procedures to treat urinary problems. There are two main types of cystoscopy flexible and rigid differing in the flexibility of the cystoscope. Flexible cystoscopy is carried out without the use ... is used as an anaesthetic, instilled in the urethra. Rigid cystoscopy can be performed under the same ..., due to the pain caused by the probe. A doctor may recommend cystoscopy for any of the following conditions ref http www.doctorslounge.com urology procedures cystoscopy.htm Cystoscopy and Ureteroscopy ... , tumor , or cancer Male and female urinary tracts Image Cystoscopy im 20050425.jpg thumb 250px Images from a cystoscopy. The top two images show the interior of the urinary bladder bladder of a male ... Cystoscopy examination. For flexible cystoscopy procedures the patient is almost always alert and a local anesthetic is applied to reduce discomfort. In cases requiring a rigid cystoscopy it is not unusual ... Notes references References http kidney.niddk.nih.gov kudiseases pubs cystoscopyCystoscopy and Ureteroscopy ... into the Adverse Effects of Cystoscopy and its impact on patients quality of life and sexual performance ... pubs cystoscopy cystoscopy.htm which says, This e text is not copyrighted. The clearinghouse encourages ... more details
Hexvix is an optical imaging agent developed by the Norwegian pharmaceutical company Photocure ASA. Hexvix is designed to enhance detection of bladder cancer , in particular carcinoma in situ CIS , it reveals lesions that may not be seen with standard white light cystoscopy . Hexvix is marketed in USA as Cysview . Fluorescence guided cystoscopic diagnosis using Hexvix hexaminolevulinate can identify tumours not visible under white light. The importance and superior efficacy of fluorescence cystoscopy compared to white light cystoscopy alone with respect to detection of non muscle invasive tumour s and, specially CIS, is reflected in the 2008 European Association of Urology Guidelines on TaT1 Non muscle invasive Bladder Cancer, which clearly endorse the technique in its recommendation It has been confirmed that fluorescence guided biopsy and resection are more sensitive than conventional procedures in detecting malignant tumour, particularly CIS . ref http hexvix.com photocure pdf Abstract Stenzl EAU.pdf Hexvix fluorescence cystoscopy improves detection and resection of papillary bladder cancer and reduces early recurrence a multicentre, prospective, randomized studyA. Stenzl et al ref ref http hexvix.com photocure press cystoscopy.asp EAU Guidelines ref On October 5th 2010 it was announced a newly published publication in Journal of Urology on Hexvix. This publication shows that Hexvix guided fluorescence cystoscopy Hexvix , as an adjunct to conventional white light cystoscopy, improves the detection of bladder cancer and reduces the rate of early tumour recurrence, compared with white light cystoscopy alone. ref http www.biotekforum.no article.php?articleID 724&categoryID 6 Hexvix guided fluorescence cystoscopy reduces recurrence in patients ref On 10th November 2010 Nature journal published online an article claiming that Photodynamic diagnosis can improve surgical outcome on bladder cancer. ref http www.nature.com nrurol journal v7 n11 full nrurol.2010.183.html B ... more details
Stenzl EAU.pdf Hexvix fluorescence cystoscopy improves detection and resection of papillary bladder ... guided fluorescence cystoscopy Hexvix , as an adjunct to conventional white light cystoscopy ... with white light cystoscopy alone. ref http www.biotekforum.no article.php?articleID 724&categoryID 6 Hexvix guided fluorescence cystoscopy reduces recurrence in patients ref On 10th November 2010 Nature ... more details
Laser lithotripsy is a Surgery surgical procedure to remove Urolithiasis stones from urinary tract , i.e., kidney , ureter , bladder , or urethra . A Urology urologist inserts a scope into the urinary tract to locate the stone. The type of the scope may be Cystoscopy cystoscope , ureteroscope, renoscope or nephroscope. A laser fiber is inserted through the working channel of the scope, and laser is directly emitted to the stone. The stone is disintegrated and the remaining pieces are washed out of the Urinary system urinary tract . This procedure is done under either Local anesthesia local or general anesthesia and is considered minimally Invasiveness of surgical procedures invasive surgery . See also Extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy Kidney stone Urologic surgical and other procedures Category Laser medicine Category Urology ... more details
