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Encyclopedia results for Cyclic nucleotide

Cyclic nucleotide





Encyclopedia results for Cyclic nucleotide

  1. Cyclic nucleotide

    Image Cyclic adenosine monophosphate 2D skeletal.png thumb Cyclic adenosine monophosphate Image CGMP.png thumb Cyclic guanosine monophosphate A cyclic nucleotide is any nucleotide in which the phosphate group is bonded to two of the sugar s hydroxyl groups, forming a cyclical or ring structure. These include cyclic AMP cyclic GMP cyclic ADP ribose These function as second messenger s associated with G protein s and calcium signaling . External links MeshName Nucleotides, Cyclic Nucleobases, nucleosides, and nucleotides Category Nucleotides Biochem stub et Ts klilised nukleotiidid nl Cyclisch nucleotide no Syklisk nukleotid sr Cikli ni nukleotid ...   more details



  1. Cyclic nucleotide-binding domain

    Pfam box Symbol cNMP binding Name Cyclic nucleotide binding domain image PDB 1cgp EBI.jpg width caption Structure of a CAP DNA complex. ref name pmid1653449 cite journal author Schultz SC, Shields GC, Steitz TA title Crystal structure of a CAP DNA complex the DNA is bent by 90 degrees journal Science volume 253 issue 5023 pages 1001 7 year 1991 month August pmid 1653449 doi 10.1126 science.1653449 url bibcode 1991Sci...253.1001S ref Pfam PF00027 InterPro IPR000595 SMART SM00100 PROSITE PDOC00691 SCOP 1cgp TCDB OPM family OPM protein PDB PDB3 1o7f A 375 462 PDB3 2apk 153 242 PDB3 1kmw R 154 243 PDB3 1kmu R 154 243 PDB3 1cx4 A 170 259 PDB3 1rl3 A 153 238 PDB3 1ne6 A 153 238 PDB3 1ne4 A 153 238 PDB3 1rgs 153 238 PDB3 1apk 153 238 PDB3 1pvk A 153 238 PDB3 1u7e B 153 238 PDB3 2bpk 275 372 PDB3 1bpk 271 362 PDB3 1q43 A 535 620 PDB3 1q5o A 535 620 PDB3 1q3e A 535 620 PDB3 1vp6 C 253 336 PDB3 1u12 B 253 336 PDB3 1i6x A 21 112 PDB3 1hw5 A 21 112 PDB3 1j59 B 21 112 PDB3 1o3s A 21 112 PDB3 1g6n B 21 112 PDB3 1lb2 A 21 112 PDB3 1cgp B 21 112 PDB3 1ruo B 21 112 PDB3 2cgp A 21 112 PDB3 1o3r A 21 112 PDB3 1i5z B 21 112 PDB3 1o3t A 21 112 PDB3 1run A 21 112 PDB3 1o3q A 21 112 PDB3 1ft9 A 25 107 PDB3 1o5l A 12 103 PDB3 1wgp A 532 632 Proteins that bind cyclic nucleotides Cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP or cyclic guanosine monophosphate cGMP share a structural domain of about 120 residues. The best studied of these proteins is the prokaryotic catabolite gene activator also known as the cAMP receptor protein gene crp where such a domain is known to be composed of three alpha helices and a distinctive eight stranded, antiparallel beta barrel structure. There are six invariant amino acids ... contain two tandem copies of the cyclic nucleotide binding domain. The cAPK s are composed of two ... section. Vertebrate cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels also contain this domain. Two such cations ... reading Cyclic nucleotide gated channels an expanding new family of ion channels. Yau KW Proc Natl ...   more details



  1. Cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase

    Pfam box Symbol PDEase I Name 3 5 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase image width caption Pfam PF00233 InterPro IPR002073 SMART Prosite PDOC00116 SCOP 1f0j TCDB OPM family OPM protein enzyme Name 3 ,5 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase EC number 3.1.4.17 CAS number 9040 59 9 IUBMB EC number 3 1 4 17 GO code 0051342 image width caption 3 5 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterases are a protein family family of phosphodiesterase phosphodiesterases . Generally, these enzymes hydrolyze some nucleoside 3 ,5 cyclic phosphate to some nucleoside 5 phosphate. Some examples of nucleoside 3 ,5 cyclic phosphate include 3 ,5 cyclic AMP 3 ,5 cyclic dAMP 3 ,5 cyclic IMP 3 ,5 cyclic GMP 3 ,5 cyclic CMP Function Phototransduction Retinal 3 ,5 cGMP phosphodiesterase EC number 3.1.4.17 PDE is located in photoreceptor outer segments and is an important enzyme in phototransduction. ref name isbn0 12 738440 5 cite book author Arkinstall S, Watson SP title The G protein linked receptor factsbook publisher Academic Press location Boston year 1994 pages 214 222 isbn 0 12 738440 5 chapter Opsins doi accessdate ref PDE in rod cells are oligomeric, made up of two heavy catalytic subunits, 90 kDa and 85 kDa, and two lighter inhibitory subunits 11 kDa each . ref name pmid2833739 cite journal author Deterre P, Bigay J, Forquet F, Robert M, Chabre M title cGMP phosphodiesterase of retinal rods is regulated by two inhibitory subunits journal Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. volume 85 issue 8 pages 2424 8 year 1988 month April pmid 2833739 pmc 280009 doi ref PDE in rod cells are activated by transducin . Transducin is a G protein which upon GDP GTP exchange in the transducin subunit catalyzed by photolyzed rhodopsin. The transducin subunit T is released from the and complex and diffuses into the cytoplasmic solution to interact and activate PDE. Activation by T There are two proposed mechanisms .... ref name pmid2538446 cite journal author Kroll S, Phillips WJ, Cerione RA title The regulation of the cyclic ...   more details



