engineering , a cutofffrequency , corner frequency , or break frequency is a boundary in a system s frequency response at which energy flowing through the system begins to be reduced attenuation attenuated ... processing filters and communication channel s, cutofffrequency applies to an edge in a lowpass , highpass , bandpass , or band stop characteristic a frequency characterizing a boundary between ... to the lower and upper cutoff wavelengths . Cutofffrequency can also refer to the plasma frequency . Electronics In electronics , cutofffrequency or corner frequency is the frequency either above ... to define the cutofffrequency as the point after the last peak in the frequency response at which ... specified points by Reflection physics reflection from the layer. Waveguides The cutofffrequency ... equal to zero and solving for the frequency. Thus, any exciting frequency lower than the cutofffrequency ... fills the waveguide. For a rectangular waveguide, the cutofffrequency is math omega c c sqrt left ... and a and b the lengths of the sides of the rectangle. The cutofffrequency of the TM sub 01 sub mode ... in the rectangular waveguide. The cutofffrequency math omega c math is the critical frequency ... m pi b right 2 math The wave equations are also valid below the cutofffrequency, where the longitudinal ... mean solution http www.sengpielaudio.com calculator timeconstant.htm Conversion of cutofffrequency ... Cutofffrequency sv Brytfrekvens zh ...About signal processing cutoff in theoretical physics Cutoff other uses Cutoff disambiguation File Bandwidth.svg thumb right 300px Magnitude transfer function of a bandpass filter with lower 3dB cutofffrequency f sub 1 sub and upper 3dB cutofffrequency f sub 2 sub File Butterworth response.png right thumb 300px A bode plot of the Butterworth filter s frequency response , with corner frequency labeled ... band and passband meet, for example as defined by a 3 Decibel dB corner, a frequency for which ... more details
In optics , spatial cutofffrequency is a precise way to quantify the smallest object Optical resolution resolvable by an optical system. Due to diffraction at the image plane, all optical systems act as low pass filter s with a finite ability to resolve detail. If it were not for the effects of diffraction, a 2 aperture telescope could theoretically be used to read newspapers on a planet circling Alpha Centauri , over four light year s distant. Unfortunately, the wave nature of light will never permit this to happen. The spatial cutofffrequency for a perfectly corrected optical system is given by math f o 1 over lambda times mathrm f mathrm cycles millimeter , math where math lambda math is the wavelength expressed in millimeters and f is the lens focal ratio . As an example, a telescope having an focal ratio f 6 objective and imaging at 0.55 micrometers has a spatial cutofffrequency of 303 cycles millimeter. High resolution black and white film is capable of resolving details on the film as small as 3 micrometers or smaller, thus its cutofffrequency is about 150 cycles millimeter. So, the telescope s optical resolution is about twice that of high resolution film, and a crisp, sharp picture would result provided focus optics focus is perfect and atmospheric turbulence is at a minimum . This formula gives the best case resolution performance and is valid only for perfect optical systems. The presence of aberration s reduces image contrast vision contrast and can effectively reduce the system spatial cutofffrequency if the image contrast falls below the ability of the imaging device to discern. See also Modulation transfer function Superlens References Goodman, J.A., Introduction to Fourier Optics , McGraw Hill, 1969. Category Optics ... more details
Other uses Unreferenced date December 2009 In theoretical physics , cutoff is the maximal or minimal value of energy , momentum , or length , so that the objects with even larger or smaller values than these physical quantity physical quantities are ignored. It is usually represented within a particular energy scale energy or length scale , such as Planck units . An infrared cutoff long distance cutoff is the minimal value of energy or, equivalently, the maximal wavelength usually a very large distance that the human eye takes into account. On the contrary, an ultraviolet cutoff is the maximal allowed energy or the shortest allowed distance usually a very short length scale . If some quantities are computed as integral s over energy or another physical quantity, these cutoffs determine the limits of integration. The exact physics is reproduced when the appropriate cutoffs are sent to zero or infinity. However, these integrals are often divergent see IR divergence and UV divergence and a cutoff is needed. The dependence of physical quantities on the chosen cutoffs especially the ultraviolet cutoffs is the main focus of the theory of renormalization group . See also Infrared fixed point Category Quantum field theory Category Statistical mechanics Category Renormalization group it Cutoff ... more details