Retrograde Pyelogram is a urologic procedure where the physician injects contrast into the ureter in order to visualize the ureter and kidney. The flow of contrast up from the bladder to the kidney is opposite the usual flow of urine, hence the retrograde name. Reasons for performing a retrograde pyelogram include identification of filling defects e.g. stones or tumors , as an adjunct during the placement of ureteral stents or ureteroscopy , or to delineate renal anatomy in preparation for surgery. Retrograde pyelography is generally done when an intravenous excretory study IVP or contrast CT scan cannot be done because of renal disease or allergy to intravenous contrast. Relative contraindications include the presence of infected urine, pregnancy and contrast allergy. The procedure requires cystoscopy and the placement of a small tube into the lower part of the ureter to inject contrast and opacify the ureter and renal pelvis. Fluoroscopy , or dynamic X Rays, is typically used for visualization. The procedure is usually done under general or regional anesthesia . References Campbell s Textbook of Urology, Chapter 3, Urinary Tract Imaging, Basic Principles Urologic surgical and other procedures Category Urology ... more details
Image Cysto.jpg thumb Cystography image showing contrast in the urinary bladder and left ureter right side of image . In radiology and urology , a cystography is a procedure used to visualise the urinary bladder . Using an urinary catheter , radiocontrast is instilled in the bladder, and X ray imaging is performed. Cystography can be used to evaluate bladder cancer, vesicoureteral reflux , bladder polyps, and hydronephrosis . It requires less radiation than pelvic CT scan CT , although it is less sensitive and specific than Magnetic resonance imaging MRI or CT. In adult cases, the patient is typically instructed to void three times, after which a post voiding image is obtained to see how much urine is left within the bladder, which is useful to evaluate bladder contraction dysfunction. A final radiograph of the kidneys after the procedure is finished is performed to evaluate for occult vesicoureteral reflux that was not seen during the procedure itself. ref cite web url https www.asrt.org content thepublic aboutradiologicprocedures cystogram.aspx title ASRT Cystogram Information Page accessdate July, 2010 publisher American Society of Radiologic Technologists ref References references See also Cystoscopy Voiding cystourethrogram Category Urology Category Radiology med stub nl Cystografie pl Cystografia ru ... more details
File Jacbaeus.JPG thumb Hans Christian Jacobaeus. Hans Christian Jacobaeus 1879 &ndash 1937 was a Swedish internist born in Skarhult. In 1916 he became a professor at the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm . From 1925 until his death in 1937, he was a member of the Nobel Prize Committee. Jacobaeus was an important figure concerning modern laparoscopy and thoracoscopy . In 1910 he is credited with performing the first thoracoscopic diagnosis with a cystoscope . This technique was used in the treatment of a patient with tuberculosis tubercular intra thoracic adhesions. In 1911 he published an article titled The Possibilities for Performing Cystoscopy in Examinations of Serous Cavities in the journal M nchner Medizinischen Wochenschrift . He also did pioneer work involving cystoscopic diagnostics of the abdomen laparoscopy . He understood the possibilities, as well as the limitations of this discipline, and was an advocate of endoscope endoscopic training for medical personnel. He also stressed the need for specialized instruments for optimum performance involving laparoscopic examinations. In 1901 a Dresden physician named Georg Kelling 1866 1945 performed a cystoscope aided intervention of a dog s abdomen. Kelling also claimed to have performed two successful laparoscopic examinations on humans prior to Jacobaeus, however Kelling failed to timely publish these two findings. He was the father of Christian Jacob us . References http www.liebertonline.com doi abs 10.1089 end.2006.20.848 Journal of Endourology Hans Christian Jacobaeus Inventor of Human Laparoscopy and Thoracoscopy http www.mssm.edu misc history.shtml Minimally Invasive Surgery, Department of Surgery History of Minimally Invasive Surgery Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Jacobaeus, Hans Christian ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1879 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1937 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Jacobaeus, Hans Christian Category 1879 births Category 1937 deaths Category S ... more details