  1. 2',3'-cyclic-nucleotide 2'-phosphodiesterase

    enzyme Name 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide 2 phosphodiesterase EC number 3.1.4.16 CAS number 9037 18 7 IUBMB EC number 3 1 4 16 GO code 0008663 image width caption In enzymology , a 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide 2 phosphodiesterase EC number 3.1.4.16 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction nucleoside 2 ,3 cyclic phosphate H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math nucleoside 3 phosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are nucleoside 2 ,3 cyclic phosphate and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its product chemistry product is nucleoside 3 phosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on phosphoric ester diester bonds. The systematic name of this enzyme class is nucleoside 2 ,3 cyclic phosphate 3 nucleotidohydrolase . Other names in common use include ribonucleoside 2 ,3 cyclic phosphate diesterase , 2 ,3 cyclic AMP phosphodiesterase , 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotidase , cyclic 2 ,3 nucleotide 2 phosphodiesterase , cyclic 2 ,3 nucleotide phosphodiesterase , 2 ,3 cyclic nucleoside monophosphate phosphodiesterase , 2 ,3 cyclic AMP 2 phosphohydrolase , cyclic phosphodiesterase 3 nucleotidase , 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide phosphohydrolase , 2 3 cyclic phosphodiesterase , and 2 3 cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase 3 nucleotidase . This enzyme participates in purine metabolism and pyrimidine metabolism . References reflist 1 cite journal author ANRAKU Y date 1964 title A NEW CYCLIC PHOSPHODIESTERASE HAVING A 3 NUCLEOTIDASE ACTIVITY FROM ESCHERICHIA COLI B. I. PURIFICATION AND SOME PROPERTIES OF THE ENZYME journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 239 pages 3412&ndash 9 pmid 14245396 cite journal author ANRAKU Y date 1964 title A NEW CYCLIC ... Studies on 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphohydrolase from brain journal Can. J. Biochem. volume ... 3420&ndash 4 pmid 14245397 cite journal author Center MS, Behal FJ date 1968 title A cyclic phosphodiesterase ... Chloride ion as a modifier of 2 ,3 cyclic phosphodiesterase purified from halophilic Vibrio alginolyticus ...   more details



  1. 2',3'-Cyclic-nucleotide 3'-phosphodiesterase

    PBB geneid 1267 enzyme Name 2 ,3 Cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase EC number 3.1.4.37 CAS number 60098 35 3 IUBMB EC number 3 1 4 37 GO code 0004113 image width caption 2 ,3 Cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase ... cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphohydrolase gene to chromosome 17 journal Genomics volume 13 issue 3 pages ... web title Entrez Gene CNP 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov ... accumulation of ubiquitinated 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase in myelin lipid rafts journal ... brain 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 346 issue 3 pages ... J, Yong VW, Kottis V, Trapp B, Braun PE title Overexpression of 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase ... name pmid11842207 cite journal author Bifulco M, Laezza C, Stingo S, Wolff J title 2 ,3 Cyclic nucleotide ... Y, Odani S year 1981 title Chemical, immunological and catalytic properties of 2 3 cyclic nucleotide ... title Spectrophotometric assay, solubilization and purification of brain 2 3 cyclic nucleotide 3 ... cite journal author Thompson RJ title 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphohydrolase and signal transduction ... 1150Da selectively activates the calcium calmodulin sensitive isoform of cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase ..., Abbott CM, et al. title Structure and chromosomal localization of the human 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide ..., Colman DR title Expression of the oligodendrocyte marker 2 3 cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase ... of human brain 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase. journal Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. volume ... author Sprinkle TJ, McMorris FA, Yoshino J, DeVries GH title Differential expression of 2 3 cyclic nucleotide ... author Sheedlo HJ, Doran JE, Sprinkle TJ title An investigation of 2 3 cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase ... encoding human 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase. journal Gene volume 129 issue 2 pages ... Neill RC, Braun PE title Selective synthesis of 2 ,3 cyclic nucleotide 3 phosphodiesterase isoform ..., Lee J, Elias D, et al. title Structural evidence that brain cyclic nucleotide phosphodiesterase is a member ...   more details



  1. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 2

    PBB geneid 1260 Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 2 , also known as CNGA2 , is a human gene encoding an ion channel protein. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene CNGA2 cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 2 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 1260 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text See also Cyclic nucleotide gated ion channel References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Trudeau MC, Zagotta WN title Calcium calmodulin modulation of olfactory and rod cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 278 issue 21 pages 18705 8 year 2003 pmid 12626507 doi 10.1074 jbc.R300001200 cite journal author Hofmann F, Biel M, Kaupp UB title International Union of Pharmacology. LI. Nomenclature and structure function relationships of cyclic nucleotide regulated channels. journal Pharmacol. Rev. volume 57 issue 4 pages 455 62 year 2006 pmid 16382102 doi 10.1124 pr.57.4.8 cite journal author Distler M, Biel M, Flockerzi V, Hofmann F title Expression of cyclic nucleotide gated cation channels in non sensory tissues and cells. journal Neuropharmacology volume 33 issue 11 pages 1275 82 year 1995 pmid 7532814 doi 10.1016 0028 3908 94 90027 2 cite journal author Finn JT, Krautwurst D, Schroeder JE, et al. title Functional co assembly among subunits of cyclic nucleotide activated, nonselective cation channels, and across species from nematode to human. journal Biophys. J. volume 74 issue 3 pages 1333 45 year 1998 pmid 9512030 doi 10.1016 ... of the rod photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta subunit expressed in olfactory ... cite journal author Cheng KT, Chan FL, Huang Y, et al. title Expression of olfactory type cyclic nucleotide gated channel CNGA2 in vascular tissues. journal Histochem. Cell Biol. volume 120 issue 6 ...   more details



