In Welsh language poetry , Cynghanedd IPA cy k hane , literally harmony is the basic concept of sound arrangement within one line, using Stress linguistics stress , alliteration and rhyme . The various forms of cynghanedd show up in the definitions of all formal Welsh Verse poetry verse forms, such as the awdl . Though of ancient origin, cynghanedd and variations of it are still used today by many Welsh language poets. A number of poets have experimented with using cynghanedd in English language verse, for instance Gerard Manley Hopkins . Some of Dylan Thomas work is also influenced by cynghanedd. Forms of cynghanedd The first example below is from the poem http cy.wikisource.org wiki Cywydd y Cedor Cywydd y Cedor , by the fifteenth century female poet Gwerful Mechain . The caesuras are marked with slashes and rhyming parts are marked in bold . Note that Dd, Ll and Ch are single consonants digraphs in the Welsh alphabet . Cynghanedd groes cross harmony All consonants surrounding the main ... monophthong and wy the diphthong uj . In cynghanedd groes there are no consonants in the second ... may be of any kind. Cynghanedd draws partial cross harmony Exactly as in cynghanedd groes ... at the end of the first half plays no part in the cynghanedd the line final word, i instead ..., which is not permitted in cynghanedd . Note that the d n of the second half of the line is also not part of the cynghanedd this is the difference between cynghanedd groes and cynghanedd draws . There may .........ll.f..r.ch..d ....pl h counts as a vowel Cynghanedd sain sound harmony The cynghanedd sain is characterised .... For example pant yw hwy na llwy na llaw N Ll N Ll Cynghanedd lusg drag harmony The final syllable ... England London. ISBN 0 87451 380 4. External links For an example of a poem in English using cynghanedd ... to force English into the Welsh patterns. The cynghanedd here is also either incomplete or faulty ... Poetic rhythm cs Cynghanedd cy Cynghanedd barddoniaeth de Cynghanedd no Cynghanedd ru ... more details
The traethodl is a Welsh language Welsh verse form consisting of couplets in which seven syllabled lines rhyme with alternate accented and unaccented rhyming syllables. It is first attested in medieval Welsh literature . With the addition of cynghanedd , it was elaborated in the 14th century and developed into the cywydd . See also Welsh poetry Category Welsh poetry Category Medieval Welsh literature Category Welsh language literature Category Western medieval lyric forms Poetry stub Wales stub cy Traethodl ... more details
An awdl is a long poem written in Welsh language Welsh in one of the twenty four strict metres, using cynghanedd . Such poems are considered among the finest work that a poet can aim to produce, and prizes are given at eisteddfod au for the best awdl. A famous example is the awdl http cy.wikisource.org wiki Yr Arwr Yr Arwr , by Hedd Wyn . Category Welsh poetry Category Welsh language literature Category Medieval Welsh literature Category Eisteddfod Category Western medieval lyric forms Category Welsh loanwords poetry stub Wales stub cy Awdl ... more details
. Like many of his generation he was a master of the mechanics of cynghanedd, but was not much of a poet ... of value today. However if it wasn t for bards of his generation keeping the tradition of Cynghanedd ... of a golden age of cynghanedd in the 20th century might not have happened. The Gorsedd Hwfa ... more details
Jonathan Hughes 17 March 1721 in Wales 1721 25 November 1805 in Wales 1805 was a Wales Welsh poet. He was born at Pengwern near Llangollen . His work was mainly in the cynghanedd form, and was intended to be sung. He wrote for popular periodicals and is mentioned prominently among the competitors at many 18th century eisteddfods. Works Y Dywysoges Genefetha 1744 Bardd a Byrddau 1778 His son and namesake 1753 1834 and his grandson, also of the same name 1797 1860 , were also poets. Further reading Bardd Pengwern Detholiad o Gerddi Jonathan Hughes, Llangollen 1721 1805, Siwan M. Rosser June 2007 http www.gwales.com goto review cy 9781900437967 Sources http wbo.llgc.org.uk en s HUGH JON 1721.html Welsh Biography Online Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Hughes, Jonathan ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1721 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1805 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Hughes, Jonathan Category 1721 births Category 1805 deaths Category Welsh language poets UK poet stub Wales writer stub ... more details