during cystoscopy . Sometimes it is an incidental finding during cystoscopy. ref Cite journal author Walid MS, Heaton RL title Can posthysterectomy cystoscopy be utilized as a screening test for bladder ... urine or at the time of the cystoscopy bladder washing . Cytology is very specific a positive result ... The diagnosing of bladder cancer can also be done with a Hexvix guided fluorescence cystoscopy Hexvix , as an adjunct to conventional white light cystoscopy. This procedure improves the detection of bladder cancer and reduces the rate of early tumour recurrence, compared with white light cystoscopy alone. Hexvix cystoscopy detects more cancer and reduce recurrency. Hexvix is marketed in USA under ... or other physician trained in cystoscopy , a procedure in which a flexible tube bearing a camera ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Hunner& 39 s ulcer Image Caption DiseasesDB 30832 ICD10 N30.1 ICD9 ICD9 595.1 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID Hunner s Ulcers occur in 5 to 10 percent of people who have the disease Interstitial cystitis . They form on the wall of the Urinary bladder bladder and, like any ulcer, they can bleed, ooze and vary in size. They were first described by Dr. Guy LeRoy Hunner , 1868 1957, a Johns Hopkins gynecologist, in a paper delivered to the Boston Medical Society in 1915. ref J. P. MacDermott, G. L. Charpied, H. Tesluk and A. R. Stone. Histological changes in interstitial cystitis. International Urogynecology Journal, Volume 4, Number 4, 1993, 246 249. ref Diagnoses Hunner s Ulcers can only be accurately diagnosed via a cystoscopy with hydrodistention . The procedure is performed while the patient is under general anaesthetic and is listed as a day surgery. Treatment The ulcers can be removed through fulguration burned off with the use of electricity or a laser or Segmental resection resection cutting around the ulcer, removing both the ulcer and the surrounding inflamed tissue . Some ulcers may recur in the same location. Many patients choose to live with the ulcers and treat the symptoms associated with them through bladder instillation s or and pain medication therapy. Some find relief by modifying their diet to remove those foods and beverages that appear to trigger symptoms. Examples may be caffeine, particularly coffee regular and decaf , tea, green tea, soda, artificial sugars and fruit juices. Cranberry juice, for example, can trigger intense pain and discomfort. However, studies about the impact of specific foods and drinks on Hunner s ucler symptoms are limited. Prevention The drug Elmiron helps to prevent the formation of Hunner s Ulcers by coating the bladder wall, thus making it harder for the acid in urine to irritate the bladder wall lining, which can lead to ulceration. See also Glomerulation Notes reflist Su ... more details
Image Nitze.JPG right thumb Maximilian Carl Friedrich Nitze Maximilian Carl Friedrich Nitze September 18, 1848 February 23, 1906 was a German urologist who was born in Berlin . He studied medicine at the Universities of University of Heidelberg Heidelberg , University of W rzburg W rzburg and University of Leipzig Leipzig . In 1874 he earned his doctorate, and subsequently became a medical assistant at the city hospital in Dresden . During the 1880s, Nitze founded a private urology hospital in Berlin. He later became a professor of urology at the University of Berlin . Nitze was a specialist regarding kidney and other urological disorders. Along with Viennese instrument maker Joseph Leiter 1830 1892 , he is credited with the invention of the modern cystoscope a device used in diagnostics of the urinary bladder bladder . The Nitze Leiter cystoscope was first publicly demonstrated in 1879. Functionally, it used an electrically heated platinum wire for illumination, a cooling system of flowing ice water, and telescopic lenses for visualization. Invention of the incandescent light bulb by Thomas Edison allowed further improvements to the cystoscope in 1887 Nitze constructed an