  1. Cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel

    Cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels or CNG channels are ion channel s that function in response to the binding of cyclic nucleotide s. CNG channels are nonselective cation channels that are found in the membranes ... of cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels in sea urchin sperm chemotaxis. Discovery The discovery of CNG ... other tissues. ref name king cite journal author Yau KW title Cyclic nucleotide gated channels an expanding ... Kaupp UB, Seifert R title Cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels journal Physiol. Rev. volume 82 ... Cloning and Functional Characterization of a New Modulator y Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Channel ... first1 Kimberly last2 Zagotta first2 William N. title Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Ion Channels journal ... annurev.cellbio.19.110701.154854 ref Alpha Subunits Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha subunits include Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 1 Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 2 Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 3 Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 4 Beta Subunits Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta subunits include Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 1 Cyclic nucleotide gated .... ref name photoreceptors2 Cyclic Nucleotide Binding Domain A Cyclic nucleotide binding domain ... helix is flexible in closed channels. When an helix of a Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha .... When a ligand binds to the pleated sheet, this bound cyclic nucleotide stabilizes the movement ... Mechanisms of Cyclic Nucleotide Gated Ion Channel Gating journal Journal of Genetics and Genomics ... 27, 2011 ref File PDB 1wgp EBI.jpg thumb Illustration of a cyclic nucleotide gated ion channel .... When the cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels are closed, the cytoplasmic ends of the S6 helices .... The P region dictates the ion selectivity of the cyclic nucleotide gated ion channel, which also ... produces heteromer ic channels with modulation, permeation , pharmacology , and cyclic nucleotide specificity ... cite journal author Matulef K, Zagotta WN title Cyclic nucleotide gated ion channels journal Annu ...   more details



  1. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 3

    PBB geneid 1261 Cyclic nucleotide gated cation channel alpha 3 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNGA3 gene . ref name pmid7532814 cite journal author Distler M, Biel M, Flockerzi V, Hofmann F title Expression of cyclic nucleotide gated cation channels in non sensory tissues and cells journal Neuropharmacology volume 33 issue 11 pages 1275 82 year 1995 month Mar pmid 7532814 pmc doi 10.1016 0028 3908 94 90027 2 ref ref name pmid9517456 cite journal author Wissinger B, Muller F, Weyand I, Schuffenhauer S, Thanos S, Kaupp UB, Zrenner E title Cloning, chromosomal localization and functional expression of the gene encoding the alpha subunit of the cGMP gated channel in human cone photoreceptors journal Eur J Neurosci volume 9 issue 12 pages 2512 21 year 1998 month Apr pmid 9517456 pmc doi 10.1111 j.1460 9568.1997.tb01680.x ref ref name pmid16382102 cite journal author Hofmann F, Biel M, Kaupp UB title International Union of Pharmacology. LI. Nomenclature and structure function relationships of cyclic nucleotide regulated channels journal Pharmacol Rev volume 57 issue 4 pages 455 62 year 2005 month Dec pmid 16382102 pmc doi 10.1124 pr.57.4.8 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene CNGA3 cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 3 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez ... summary text This gene encodes a member of the cyclic nucleotide gated cation channel protein family ... Gene CNGA3 cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 3 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ... 129 issue 9 pages 1212 7 pmid 21911670 ref and color blindness. See also Cyclic nucleotide gated ion ... RS, Yau KW title The heteromeric cyclic nucleotide gated channel adopts a 3A 1B stoichiometry ... Subunit configuration of heteromeric cone cyclic nucleotide gated channels. journal Neuron volume ... in the human cone photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide gated channel CNGA3 subunit. journal Am. J. Physiol ... RO, Korenbrot JI title Cellular processing of cone photoreceptor cyclic GMP gated ion channels ...   more details



  1. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 4

    PBB geneid 1262 Cyclic nucleotide gated cation channel alpha 4 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CNGA4 gene . ref name pmid11764791 cite journal author Bradley J, Frings S, Yau KW, Reed R title Nomenclature for Ion channel Subunits journal Science volume 294 issue 5549 pages 2095 6 year 2001 month Dec pmid 11764791 pmc 2901924 doi 10.1126 science.294.5549.2095 ref ref name pmid16382102 cite journal author Hofmann F, Biel M, Kaupp UB title International Union of Pharmacology. LI. Nomenclature and structure function relationships of cyclic nucleotide regulated channels journal Pharmacol Rev volume 57 issue 4 pages 455 62 year 2005 month Dec pmid 16382102 pmc doi 10.1124 pr.57.4.8 ref ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene CNGA4 cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 4 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 1262 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text CNGA4 is a modulatory subunit of vertebrate cyclic nucleotide gated membrane channels that transduce odorant signals Munger et al., 2001 . supplied by OMIM ref name entrez See also Cyclic nucleotide gated ion channel References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Ota T title Complete sequencing and characterization of 21,243 full length human cDNAs journal Nat. Genet. volume 36 issue 1 pages 40 5 year 2004 pmid 14702039 doi 10.1038 ng1285 author separator , author2 Suzuki Y author3 Nishikawa T display authors 3 last4 Otsuki first4 Tetsuji last5 Sugiyama first5 Tomoyasu last6 Irie first6 Ryotaro last7 Wakamatsu first7 Ai last8 Hayashi first8 Koji last9 Sato first9 Hiroyuki cite journal author Kelliher KR title Importance of the CNGA4 channel gene for odor discrimination and adaptation in behaving ... M title An isoform of the rod photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide gated channel subunit expressed in olfactory ...   more details



