Cystolith Gr. cavity and stone is a botanical term for the inorganic concretions, usually of calcium carbonate , formed in a cellulose matrix in special cell biology cell s, generally in the leaf of plant s of certain families, e.g. Ficus elastica , the Indian rubber plant of the family Moraceae . Plants in the family Urticaceae , also known as Stinging Nettle s, also form leaf cystoliths, but only during their later flowering and seed setting stages. Cannabis and other plants in the family Cannabaceae also produce leaf and flower cystoliths. References 1911 Category Cell anatomy botany stub ca Cist lit de Zystolith sr ... more details
For Acaulospora myriocarpa Terminalia myriocarpa italic title taxobox name Myriocarpa image myriocarpa longipes inflorescence.jpg image caption Myriocarpa longipes regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Rosales familia Urticaceae genus Myriocarpa Myriocarpa is a genus woody plant which ranges in size from shrubs to small trees and is Endemism endemic to Central America Central and South America . Within the Urticaceae , Myriocarpa is characterized by long pendulous string like female inflorescences of apparently naked flowers and stems which release a watery latex when cut. Estimates for the diversity of the genus range from five to eighteen species . ref name Burger 1977 BURGER, W. 1977. Myriocarpa, Flora Costaricensis. Fieldiana, Botany 40 237 240. ref ref name Friis 1989 FRIIS, I. 1989. The Urticaceae a systematic review. In P. R. Crane and S. Blackmore eds. , Evolution, systematics, and fossil history of the Hamamelidae, vol. 2, Systematics Association Special Volume 40B, 285 308. Oxford Science Publications, Oxford, UK ref Research for Flora Mesoamericana indicates that there are probably fifteen to twenty species. The genus was described by George Bentham in 1846 ref name Bentham 1846 BENTHAM, G. 1846. The botany of the voyage of H.M.S. Sulphur 168, t. 55. ref based on Colombian specimens of Myriocarpa stipitata collected by Mss. Barclay. Weddell placed Myriocarpa in the Urticaceae tribe Boehmerieae ref name Weddell 1856 WEDDELL, H. A. 1856. Urera. In G. Baudry and J. Baudry eds. , Monographie de la famille des Urticac es. 484 490. G. and J. Baudry, Paris, France. ref ref name Weddell 1869 WEDDELL, H. A. 1869. Myriocarpa. In A. De Candolle ed. , Prodromus systematis naturalis regni vegetabilis 16, 23533 23536. Paris, France. ref despite its anomalous pubescence, cystolith morphology biology morphology and wood anatomy. In his review of the Urticaceae, ref name Friis 1989 Friis retained its position with ... more details
italictitle About the plant Justicia adhatoda herb Vasaka taxobox image Justicia adhatoda 1.jpg regnum Plantae divisio Angiosperms classis Eudicots ordo Asterids ordo Lamiales familia Acanthaceae genus Justicia species J. adhatoda binomial Justicia adhatoda binomial authority Carl Linnaeus L. Justicia adhatoda L. Adulsa , Malabar Nut Synonym taxonomy syn. Adhatoda vasica Christian Gottfried Daniel Nees von Esenbeck Nees , Kannada Aadumuttada Soppu Malayalam aadalodakam , Sanskrit adusa , aruha , arusha , others is a medicinal plant native to Asia . The plant grows wild in abundance all over Nepal , India, and the Pothohar region of Pakistan , particularly in the Pharwala area. Botanical description This is a shrub with lance shaped leaves 10 to 15 centimeters in length by four wide. They are oppositely arranged, smooth edged, and borne on short Petiole botany petioles . When dry they are of a dull brownish green colour. They are bitter tasting. When a leaf is cleared with chloral hydrate and examined microscopically the oval stoma ta can be seen. They are surrounded by two crescent shaped cells at right angles to the ostiole . The epidermis bears simple one to three celled warty hairs, and small glandular hairs. Cystolith s occur beneath the epidermis of the underside of the blade. Chemical composition Several alkaloid s are present in the leaves. The most important is vasicine , a quinazoline alkaloid responsible for the medicinal activity of the plant. cn date October 2011 The vasicine yield of the herbage has been measured as 0.541 to 1.1 by dry weight. Pharmacology This shrub has a number of traditional herbalism medicinal uses . cn date October 2011 Vasicine, the active compound, has been compared to theophylline both in vitro and in vivo . Another, vasicinone , showed bronchodilatory activity in vitro but bronchoconstrictory activity in vivo it is probably biotransformed in vivo , causing bronchoconstriction. cn date October 2011 Both the alka ... more details