in the form of an englyn with cynghanedd shown . O Dad, yn deulu dedwydd Y deuwn Dad & dedwydd, d accent ... law & daw rhyming, daw & dydd, d accent repeated, cynghanedd sain Ein lluniaeth a n llawenydd. ein ... more details
The cywydd plural cywyddau is one of the most important metrical forms in Welsh language Welsh traditional poetry. There are a variety of forms of the cywydd, but the word on its own is generally used to refer to the cywydd deuair hirion as it is by far the most common type. The first recorded examples of the cywydd date from the early 14th century, when it is believed to have been developed. This was the favourite metre of the Medieval Welsh literature Poets of the Nobility , the poets working from the fourteenth to the seventeenth centuries, and it is still used today. The cywydd consists of a series of seven syllable lines in rhyming couplets, with all lines written in cynghanedd . One of the lines must finish with a stressed syllable, while the other must finish with an unstressed syllable. The rhyme may vary from couplet to couplet, or may remain the same. There is no rule about how many couplets there must be in a cywydd. The cywydd deuair hirion and the related cywydd deuair fyrion , cywydd llosgyrnog and the awdl gywydd all occur in the list of the twenty four traditional Welsh poetic meters adopted in the later Middle Ages. References The Oxford Companion to the Literature of Wales , Meic Stephens, 1986, Oxford University Press. Category Welsh poetry Category Medieval Welsh literature Category Welsh language literature Category Western medieval lyric forms Category Poetic rhythm poetry stub Wales stub cy Cywydd es Cywydd fr Cywydd la Cywydd no Cywydd ... more details
unreferenced date October 2008 The traditional Welsh poetic meters consist of twenty four different types of poetic meter , called Y Pedwar Mesur ar Hugain in Welsh language Welsh . They are all written in cynghanedd of varying degrees of complexity. Although called traditional, they were compiled and later redefined at least once in the Late Middle Ages and omit some of the older forms such as the englyn milwr . Only a few of them were widely used by the professional poets Beirdd yr Uchelwyr , and the use of some of the more complicated ones is confined to occasional poems of technical virtuosity dating to the end of the Middle Ages. The twenty four traditional Welsh poetic meters are Awdl gywydd Byr a thoddaid Cadwynfyr Clogyrnach Cyhydedd Fer Cyhydedd Hir Cyhydedd Naw Ban Cyrch a chwta Cywydd Deuair Fyrion Cywydd Deuair Hirion see Cywydd Cywydd Llosgyrnog Englyn Proest Cyfnewidiog Englyn Proest Cadwynog Englyn Unodl Crwca Englyn Unodl Union see Englyn Gorchest Beirdd Gwawdodyn Byr Gwawdodyn Hir Hir a thoddaid Rhupunt Byr Rhupunt Hir Rhupunt Hwyaf Tawddgyrch Cadwynog Toddaid See also Welsh poetry Literature of Wales Welsh language Welsh literature Eisteddfod poetry stub Wales stub Category Medieval Welsh literature Category Welsh language literature Category Welsh poetry Category Poetic rhythm cy Pedwar mesur ar hugain ... more details
Tudur Aled c. 1465 1525 was a late medieval Welsh language Welsh poet, born in Llansannan , Denbighshire . He is regarded as one of the finest poets of his period and was a master of cynghanedd . Tudur was himself a nobleman and one of the greatest of the Beirdd yr Uchelwyr Poets of the Nobility . His most important patrons were the William Salesbury Salisbury family of Vale of Clwyd Dyffryn Clwyd . He was one of the instigators of the Caerwys eisteddfod of 1523. In his final illness he took the habit of Order of Francis of Assisi St. Francis and died in Carmarthen , where he was buried in the Brothers Court. At his death the elegies his fellow poets wrote in his memory attested to his greatness as a poet. He was renowned as a praise poet of both secular and religious noblemen, and also reflects the changes at the beginning of the sixteenth century which were threatening the future of the bardic system. See also portal Poetry DNB Poster Aled, Tudur Tudur Aled http cy.wikisource.org wiki Categori Tudur Aled Tudur Aled at Wikisource Welsh Bibliography Thomas Gwynn Jones ed. , Gwaith Tudur Aled Cardiff, 1926 . The standard collected edition of Tudur s poetry. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Aled, Tudur ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION Poet DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH Llansannan , Denbighshire , Wales DATE OF DEATH 1525 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Aled, Tudur Category Medieval Welsh poets Category 16th century writers Category Welsh language poets Category People of the Tudor period Category 1525 deaths Category Year of birth uncertain UK poet stub Wales writer stub cy Tudur Aled hu Tudur Aled ru ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Geraint the Blue Bard lang cy Geraint Fardd Glas is a reputed 9th century Welsh bard and harpist, although modern scholars are dismissive of his existence. He has been definitively shown by Welsh scholar G. J. Williams to be the invention of Iolo Morganwg ref G. J. Williams, Iolo Morganwg University of Wales Press, Cardiff, 1956 , pp. 288 9. ref , a talented author and antiquarian now infamous for his numerous literary forgeries. Iolo called him Geraint Fardd Glas or Y Bardd Glas o r Gadair the Blue Bard of the Bardic Chair and associated him with his version of the early history of Morgannwg Glamorgan . Iolo makes the figure of Geraint, otherwise unattested in Welsh manuscript sources or tradition, the inventor of cynghanedd and brother of king Morgan of Morgannwg . He even went so far as to equate him with Asser in the court of Alfred the Great . He invented numerous Sayings etc. attributed to Geraint and printed in the notorious third volume of the Myvyrian Archaiology of Wales . Iolo based his invention on some vague references in medieval English and Scots poetry to a certain Glascurion the name Geraint Fardd Glas and its variants only occurs in Iolo s works mentioned in Chaucer s House of Fame Ther herde I pleyen on an harpe That sowned bothe wel and sharpe, Orpheus ful craftely, And on his syde, faste by, Sat the harper Orion, And Eacides Chiron, And other harpers many oon, And the Bret Glascurion Glascurion figures as Glasgerion in the English and Scots folk ballad Glasgerion was a kings owne sonne, And a harper he was good He harped in the kings chamber, Where cuppe and candle stoode, And soe did hee in the queens chamber, Till ladies waxed wood. And then bespake the kings daughter. References references External links Chaucer s House of Fame http www.georgetown.edu labyrinth library me chaucer HF.html Child Ballad 67 Glasgerion http www.sacred texts.com neu eng child ch067.htm Category Literary hoaxes Category Welsh literature Wal ... more details
Edgar Phillips 8 October 1889 30 August 1962 , known by the bardic name Trefin , was a Wales Welsh poet and served as Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales from 1960 until his death. Phillips took his bardic name from his birthplace, the village of Trefin in Pembrokeshire . He did not learn Welsh language Welsh until his family moved to Cardiff when he was aged eleven. Whilst working as an apprentice tailor back in his native county, he mastered the art of cynghanedd . After running his own tailoring business in Cardiff, he joined the Royal Garrison Artillery during World War I , and was seriously wounded. In 1921 he took a teaching course at Caerleon , and taught at Pengam and Pontllanfraith . In 1933 he won the chair at the National Eisteddfod held in Wrexham . His third wife, whom he married in 1951, was the travel writer Maxwell Fraser real name Dorothy Phillips . Works Trysor o g n , in four volumes 1930 36 Caniadau Tref n 1950 Edmund Jones, the Old Prophet 1959 Sources http wbo.llgc.org.uk en s2 PHIL EDG 1889.html Welsh Biography Online S start Succession box title Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales years 1960 1962 before William Morris poet William Morris after Albert Evans Jones S end Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Phillips, Edgar ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 8 October 1889 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 30 August 1962 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Phillips, Edgar Category 1889 births Category 1962 deaths Category British Army personnel of World War I Category Chaired bards Category Royal Artillery soldiers Category Welsh language poets Category Welsh speaking people Category Welsh Eisteddfod archdruids Category Welsh Eisteddfod winners UK poet stub Wales writer stub cy Edgar Phillips ... more details