  1. Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3

    PBB geneid 54714 Cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3 , also known as CNGB3 , is a human gene encoding an ion channel protein. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene CNGB3 cyclic nucleotide gated channel beta 3 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 54714 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text See also Cyclic nucleotide gated ion channel Stargardt disease References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Hofmann F, Biel M, Kaupp UB title International Union of Pharmacology. LI. Nomenclature and structure function relationships of cyclic nucleotide regulated channels. journal Pharmacol. Rev. volume 57 issue 4 pages 455 62 year 2006 pmid 16382102 doi 10.1124 pr.57.4.8 cite journal author Koenekoop RK, Lopez I, den Hollander AI, et al. title Genetic testing for retinal dystrophies and dysfunctions benefits, dilemmas and solutions. journal Clin. Experiment. Ophthalmol. volume 35 issue 5 pages 473 85 year 2007 pmid 17651254 doi 10.1111 j.1442 9071.2007.01534.x cite journal author Pentao L, Lewis RA, Ledbetter DH, et al. title Maternal uniparental isodisomy of chromosome 14 association with autosomal recessive rod monochromacy. journal Am. J. Hum. Genet. volume 50 issue 4 pages 690 9 year 1992 pmid 1347967 doi pmc 1682625 cite journal author Winick JD, Blundell ... terminal regions of the cone photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide gated channel CNGB3 subunit. journal ... cone photoreceptor cyclic nucleotide gated channel CNGB3 subunit alters the ligand sensitivity and pore ... cyclic nucleotide gated channels. journal Neuron volume 42 issue 3 pages 401 10 year 2004 pmid 15134637 ... produce gain of function alterations in cone cyclic nucleotide gated channels. journal Mol. Vis. volume ... MD title Regulation of human cone cyclic nucleotide gated channels by endogenous phospholipids and exogenously ...   more details



  1. Cyclic nucleotide-gated channel alpha 1

    PBB geneid 1259 Cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 1 , also known as CNGA1 , is a human gene encoding an ion channel protein. ref name entrez cite web title Entrez Gene CNGA1 cyclic nucleotide gated channel alpha 1 url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov sites entrez?Db gene&Cmd ShowDetailView&TermToSearch 1259 accessdate ref The PBB Summary template is automatically maintained by Protein Box Bot. See Template PBB Controls to Stop updates. PBB Summary section title summary text See also Cyclic nucleotide gated ion channel References reflist Further reading refbegin 2 PBB Further reading citations cite journal author Hofmann F, Biel M, Kaupp UB title International Union of Pharmacology. LI. Nomenclature and structure function relationships of cyclic nucleotide regulated channels. journal Pharmacol. Rev. volume 57 issue 4 pages 455 62 year 2006 pmid 16382102 doi 10.1124 pr.57.4.8 cite journal author Pittler SJ, Lee AK, Altherr MR, et al. title Primary structure and chromosomal localization of human and mouse rod photoreceptor cGMP gated cation channel. journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 267 issue 9 pages 6257 62 year 1992 pmid 1372902 doi cite journal author Arsenault TV, Sauder DN, Harley CB, McKenzie RC title Identification and characterization of a partial cDNA expressing interleukin 1 like activity in keratinocytes. journal Mol. Immunol. volume 29 issue 3 pages 431 8 year 1992 pmid 1372959 doi 10.1016 0161 5890 92 90031 R cite journal author Dhallan RS, Macke JP, Eddy RL, et al. title Human rod photoreceptor cGMP gated channel amino acid sequence, gene structure, and functional expression ... cite journal author Distler M, Biel M, Flockerzi V, Hofmann F title Expression of cyclic nucleotide ..., Molday LL, Molday RS, Yau KW title The heteromeric cyclic nucleotide gated channel adopts a 3A 1B ... doi 10.1038 nature01201 cite journal author Zheng J, Trudeau MC, Zagotta WN title Rod cyclic nucleotide ..., cGMP dependent protein kinase I alpha and beta, and cyclic nucleotide gated channel subunit 1 in the rat ...   more details



  1. Nucleotide

    with either the 2, 3, or 5 carbon of the sugar, with the 5 carbon site most common. Cyclic nucleotide ..., nucleotides participate in cell biology cellular signaling cyclic guanosine monophosphate cGMP and cyclic adenosine monophosphate cAMP , and are incorporated into important Cofactor biochemistry ... sup sup . Nucleotide derivatives such as the nucleoside triphosphate s play central roles in metabolism .... ref Image Nucleotides 1.svg thumb 600px Structural elements of the most common nucleotides Nucleotide ... A nucleotide is composed of a nucleobase nitrogenous base , a five carbon sugar either ribose or deoxyribose ... base. Nucleic acid s are polymeric macromolecules made from nucleotide monomers. In DNA , the purine ... de novo synthesis de novo or recycled through nucleotide salvage salvage pathways . ref cite journal ..., RL. title Contribution of de novo and salvage synthesis to the uracil nucleotide pool in mouse ... ref The components used in de novo nucleotide synthesis are derived from biosynthetic precursors of carbohydrate ... title Pyrimidine nucleotide biosynthesis in animals Genes, enzymes, and regulation of UMP biosynthesis ... to the branch point intermediate Inosine monophosphate IMP , the nucleotide of the base hypoxanthine ... nucleotide biosynthesis , PPAT catalyzes the displacement of PRPP s pyrophosphate group PP sub i ... 5 PRA and establishing the anomeric form of the future nucleotide. Next, a glycine is incorporated ... unit Nucleotide abbreviated nt is a common length unit for single stranded RNA , similar to how base ... blueprint.htm IUPAC nucleotide code ref Apart from the five A, G, C, T U bases, often degenerate bases are used especially for designing Primer molecular biology PCR primers . These nucleotide codes are listed here. class wikitable IUPAC nucleotide code Base Adenine A Adenine Cytosine C Cytosine ... 2004 IUPAC http dl.clackamas.cc.or.us ch106 09 nucleoti.htm Chemistry explanation of nucleotide structure ... fr Nucl otide gl Nucle tido ko hr Nukleotidi id Nukleotida is Kirni it Nucleotide he ...   more details



