard Buffer Category Computer keyboards Category Computer memory de Tastaturpuffer pl Bufor klawiatury ... more details
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