taxobox name Cannabaceae image Cannabis 01 bgiu.jpg image caption Cannabis sativa regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Rosales familia Cannabaceae familia authority Martynov nom. cons. ref name APweb ref name Sytsma2002 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision See text Cannabaceae are a small family biology family of flowering plant s. As now Circumscription taxonomy circumscribed , the family includes about 170 species grouped in about 11 genera, including Cannabis hemp , Hop plant Humulus hops and Celtis hackberries . Celtis is by far the largest genus, containing about 100 species. ref name APweb Citation last Stevens first P.F. year 2001 onwards title Angiosperm Phylogeny Website Cannabaceae url http www.mobot.org mobot research apweb orders rosalesweb.htm Cannabaceae ref Other than their common evolutionary origin see Evolution Phylogeny below , members of the family have few common characteristics some are trees e.g. Celtis , others are herbaceous plant herbs e.g. Cannabis . Description Unreferenced section date October 2011 Cannabaceae are very similar to Moraceae . Members of this family can be trees e.g. Celtis or Cannabis ref cite web title r trees work http reddit.com r trees ref , or twining herbs e.g. Humulus . Leaf Leaves are often more or less palmately lobed or palmately compound and always bear stipule s. Cystolith s are always present and some members of this family possess laticifer s. Cannabaceae are often plant sexuality dioecious distinct male and female plants . The flowers are actinomorphic radially symmetrical and not showy, as these plants are wind pollination pollinated by the wind . As an adaptation to this kind of pollination, the calyx botany calyx is short and there is no Corolla flower corolla . Flowers are grouped to form Cyme botany cymes . In the dioecious plants the masculine inflorescences are long and look like panicle s, while the feminine are shorter and bear less flowers ... more details
taxobox name Acanthaceae image Odontonema flwrs.jpg image width 240px image caption Flowers of Odontonema cuspidatum regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Flowering plant Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Asterids ordo Lamiales familia Acanthaceae familia authority Antoine Laurent de Jussieu Juss. ref name GRIN cite web url http www.ars grin.gov cgi bin npgs html family.pl?6 title Family Acanthaceae Juss., nom. cons. work Germplasm Resources Information Network publisher United States Department of Agriculture date 2003 01 17 accessdate 2011 07 29 ref type genus Acanthus genus Acanthus type genus authority Carl Linnaeus L. subdivision ranks Family biology Subfamilies subdivision Acanthoideae br Avicennia Avicennioideae br Nelsonioideae br Thunbergioideae ref name GRIN synonyms Avicenniaceae small Miq. small , nom. cons. Justiciaceae small Raf. small br Mendonciaceae small Bremek. small br Meyeniaceae small Sreem. small br Nelsoniaceae small Sreem. small br Thunbergiaceae small Lilja small ref name GRIN The family Acanthaceae or Acanthus family is a taxon of dicotyledon ous flowering plant s containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species. Most are Tropics tropical Herbaceous plant herbs , shrub s, or twining vines some are epiphytes . Only a few species are distributed in temperate regions. The four main centres of distribution are Indonesia and Malaysia , Africa , Brazil and Central America . The representatives of the family can be found in nearly every Habitat ecology habitat , including dense or open forest s, in scrubland s, on wet fields and valleys, at the sea coast and in marine areas, and in swamp s and as an element of mangrove woods. Description Plants in this family have simple, opposite, decussate leaf leaves with entire or sometimes toothed, lobed, or spiny margins, and without stipule s. The leaves may contain cystolith s, calcium carbonate concretions, seen as streaks on the surface. The flower s are perfect, Floral symmetry zygomorp ... more details
class ombox notice align right style margin left 0.6em style background eeeefd colspan 4 center Greek alphabet center colspan 4 center Transliteration schemes center style background e1e1e1 Greek Traditional Classical Modern a a a b b v g g gh, y d d dh e e e z z, dz z e i th th th i i i c k k l l l m m m n n n x x x o o o p p p r r r s s s t t t y u i ph ph ph, f ch kh kh ps ps ps o o ae, e ai e, ai au au af, av i ei i eu eu ef, ev ng ng ng nx nx nx nc nk g, ng nch nkh nkh mp mp b, mb nt nt d, nd oe, e oi i u ou ou, u Expand list date August 2008 This is a list of Greek words with derivatives in English . The words are in Greek alphabetic order, with tables for the 24 Greek letters, listing thousands of related English words. table id toc border 0 tr th Contents tr td Transliteration Transliteration Greek words with modern derivatives Greek Words with Modern Derivatives See also See also External links External links table NOTOC Transliteration There are considerable differences between the various transliteration s used to represent the Greek alphabet in English Language English . The table in the sidebar shows The traditional transliteration, in other words that used in Latin , representing classical Greek this is the form in which most Greek words have made their way into English A classical transliteration, commonly used to represent more accurately the pronunciation of Ancient Greek, although traditional forms are rarely used. The modern transliteration often used for Modern Greek see transliteration of Greek into English for some variations. Rough breathing was represented in some Greek dialects by an h while in others, the h represented the vowel eta the origin of the sign is thought to be the left hand half of the letter H a ro ... more details
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