  1. Nucleotide diphosphokinase

    enzyme Name nucleotide diphosphokinase EC number 2.7.6.4 CAS number 53167 92 3 IUBMB EC number 2 7 6 4 GO code 0050148 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleotide diphosphokinase EC number 2.7.6.4 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction ATP nucleoside 5 phosphate math rightleftharpoons math AMP 5 phosphonucleoside 3 diphosphate Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are adenosine triphosphate ATP and nucleoside 5 phosphate , whereas its two product chemistry products are adenosine monophosphate AMP and 5 phosphonucleoside 3 diphosphate . This enzyme belongs to the family of transferase s, specifically those transferring two phosphorus containing groups diphosphotransferase s . The systematic name of this enzyme class is ATP nucleoside 5 phosphate diphosphotransferase . Other names in common use include nucleotide pyrophosphokinase , ATP nucleotide pyrophosphotransferase , ATP nucleotide 3 pyrophosphokinase , and nucleotide 3 pyrophosphokinase . References reflist 1 cite journal author Murao S and Nishino T date 1974 title Isolation and identification of ATP nucleotide pyrophosphotransferase producing microorganism journal Agric. Biol. Chem. volume 38 pages 2483&ndash 2489 doi 10.1271 bbb1961.38.2483 issue 12 cite journal author Nishino T and Murao S date 1974 title Purification and some properties of ATP nucleotide pyrophosphotransferase of Streptomyces adephospholyticus journal Agric. Biol. Chem. volume 38 pages 2491&ndash 2496 doi 10.1271 bbb1961.38.2491 issue 12 cite journal author Nishino T and Murao S date 1975 title Characterization of pyrophosphoryl transfer reaction of ATP nucleotide pyrophosphotransferase journal Agric. Biol. Chem. volume 39 pages 1007&ndash 1014 doi 10.1271 bbb1961.39.1007 issue 5 enzyme stub Category EC 2.7.6 Category Enzymes of unknown structure ...   more details



  1. Nucleotide diphosphatase

    enzyme Name nucleotide diphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.9 CAS number 9032 64 8 IUBMB EC number 3 6 1 9 GO code 0004551 image width caption In enzymology , a nucleotide diphosphatase EC number 3.6.1.9 is an enzyme that catalysis catalyzes the chemical reaction a dinucleotide H sub 2 sub O math rightleftharpoons math 2 mononucleotides Thus, the two substrate biochemistry substrates of this enzyme are dinucleotide and water H sub 2 sub O , whereas its product chemistry product is Nucleotide mononucleotide . This enzyme belongs to the family of hydrolase s, specifically those acting on acid anhydrides in phosphorus containing anhydrides. The systematic name of this enzyme class is dinucleotide nucleotidohydrolase . Other names in common use include nucleotide pyrophosphatase , and nucleotide sugar pyrophosphatase . This enzyme participates in 5 metabolism metabolic pathways purine metabolism , starch and sucrose metabolism , riboflavin metabolism , nicotinate and nicotinamide metabolism , and pantothenate and coa biosynthesis . Structural studies As of 2007 alt As of late 2007 , 5 tertiary structure structures have been solved for this class of enzymes, with Protein Data Bank PDB accession codes PDB link 1NQY , PDB link 1NQZ , PDB link 2GSN , PDB link 2GSO , and PDB link 2GSU . References reflist 1 cite journal author Jacobson JB and Kaplan NO date 1957 title A reduced pyridine nucleotide pyrophosphatase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 226 pages 427&ndash 437 pmid 13428775 cite journal author Kornberg A and Pricer WE date 1950 title Nucleotide pyrophosphatase journal J. Biol. Chem. volume 182 pages 763&ndash 778 cite journal author Kumar SA, Rao NA, Vaidyanathan CS date 1965 title Nucleotidases in plants. I. Partial purification and properties of the enzyme hydrolyzing flavine adenine dinucleotide from mung bean seedlings Phaseolus radiatus journal Arch. Biochem. Biophys. volume ... MN, Kaplan NO and Lamborg MF date 1958 title A heat activated diphosphopyridine nucleotide pyrophosphatase ...   more details



  1. Nucleotide diversity

    Nucleotide diversity is a concept in molecular genetics which is used to measure the degree of polymorphism biology polymorphism within a population. ref cite journal title Mathematical Model for Studying Genetic Variation in Terms of Restriction Endonucleases journal PNAS date October 1, 1979 first last coauthors Masatoshi Nei and Wen Hsiung Li volume 76 issue 10 pages 5269 73 pmid 291943 pmc 413122 url doi 10.1073 pnas.76.10.5269 author Nei, M. ref One commonly used measure of nucleotide diversity was first introduced by Nei and Li in 1979. This measure is defined as the average number of nucleotide differences per site between any two DNA sequences chosen randomly from the sample population, and is denoted by . It is given by the formula math pi sum ij x i x j pi ij 2 sum i 1 n sum j 1 i 1 x i x j pi ij math where x sub i sub and x sub j sub are the respective frequencies of the i th and j th sequences, sub ij sub is the number of nucleotide differences per nucleotide site between the i th and j th sequences, and n is the number of sequences in the sample. Nucleotide diversity is a measure of genetic variation . It is usually associated with other statistical measures of population ... lines reveal no reduction of nucleotide diversity during Triticum monococcum Einkorn domestication ... evolutionary relationships. ref cite journal title Nucleotide diversity in gorillas journal Genetics ... cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 15082556 author Yu, N. ref Nucleotide diversity can be calculated ... Amplified Polymorphic DNA RAPD data ref cite journal title Estimating nucleotide diversity from ... Length Polymorphism AFLP data. ref cite journal title A method for estimating nucleotide diversity ... DnaSP &mdash DNA Sequence Polymorphism, is a software package for the analysis of nucleotide polymorphism ... of nucleotide diversity and a variety of other statistical tests for intra population and inter ... Reflist DEFAULTSORT Nucleotide Diversity Category Molecular genetics genetics stub ar ...   more details