apparatus that no longer needed a cooling system. Nitze is also credited with producing the first endoscope endoscopic photographs. Soon after Nitze s death in 1906, the cystoscope was used to perform the first thoracoscopy . In 1901 the first endoscope guided laparoscopy of a dog was performed by German physician Georg Kelling 1866 1945 . Today the Maximilian Nitze Medal is awarded by the German Society of Urology for special contributions in the field of urology. Written works Lehrbuch der Kystoskopie , Wiesbaden 1889 2. Auflage 1907 Handbook on cystoscopy . Kystophotographischer Atlas , Wiesbaden 1894. Cystoscopic Photography References This article is based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia . http sdarts.cs.columbia.edu collections medcorpus wjs wjs 022 12 0129.xml Adven ... more details
Infobox Disease Name Obstructive uropathy Image Caption DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 N 13 n 10 ICD9 ICD9 599.60 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus 000507 eMedicineSubj radio eMedicineTopic 804 MeshID Obstructive uropathy is a structural or functional hindrance of normal urine flow, ref name urlDefinition obstructive uropathy from Online Medical Dictionary cite web url http cancerweb.ncl.ac.uk cgi bin omd?obstructive uropathy title Definition obstructive uropathy from Online Medical Dictionary format work accessdate ref sometimes leading to renal dysfunction obstructive nephropathy . It is a very broad term, and does not imply a location or etiology. Causes It can be caused by a lesion at any point in the urinary tract . ref Cite book author Kumar, Vinay Fausto, Nelson Fausto, Nelso Robbins, Stanley L. Abbas, Abul K. Cotran, Ramzi S. authorlink title Robbins and Cotran Pathologic Basis of Disease year 2005 edition 7th publisher Elsevier Saunders location Philadelphia, Pa. isbn 0 7216 0187 1 pages 1012 ref Causes include urolithiasis ref name pmid18818145 cite journal author Tsai PJ, Lin JT, Wu TT, Tsai CC title Ureterosciatic hernia causes obstructive uropathy journal J Chin Med Assoc volume 71 issue 9 pages 491 3 year 2008 month September pmid 18818145 doi 10.1016 S1726 4901 08 70155 2 url http ajws.elsevier.com ajws pubmed pubmed switch.asp?journal issn 1726 4901&art pub year 2008& 20art pub month 09&art pub vol 71&art sp 491 format dead link date May 2010 ref and ureteral herniation. ref name pmid18818145 Symptoms Symptoms, less likely in chronic obstruction, are pain radiating to the T11 to T12 dermatomes , anuria , nocturia , or polyuria . Diagnosis Diagnosis is based on results of bladder catheterization , ultrasonography , CT scan , Cystoscopy cystourethroscopy , or pyelography , depending on the level of obstruction. Treatment Treatment, depending on cause, may require prompt drainage , instrumentation, surgery eg, endoscopy , lithotripsy , hormonal therapy , or a combination o ... more details
Infobox hospital Name Peter Lougheed Centre Org Group Alberta Health Services Image Peter Lougheed Centre 5.jpg Caption The main entrance of the Peter Lougheed Centre br center map type Canada Calgary latitude 51.079167 longitude 113.984167 map caption Location in Calgary Coordinates coord 51 04 45 N 113 59 03 W scale 3000 type landmark region CA AB display inline,title name Peter Lougheed Centre Helipad Airport codes CLC3 p n Logo optional Location 3500 26 Ave NE Region Calgary State Alberta Country Canada HealthCare Public, Medicare Canada Medicare Type Speciality Standards optional if no national standards Emergency Yes Affiliation Beds Over 600 Founded 1988 Closed optional Website http www.albertahealthservices.ca facilities.asp?pid facility&rid 2 Peter Lougheed Centre Wiki Links optional Peter Lougheed Centre PLC is a large hospital in Alberta , Canada . It is located in the Calgary City of Calgary , and runs under the auspices of Alberta Health Services , formerly the Calgary Health Region , providing medical and surgery surgical services not only to Calgary, but also Southern Alberta . The PLC has a 24 hours emergency department , an intensive care unit ICU and offers ambulatory care . It was named after Peter Lougheed , who served as premier of Alberta from 1971 to 1985. The hospital opened in 1988 with 500 beds, and today contains over 600 beds. The new East Wing was completed in 2008 and includes 140 inpatient beds, as well as a new intensive care and coronary unit. It was also designed with a new roof top helipad for emergency services. ref http www.calgaryhealthregion.ca capital peter lougheed centre.htm Dead link date March 2011 ref Clinics There are 34 clinics served at the PLC Congenital heart defect Adult Congenital Heart Amputation Amputee Asthma Lung Health Behavioral medicine Behavioral Development Breastfeeding Breast Feeding Bronchoscopy Cardiology Cast Cystoscopy Diabetes mellitus and pregnancy Diabetes in Pregnancy Emergency Cast Enterostomal ... more details