Robert Williams Parry 6 March 1884 4 January 1956 was one of Wales most notable poets in the twentieth century. His life R. Williams Parry was born in Talysarn , in Nantlle Valley Dyffryn Nantlle , a first cousin to T.H. Parry Williams and Thomas Parry author Sir Thomas Parry . He later studied in Aberystwyth for two years and left without any qualifications, but became a primary school teacher for some period of time. In 1907 he returned to his studies in Bangor University and earned his grades in 1908. He continued to work as a teacher and later became involved in Bangor University itself. His work He earned widespread recognition as an established poet when he won the chair at the 1910 National Eisteddfod for his poem Yr Haf The Summer . He published two collections of poetry Haf a cherddi eraill 1924 and Cerddi r Gaeaf 1952 . Some of his most notable works include Y Llwynog The Fox , Eifionydd and Englynion coffa Hedd Wyn . In the latter he laments, using the traditional four line verse, or englyn , and cynghanedd the death of the poet Hedd Wyn Ellis Humphrey Evans at the Battle of Paschendaele in 1917. Evans was posthumously awarded the Chair at the National Eisteddfod of Wales . The chair ... today stretching out its arms in a long peace of silence for the one who hasn t come. Bibliography Books by R. Williams Parry Yr Haf a cherddi eraill Cerddi r Gaeaf Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Parry, Robert Williams ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 6 March 1884 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 4 January 1956 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Parry, Robert Williams Category 1884 births Category 1956 deaths Category Welsh speaking people Category Welsh World War I poets Category People educated at Ysgol Dyffryn Nantlle cy Robert Williams Parry ... more details
Fern Hill 1945 is a poetry poem by Dylan Thomas , first published in the October, 1945, Horizon magazine, with its first book publication as the last poem in Deaths and Entrances . The poem starts as a straightforward evocation of his childhood visits to his Aunt Annie s farm Now as I was young and easy under the apple boughs About the lilting house and happy as the grass was green, In the middle section, the idyllic scene is expanded upon, reinforced by the lilting rhythm of the poem, the dreamlike, pastoral metaphors and allusion to scenes from the Garden of Eden. By the end, the poet s older voice has taken over, mourning his lost youth with echoes of the opening Oh as I was young and easy in the mercy of his means, Time held me green and dying Though I sang in my chains like the sea. ref http www.bbc.co.uk wales arts sites themes books dylan thomas.shtml Dylan Thomas on BBC Wales Arts page ref The poem uses Internal rhyme internal half rhyme and full rhyme as well as end rhyme . Thomas was very conscious of the impact of spoken or intoned verse and explored the potentialities of sound and rhythm, in a manner reminiscent of Gerard Manley Hopkins . He always denied having conscious knowledge of Welsh language Welsh , but his lines chime with internal consonantal correspondence, or cynghanedd , a prescribed feature of Welsh versification . ref Seymour H http books.google.com.au books?id kuUKoVypTcIC&pg PA255&vq Fern Hill&source gbs search r&cad 0 1 PPA255,M1 Sound and Form in Modern Poetry page 255 ref The house Fernhill is just outside Llangain in Carmarthenshire. Thomas had extended stays here in the 1920s with his aunt Annie and her husband, Jim Jones. His holidays here have been recalled in interviews with his schoolboy friends, and both the house and the Thomas family network in the area are detailed in the same book. ref Dylan Remembered 1914 34, vol 1, by D N Thomas, Seren 2003 ref Musical composition Fern Hill has been set to music by the American composer ... more details