  1. Nucleotide sugar

    Nucleotide sugars are the activated forms of monosaccharides . Nucleotide sugars act as glycosyl donors in glycosylation reactions. Those reactions are catalyzed by a group of enzymes called glycosyltransferase s. History The anabolism of oligosaccharides and, hence, the role of nucleotide sugars was not clear until 1950s when Leloir and his coworkers found that the key enzymes in this process are the glycosyltranserases. These enzymes transfer a glycosyl group from a sugar nucleotide to an acceptor. ref cite journal author Derek Horton title The Development of Carbohydrate Chemistry and Biology journal Carbohydrate Chemistry, Biology and Medical Applications pages 1 28 year 2008 doi 10.1016 B978 0 08 054816 6.00001 X isbn 9780080548166 ref Biological Importance To act as glycosyl donors, those monosaccharides should exist in a highly energetic form. This occurs as a result of a reaction between nucleoside triphosphate NTP and glycosyl monophosphate phosphate at anomeric carbon . Image activatedmonosaccahride.png frameless center 600px Activation of Monosaccharides Types There are nine sugar nucleotides in complex animals which act as glycosyl donors and they can be classified depending on the type of the nucleoside forming them ref http www.cshlpress.com default.tpl?action full& eqskudatarq ... Diphosphate GDP mannose GDP Man , GDP Fuc. Cytosine Monophosphate CMP Neu5Ac , it is the only nucleotide sugar in the form of nucleotide monophosphate. In plants and bacteria many other sugars are used ... in nucleotide sugar precursor synthesis and O antigen assembly journal Carbohydr. Res. volume 338 ... of some nucleotide sugars example from each type . class wikitable border 1 style text align center ... GDP Man Relationship between glycosylation pathways and different diseases Normal metabolism of nucleotide ... feeding problems. See also Nucleotide sugars metabolism Carbohydrate chemistry Glycosyltransferase References reflist External links MeshName Nucleotide sugars Nucleotide sugars Category Metabolism Category ...   more details



  1. Nucleotide salvage

    A salvage pathway is a Metabolic pathway pathway in which nucleotide s purine and pyrimidine are synthesized from intermediates in the degradative pathway for nucleotides. Salvage pathways are used to recover bases and nucleosides that are formed during biodegradation degradation of RNA and DNA . This is important in some organs because some tissues cannot undergo de novo synthesis . The salvaged bases and nucleosides can then be converted back into nucleotides. Substrates The salvage pathway requires distinct substrates Pyrimidines Uridine phosphorylase adds ribose 1 phospate to the free base uracil, forming uridine monophosphate. Uridine kinase then phosphorylates this nucleoside into its diphosphate and triphosphate forms. Deoxythymidine phosphorylase adds deoxyribose 1 phosphate to thymine, forming deoxythymidine monophosphate. Thymidine kinase can then phosphorylate this compound to deoxythymidine diphosphate and triphosphate. Image Pyrimidine Ribonucleotide Salvage.png thumb none 400px The salvage of pyrimidine ribonucleotides. Purines Phosphoribosyltransferases add activated ribose 5 phosphate called phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate or PRPP to bases, creating nucleotide monophosphates. There are two types of phosphoribosyltransferases adenine phosphoribosyltransferase APRT and hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyltransferase HGPRT . Lesch Nyhan syndrome is associated with a deficiency of HGPRT. class wikitable Nucleoside Enzyme Nucleotide hypoxanthine hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase HGPRT Inosine monophosphate IMP guanine hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl transferase HGPRT Guanosine monophosphate GMP adenine adenine phosphoribosyltransferase APRT Adenosine monophosphate AMP External links http www.chem.brandeis.edu pochapsky research.html Enzymes in the methionine salvage pathway structure and function at Brandeis University Category Genetics genetics stub Protein metabolism Nucleotide metabolism ca Salvament de nucle tids de Salvage Pathway ja ...   more details



  1. Aminoallyl nucleotide

    Unreferenced date November 2006 Image Aminoallyl Uridine.svg right frame The structure of aminoallyluridine Aminoallyl nucleotides are used in post labeling of nucleic acid s to be used in microarray s. These nucleotides are formally known as 5 3 amino allyl nucleotides since the aminoallyl group is usually attached to carbon 5 of the pyrimidine ring of uracil and cytosine . They are usually abbreviated as aa , such as aa dUTP. The amine group in the aminoallyl moiety is aliphatic and thus more reactive compared to the amine groups that are directly attached to the rings aromatic of the bases. Uses The aminoallyl group in aminoallyl modified nucleotides is reactive with dyes such as the cyanine series, AnaSpec HiLyte Fluor , or Alexa Fluor dyes that also been modified to be amine reactive. A problem with this method is that the dyes react with the buffering agent usually used for storage of nucleotides. Instead a carbonate buffer is used. The DNA or RNA from a sample is copied in vitro by T7 polymerase, RT polymerase or some other polymerase except of eukaryotic origin in a mix of nucleotides in which one, typically uracil RNA and also DNA , is a mix aminoallyl NTP and normal UTP. An alternative method is using thiol reactive dyes. DEFAULTSORT Aminoallyl Nucleotide Category Nucleic acids Category Nucleotides molecular cell biology stub ...   more details