Infobox disease Name PUNLMP Papillary Urothelial Neoplasm of Low Malignant Potential ICD10 ICD9 ICDO Image Punlmp2.jpg Caption Micrograph of a PUNLMP . Intermediate magnification. H&E stain . OMIM OMIM mult MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic DiseasesDB In urology urologic pathology , PUNLMP , acronym short for papillary urothelial neoplasm of low malignant potential , is an exophytic outward growing , microscopically nipple shaped or papillary pre malignant growth of the lining of the upper genitourinary tract the urothelium , which includes the renal pelvis , ureter s, urinary bladder and part of the urethra . PUNLMP is pronounced pun lump , like the words pun and lump . As their name suggests, PUNLMPs are neoplasm s, i.e. molecular cloning clonal cell biology cellular mitosis proliferation s, that are thought to have a low probability of developing into urothelial cancer, i.e. a malignancy such as bladder cancer . They are thought to be relatively rare one study of two hundred papillary urothelial lesions found a prevalence of 0 3.5 . ref name pmid19346063 cite journal author May M, Brookman Amissah S, Roigas J, et al. title Prognostic Accuracy of Individual Uropathologists in Noninvasive Urinary Bladder Carcinoma A Multicentre Study Comparing the 1973 and 2004 World Health Organisation Classifications journal Eur. Urol. volume 57 issue 5 pages 850 year 2009 month March pmid 19346063 doi 10.1016 j.eururo.2009.03.052 url ref Symptoms PUNLMPs can lead to blood in the urine hematuria or may be asymptomatic. Diagnosis Image Punlmp1.jpg thumb right Micrograph of a PUNLMP showing characteristic features see text . H&E stain . PUNLMPs are exophytic lesions that appear friable to the naked eye and when imaged during cystoscopy . They are definitively diagnosed after removal by microscopy microscopic examination by pathologist s. Histology Histologically , they have a papillary architecture with slender fibrous tissue fibro vascular cores and rare basal mitosis mitos ... more details
A medical procedure is a course of action intended to achieve a result in the care of persons with health problems. A medical procedure with the intention of determining, measuring or diagnosis diagnosing a patient condition or parameter is also called a medical test . Other common kinds of procedures are therapeutic i.e., with the intention or treating, curing or restoring function or structure , including the large group of surgery surgical procedures. Physical medicine and rehabilitation Rehabilitation procedures are included in this group. Definition An activity directed at or performed on an individual with the object of improving health, treating disease or injury, or making a diagnosis. ref name ex00 International Dictionary of Medicine and Biology , Page 2297. ISBN 047101849x ref The act or conduct of diagnosis, treatment, or operation. ref name ex01 Stedman s Medical Dictionary , 27th ed. Page 1446. ISBN 068340007x ref A series of steps by which a desired result is accomplished. ref name ex02 Dorland s Illustrated Medical Dictionary , 28th ed. Page 1353. ISBN 0721628591 ref The sequence of steps to be followed in establishing some course of action. ref name ex03 Mosby s Medical, Nursing, & Allied Health Dictionary , Page 1278. ISBN 0801672252 ref List of medical procedures Propedeutic Auscultation Medical inspection Palpation Percussion medicine Temperature examination Diagnostic Cardiac stress test Electrocardiography Electroencephalography Electrocorticography Electromyography Electroneuronography Electronystagmography Electrooculography Electroretinography Endoluminal capsule monitoring Endoscopy Colonoscopy Colposcopy Cystoscopy Gastroscopy Laparoscopy Laryngoscopy Ophthalmoscopy Otoscopy Sigmoidoscopy Esophageal motility study Evoked potential Magnetoencephalography Medical imaging Angiography Aortography Cerebral angiography Coronary angiography Lymphangiography Pulmonary angiography Cardiac ventriculography Ventriculography Chest photofluorography Co ... more details