Welsh poetry may refer to poetry in the Welsh language , Anglo Welsh poetry , or other poetry written in Wales or by List of Welsh language poets Welsh poets . History Main Medieval Welsh literature Wales has one of the earliest literary traditions in Northern Europe, stretching back to the days of Aneirin floruit fl. 550 and Taliesin second half of the 6th century , and the haunting Stafell Cynddylan , which is the oldest recorded literary work by a woman in northern Europe. In Welsh literature the period before 1100 is known as the period of Y Cynfeirdd The earliest poets or Yr Hengerdd The old poetry . It roughly dates from the birth of the Welsh language from British language Celtic Brythonic to the arrival of the Normans in Wales towards the end of the eleventh century. From ca.1100 until ca.1600 Welsh poetry can be divided roughly into two distinct periods the period of the Poets of the Princes Beirdd y Tywysogion , also called Y Gogynfeirdd who worked before the loss of Welsh independence in 1282 and the Poets of the Nobility Beirdd yr Uchelwyr who worked from 1282 until the period of the English incorporation of Wales in the 16th century. The earliest poem in English language English by a Welsh poet dates from about 1470. More recently Anglo Welsh poetry has become an important aspect of Welsh literary culture, as well as being influential on English literature . Welsh poets often write under bardic name s to conceal their identity in Eisteddfod competitions. Forms Since the later Middle Ages , the traditional Welsh poetic metres in strict verse consist of twenty four different metrical forms written in cynghanedd . An awdl is a form of long poem, similar to the ode . The most popular metrical forms are the Cywydd , of 14th century origin, and the several versions of the Englyn , a concise and allusive verse form similar to the Greek epigram and the Japanese haiku and as old as Welsh literature itself. See also Portal box Poetry Wales List of Welsh language ... more details
Dic Jones 1934 &ndash August 18, 2009 in Wales 2009 , ref name BBCObit cite news url http news.bbc.co.uk 2 hi uk news wales 8207396.stm title Archdruid Dic Jones dies, aged 75 publisher bbc.co.uk date 2009 08 18 accessdate 2009 08 18 ref was a Welsh language poet and the Archdruid of the National Eisteddfod of Wales . He was born Richard Lewis Jones at Tre r dd l in Ceredigion . ref name BBCObit The son of a farmer , Jones himself farmed on convert 85 acres ha at Fferm yr Hendre at Blaenannerch in Aberporth . In commenting upon his life he quipped Cquote I farm for bread and butter I write for some jam on it. Jones began his literary career as a competitor in the Urdd eisteddfod, where, as an exponent of cynghanedd , he won the chair five times in his twenties. ref http www.britannia.com wales lit lit18.html Go Britannia ref In 1966 he won the Chairing of the Bard Chair at the National Eisteddfod with an awdl entitled Cynhaeaf English language English Harvest . In 1968, cameras from ITV Wales & West HTV filmed one of the first pieces of British reality television , when they followed Jones, his wife Jean, and three of their children, Delyth, Rhian and Dafydd, on a fortnight s holiday to San Antonio, Ibiza . ref http www.tivysideadvertiser.co.uk news 4498565.Dic Jones poet and television pioneer ref Under his bardic name Dic yr Hendre , Jones was installed as Archdruid in 2007, succeeding Selwyn Griffith Selwyn Iolen . He officiated at the 2008 event in Cardiff , but missed the 2009 event in Bala, Gwynedd Bala due to ill health. ref name BBCObit Works Agor Grwn 1960 Caneuon Cynhaeaf 1969 Storom Awst 1978 Sgubo r Storws 1986 Golwg Arall 2001 Golwg ar G n 2002 Cadw Golwg 2005 References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Jones, Dic ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1934 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 2009 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Jones, Dic Category 1934 births Category 2009 deaths Category Chaired bards Category Welsh Eisteddfo ... more details