  1. Cyclic (mathematics)

    There are many terms in mathematics that begin with cyclic Cyclic chain rule , for derivatives, used in thermodynamics Cyclic code , linear codes closed under cyclic permutations Cyclic convolution , a method of combining periodic functions Cycle decomposition graph theory Cycle decomposition group theory Cyclic extension , a field extension with cyclic Galois group Cycle graph or cyclic graph is a connected, 2 regular graph Cycle graph algebra , a diagram representing the cycles determined by taking powers of group elements Circulant graph , a graph whose adjacency matrix is circulant Cycle graph theory , a nontrivial path from a node to itself Cyclic group , a group generated by a single element Cyclic homology , an approximation of K theory used in non commutative differential geometry Cyclic module , a module generated by a single element Cyclic notation , a way of writing permutations Cyclic number , a number such that cyclic permutations of the digits are successive multiples of the number Cyclic order , a binary relation for doubly linked lists Cyclic permutation , a permutation with one nontrivial orbit Cyclic polygon , a polygon which can be given a circumscribed circle Cyclic shift , also known as circular shift Cyclic symmetry , n fold rotational symmetry of 3 dimensional space See also Cycle disambiguation Cycle mathematics Category Mathematics related lists sv Cyklisk matematik ...   more details



  1. Cyclic module

    In mathematics , more specifically in ring theory , a cyclic module is a module mathematics module over a ring which is generated by one element. The term is by analogy with cyclic group s, that is groups which are generated by one element. Definition A left R module M is called cyclic if M can be generated by a single element i.e. M x R  x rx r &isin R for some x in M . Similarly, a right R module N is cyclic, if N y  R for some y &isin N . Examples Every cyclic group is a cyclic Z module. Every simple module simple R module M is a cyclic module since the submodule generated by any nonzero element x of M is necessarily the whole module M . If the ring R is considered as a left module over itself, then its cyclic submodules are exactly its left principal ideal s as a ring. The same holds for R as a right R module, mutatis mutandis . If R is F x , the ring over polynomials over a field F , and V is an R module which is also a finite dimensional vector space over F, then the Jordan block s of x acting on V are cyclic submodules. The Jordan blocks are all isomorphic to F x x &lambda sup n sup there may also be other cyclic submodules with different annihilators see below. Properties Given a cyclic R module M which is generated by x then there exists a canonical isomorphism between M and R Ann sub R sub x , where Ann sub R sub x denotes the Annihilator ring theory annihilator of x in R . See also cyclic group finitely generated module References cite book author B. Hartley authorlink Brian Hartley coauthors T.O. Hawkes title Rings, modules and linear algebra publisher Chapman and Hall year 1970 isbn 0 412 09810 5 pages 77,152 Pages 147 149 of Lang Algebra edition 3 Category Module theory Abstract algebra stub sv Cyklisk modul fr Module monog ne ...   more details



  1. Cyclic peptide

    . The processes by which cyclic peptides are formed in cells are not yet fully understood. One interesting property of cyclic peptides, however, is that they tend to be extremely resistant to the process ... makes cyclic peptides attractive to designers of protein based drugs that may be used as scaffolds ... pmid 16543448 External links http www.cybase.org.au Cybase MeshName Cyclic Peptides Category ...   more details



  1. Cyclic permutation

    Unreferenced date April 2011 A cyclic permutation or circular permutation is a permutation built from one or more Set mathematics sets of elements in cyclic order . The notion cyclic permutation is used in different, but related ways Definition 1 image 050712 perm 1.png right mapping of permutation A permutation P over a Set mathematics set S with k elements is called a cyclic permutation with offset t if and only if the elements of S may be total order ordered c 1 c 2 ... c k and the mapping of P may be written as p c i c i t for i 1, 2, ..., k   &minus   t , and p c i c i t &minus k for i k   &minus   t     1, k   &minus   t     2, ..., k . Note Every cyclic permutation of definition type 1 will be constructed with exactly greatest common divisor gcd k ,  t disjoint cycles of equal length see cycles and fixed points . Cyclic permutations of definition type 1 are also called rotations , or circular shifts . Example math begin pmatrix 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 6 & 7 & 8 3 & 4 & 5 & 7 & 6 & 1 & 8 & 2 end pmatrix begin pmatrix 1 & 2 & 3 & 4 & 5 & 7 & 6 & 8 3 & 4 & 5 & 7 & 6 & 8 & 1 & 2 end pmatrix 1356 2478 math is a cyclic permutation with offset 2. It may be constructed with gcd 8,  2 2 cycles see image. The used order is c 6 7, c 7 6, c i i else. Definition 2 image 050712 perm 2.png right mapping of permutation A permutation is called a cyclic ... over a set with k elements is a cyclic permutation of definition type 2 if and only if it is a cyclic ... right mapping of permutation A permutation is called a cyclic permutation if and only if only one of the constructing cycles will have length 1. Note Every cyclic permutation of definition type 3 may be seen as an union mathematics union of a cyclic permutation of definition type 2 and some fixed point mathematics fixed points . Every cyclic permutation of definition type 2 may be seen as a cyclic ... 4 & 6 & 8 & 3 & 7 & 1 & 2 & 5 end pmatrix 146837 2 5 math See also Cyclic permutation of integer Cycle ...   more details