File Endo tower.jpg right thumb Endoscopy tower and procedural area of an endoscopy unit An endoscopy unit refers to a dedicated area where medical procedures are performed with endoscope s, which are cameras used to visualize structures within the body, such as the digestive tract and genitourinary system . Endoscopy units may be located within a hospital , incorporated within other medical care centres, or may be stand alone in nature. In the early days of endoscopy, when fewer procedures were carried out, facilities such as Operating theater operating theatres tended to be used as the number of procedures carried out and the complexity of the procedures and equipment increased, the need for specialised rooms and staff became apparent. ref name gidisease Anthony J. DiMarino, Stanley B. Benjamin. Gastrointestinal disease , chapter 7 The Endoscopy Unit. SLACK Incorporated, 2002. ISBN 9781556425110. ref Components An endoscopy unit consists of the following components trained and accredited endoscopists which are usually gastroenterologist s or surgeons trained nursing and additional staff endoscopes and other equipment preparation, procedural and recovery areas a disinfection and cleaning area for equipment emergency equipment and personnel and, a program for quality assurance. ref name ASGEguideline cite journal author American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy title ASGE guidelines for clinical application. Establishment of gastrointestinal endoscopy areas. American Society for Gastrointestinal Endoscopy journal Gastrointest. Endosc. volume 50 issue 6 pages 910 2 year 1999 month December pmid 10644189 doi url ref Procedures performed within an endoscopy unit may include gastrointestinal endoscopy such as gastroscopy , colonoscopy , endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography ERCP , and endoscopic ultrasound , bronchoscopy , cystoscopy , or other more specialized procedures. Endoscopy units may be part of a hospital, where emergency procedures may be perfor ... more details
neck commonly from removal of indwelling catheters or cystoscopy operations Damage to the bladder ... out backflow kidney damage. Cystoscopy may be needed to explore the urinary passage and rule out blockages ... more details
File Paraphimosis.jpg thumb 180px Paraphimosis Paraphimosis is an uncommon ref name emedicine donohoe medical condition where the foreskin becomes trapped behind the glans penis , and cannot be reduced that is, pulled back to its normal flaccid position covering the glans penis . If this condition persists for several hours or there is any sign of a lack of blood flow, paraphimosis should be treated as a medical emergency , as it can result in gangrene or other serious complications. ref name emedicine donohoe ref name emedicine ghory general ref name aafp choe Paraphimosis is usually caused by well meaning medical professionals or parents who handle the foreskin improperly ref name emedicine donohoe ref name aafp choe The foreskin may be retracted during penile examination, penile cleaning, urethral catheterization, or cystoscopy if the foreskin is left retracted for a long period of time, some of the foreskin tissue may become edematous swollen with fluid , which makes subsequent reduction of the foreskin difficult. Paraphimosis can be avoided by bringing the foreskin back into its reduced position after retraction is no longer necessary for instance, after cleaning the glans penis or placing a Foley catheter . Phimosis both pathologic and normal childhood physiologic forms is a risk factor for paraphimosis ref name emedicine ghory general cite web author Hina Z Ghory Rahul Sharma title Phimosis and Paraphimosis url http emedicine.medscape.com article 777539 overview date April 28, 2010 publisher eMedicine quote Patients with phimosis, both physiologic and pathologic, are at risk for developing paraphimosis when the foreskin is forcibly retracted past the glans and or the patient or caretaker forgets to replace the foreskin after retraction. ref physiologic phimosis resolves naturally as a child matures, but it may be advisable to treat pathologic phimosis via long term stretching or elective surgical techniques such as preputioplasty to loosen the pruptial orific ... more details
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