Other persons George Fisher Unreferenced date October 2006 George Fisher 1909 1970 was a Welsh language dramatist and theatrical producer, born in Bargoed , Glamorgan . As a dramatist he is best known for Y Lleoedd Pell , Y Blaidd Ddyn and Awena , as well as for the verse drama Y Ferch a r Dewin 1958 . Born in Bargoed, Glamorgan, Francis George Fisher was educated at Lewis School, Pengam, and at University College, Cardiff, where he captained the University swimming team before graduating in Mathematics in 1930. For a short period he was a teacher in a missionary college on the Gold Coast in West Africa then in 1932 a mathematics teacher at Llangefni Grammar School, latterly Llangefni County Comprehensive, becoming deputy headmaster until his sudden death. George he preferred his middle name began writing in English, publishing his first novel, One Has Been Honest, at the age of 21 before his graduation. He wrote many poems and stories, published in The Adelphi and The Twentieth Century during the 1930s, before turning to drama. His play The Disinherited was performed in Swansea s Little Theatre in July 1939. Lieutenant Fisher served in the Navy during World War II and, while he was in Iceland, he learned Welsh from Caradar s booklet Welsh Made Easy. From that time, he was intent on writing plays in Welsh, mastering cynghanedd . He wrote at least five short plays between 1945 and 1952 and three long plays Catrin first prize in the National Eisteddfod at Dolgellau, 1949 , Y Ferch a r Dewin The girl and the wizard which shared first prize in the National Eisteddfod at Rhyl, 1953 and Merch yw Medusa Medusa is a girl 1951 . He also translated Andre Obey s play, Noa 1951 . He produced thirty plays, twenty of these in Welsh, including all his own works and the memorably great productions of the plays of Saunders Lewis. He became a member of the Welsh Arts Council Drama Committee and was awarded the MBE for services to Welsh Theatre in 1958. His most important contribution ... more details
Image Dewi Morgan.jpg thumb Dewi Morgan Dewi Morgan 1877 1971 was a Wales Welsh bard, scholar and journalist who used the bardic name Dewi Teifi , and who won the Chairing of the Bard Chair at the 1925 National Eisteddfod of Wales in Pwllheli with his important awdl recounting the legend of Cantre r Gwaelod . Biography Born David Morgan at Bryndderwen, D l y Bont in Ceredigion , Wales , opposite Capel y Babell, he was the son of William Morgan 1842 1917 and Jane James 1846 1922 . He later claimed that his ancestry stretched back to Sir Gruffudd Fychan of Denbigh , who had been knighted in the field at the Battle of Agincourt by Henry V in 1426. Dewi Morgan moved with his family to Pen y garn, Ceredigion Pen y garn when he was two years old, after his father built and opened a grocer s shop there called Garn House. ref Jones, Eddie, Adnabod Ardal 17 Garn House , Y Tincer , Rhif 125, Ionawr 1990, p. 12 ref The sign above the door of the shop read William Morgan, General Merchant , ref Macdonald Tom, Gwanwyn Serch Cymdeithas Lyfrau Ceredigion, Aberystwyth, 1982 , p. 11 ref and as well a being a grocer, Dewi s father sold coal and carried goods. Dewi Morgan was largely self taught, having had little formal education, becoming a master of the form of strict meter Welsh poetry known as Cynghanedd . He regularly competed at regional and local eisteddfodau, winning his first eisteddfod Chair at the age of twenty two. Following his success at Pwllheli, he said that one of the two greatest influences on his life was the headmaster of Ysgol Rhydypennau Rhydypennau School , John Evans the other was his great friend T. Gwynn Jones . Through his friendship with T. Gwynn Jones he deepened his understanding and appreciation of Welsh literature, but also broadened his knowledge to encompass the wider European literary tradition. Amongst his other friends could be counted many Welsh scholars and academics, including T. H. Parry Williams , T. E. Nicholas and Eifion Wyn. He encouraged ... more details
poem Tywysog Tangnefedd Prince of Peace . Gwili had knowledge of Cynghanedd the strict meter of Welsh ... in cynghanedd on at least two occasions. He was elected Archdruid in 1931 and served his term in the post ... more details
and cynghanedd did not disappear completely, although it did lose it professionalism, and came into the hands of ordinary poets who kept it alive through centuries. Cynghanedd and traditional meters ... more details
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