  1. Cyclic number

    concept cyclic number group theory summary in Repeating decimal Merge from Transposable integer discuss Talk Cyclic number Cyclic permutation of integer date September 2009 A cyclic number is an integer in which cyclic permutation s of the digits are successive multiples of the number. The most ... 142857 × 4 571428 142857 × 5 714285 142857 × 6 857142 Details To qualify as a cyclic number, it is required that successive multiples be cyclic permutations. Thus, the number 076923 would not be considered a cyclic number, even though all cyclic permutations are multiples 076923 ... 5 repeated digits, e.g. 555 repeated cyclic numbers, e.g. 142857142857 If leading zeros are not permitted on numerals, then 142857 is the only cyclic number in decimal Citation needed date May 2011 . Allowing leading zeros, the sequence of cyclic numbers begins 142857 6 digits 0588235294117647 ... digits Relation to repeating decimals Cyclic numbers are related to the Repeating decimal recurring digital representations of unit fractions . A cyclic number of length L is the digital representation ... represent a cyclic number. For example 1 7 0.142857 142857 . Multiples of these fractions exhibit cyclic permutation 1 7 0.142857 142857 2 7 0.285714 285714 3 7 0.428571 428571 4 7 0.571428 571428 5 7 0.714285 714285 6 7 0.857142 857142 . Form of cyclic numbers From the relation to unit fractions, it can be shown that cyclic numbers are of the form math frac b p 1 1 p math where b is the Radix ... that give cyclic numbers are called full reptend prime s or long primes . For example, the case b 10, p 7 gives the cyclic number 142857. Not all values of p will yield a cyclic number using this formula ... possibly several . The first values of p for which this formula produces cyclic numbers in decimal ... contains 37.395.. of the primes. Construction of cyclic numbers Cyclic numbers can be constructed ... the loop. if t p &minus 1 then n is a cyclic number. This procedure works by computing the digits ...   more details



  1. Cyclic homology

    In homological algebra , cyclic homology and cyclic cohomology are co homology theories for associative algebra s introduced by Alain Connes around 1980, which play an important role in his noncommutative geometry . They were independently discovered by Boris Tsygan and studied by Connes, Karoubi, Feigin Tsygan, Loday, Quillen , and others. Hints about definition The first definition of the cyclic ... to cyclic homology using a notion of cyclic object in an abelian category , which is analogous to the notion of simplicial object . In this way, cyclic homology and cohomology may be interpreted ... of the striking features of cyclic homology is the existence of a long exact sequence connecting Hochschild and cyclic homology. This long exact sequence is referred to as the periodicity sequence. Case of commutative rings Cyclic cohomology of the commutative algebra A of regular functions on an affine ..., cyclic cohomology of A are expressed in terms of the de Rham cohomology of V as follows math ... was extensively developed by Connes. Variants of cyclic homology One motivation of cyclic homology ... complex . Cyclic cohomology is in fact endowed with a pairing with K theory , and one hopes ... than on algebras without additional structure. Since, on the other hand, cyclic homology degenerates on C algebras, there came up the need to define modified theories. Among them are entire cyclic homology due to Alain Connes , analytic cyclic homology due to Ralf Meyer or asymptotic and local cyclic homology due to Michael Puschnigg. The last one is very near to K theory as it is endowed with a bivariant Chern character from KK theory . Applications One of the applications of cyclic homology ... geometry . Inst. Hautes tudes Sci. Publ. Math. No. 62 1985 , 257 360. Jean Louis Loday, Cyclic ... 0 External links http mathsci.kaist.ac.kr jinhyun note cyclic cyclic.pdf A personal note on Hochschild and Cyclic homology DEFAULTSORT Cyclic Homology Category Homological algebra fr Cohomologie cyclique ...   more details



  1. Cyclic group

    Groups In group theory , a cyclic group is a group mathematics group that can be generating set of a group ... is a power of g a multiple of g when the notation is additive . Definition File Cyclic group.svg right thumb 150px The six 6th complex roots of unity form a cyclic group under multiplication ... sup 2 sup . A group G is called cyclic if there exists an element g in G such that G < g > g sup ... is cyclic. For example, if G g sup 0 sup , g sup 1 sup , g sup 2 sup , g sup 3 sup , g sup 4 sup , g sup 5 sup is a group, then g sup 6 sup g sup 0 sup , and G is cyclic. In fact, G is essentially the same ... defined by g sup i sup i. For every positive integer n there is exactly one cyclic group up to isomorphism whose Order group theory order is n , and there is exactly one infinite cyclic group the integers under addition . Hence, the cyclic groups are the simplest groups and they are completely classified. The name cyclic may be misleading it is possible to generate infinitely many elements ... one infinitely long cycle. A group generated in this way is called an infinite cyclic group ... are uncountable is not a cyclic group a cyclic group always has countable elements. Since the cyclic ... 2 sup in C sub 5 sub , whereas 3 4 2 in Z 5 Z . Properties File Cyclic group Z15 cycle graph powers ... commons thumb 5 5a Cyclic group Z15 3B cycle graph 3B powers of wp 2815 2C5 2C11 2C13 29.svg 2048px Cyclic group Z15 3B cycle graph 3B powers of wp 2815 2C5 2C11 2C13 29.svg.png Cycle graph algebra Cycle graph of the cyclic group Z sub 15 sub br The elements of the subroups Z sub 3 sub and Z sub 5 sub are indicated by the trigon and the pentagon. The fundamental theorem of cyclic groups states that if G is a cyclic group of order n then every subgroup of G is cyclic. Moreover, the order of any ... of order k . This property characterizes finite cyclic groups a group of order n is cyclic if and only ... statement is used a group of order n is cyclic if and only if for every divisor d of n the group ...   more details




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