Wiktionary cutoff cut off cut off Cutoff or cut off or cut off may refer to TOC right Science and technology Cutoff , a range of values to be considered in physics Cutoff steam engine , the point in the piston stroke at which the inlet valve is closed Cutoff metalworking , a piercing operation used to cut a workpiece from the stock Cut off grade , in mining, the level of mineral in an ore below which it is not economically feasible to mine it Cutofffrequency , in telecommunications and digital signal processing Cut off electronics , when in a MOSFET device the gate to source control voltage is less than a threshold value denoted by math V T math or math V Th math then the channel is said to be cut off , imposing the flow of a very low drain to source current Fuse electrical , a type of overcurrent protection device Clothing and fashion Kutte , a usually sleeveless decorated jacket Crop top , a shirt that exposes the midriff Cut off shorts , long pants that have been cut at the knee level usually without a hem to create shorts Other uses Cut Off, Louisiana , a town in the United States Lackawanna Cut Off , a former double track railroad Position poker cutoff is the seat to the right of the dealer or button, second best position disambig de Cut off it Cutoff disambigua pl Cut Off ... more details
unref date September 2010 In mining , the mine cutoff grade is the level of mineral in an ore below which it is not economically feasible to mine it. The mill cutoff grade is the level below which already mined ore is not worth processing. The mine cut off grade is estimated or chosen during a mining feasibility study . Category Mining engineering Category Mineral economics Category Technical terminology mining stub ... more details
In electronics , the cutoff voltage is the electrode voltage value that reduces the dependent variable of an electron tube characteristic to a specified low value. ref cite web url http www.greenbatteries.com batteryterms.html title Cutoff Voltage, final accessdate 2008 08 02 ref Batteries In batteries,the cutoff final voltage is the prescribed lower limit voltage at which Battery electricity battery discharge is considered complete. The cutoff voltage is usually chosen so that the maximum useful capacity of the battery is achieved. The cutoff voltage is different from one battery to the other and it s highly dependent on the type of battery and the kind of service in which the battery is used. When testing the capacity of a NiMH or Nickel cadmium battery NiCd battery a cutoff voltage of 1.0 V is normally used. 0.9V is normally used as the cutoff voltage of an alkaline cell . Devices that have too high cutoff voltages may stop operating while the battery still has significant capacity remaining. ref cite journal last Warner first R.M., Jr. date June 1963 title Epitaxial FET cutoff voltage journal Proceedings of the IEEE volume 51 issue 6 pages 939 940 issn 939 940 ref Premature voltage cut off Some portable equipment does not fully use the low end voltage spectrum of a Battery electricity battery . The equipment cuts off before the designated end of discharge voltage is reached, leaving some battery power unused. A high cutoff voltage problem is more widespread than is commonly assumed. For example, a certain brand of mobile phone that is powered with a single cell Lithium ion battery cuts off at 3.3V. The Li ion can be discharged to 3V and lower. With a discharge to 3.3V, only about 70 percent of the expected 100 percent capacity is used. Fact date June 2009 See also Cut off electronics External links http www.rcgroups.com forums showthread.php?t 9642 Samples of Low Voltage Cut Off Relay Circuits http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 17248454 Effect of discharge ... more details
Infobox film name Meek s Cutoff image Meeks cutoff poster.jpg caption Theatrical release poster director Kelly Reichardt producer Elizabeth Cuthrell br Neil Kopp br Anish Savjani br David Urrutia writer Jonathan Raymond narrator starring Michelle Williams actress Michelle Williams br Paul Dano br Bruce Greenwood br Shirley Henderson br Neal Huff br Zoe Kazan br Tommy Nelson br Will Patton music Jeff Grace cinematography Chris Blauvelt editing studio Evenstar Films br Film Science br Harmony Productions br Primitive Nerd distributor Oscilloscope Pictures released Film date 2010 9 4 67th Venice International Film Festival Venice 2011 4 8 United States runtime 104 minutes country Film US language English budget Meek s Cutoff is a 2010 outlaw western film directed by Kelly Reichardt . The film was nominated for the Golden Lion at the 67th Venice International Film Festival . ref name venezia67 cite web url http www.labiennale.org en cinema festival lineup off sel venezia67 title Venezia 67 accessdate 2010 07 29 work labiennale.org date 2010 07 29 ref Cast div style padding left 10px cellpadding 0 cellspacing 0 Michelle Williams actress Michelle Williams as Emily Tetherow Bruce Greenwood as Stephen Meek Shirley Henderson as Glory White Neal Huff as William White Zoe Kazan as Millie Gately Tommy Nelson as Jimmy White Will Patton as Soloman Tetherow Rod Rondeaux as The Cayuse div References reflist External links Official website http meekscutoff.com Allmovie title 524775 mojo title meekscutoff IMDb title 1518812 http www.metacritic.com movie meeks cutoff Meek s Cutoff at Metacritic rotten tomatoes meeks cutoff DEFAULTSORT Meek s Cutoff Category 2010 films Category American films Category English language films Category 2010s Western films Category 2010s drama films Category Films set in the 1840s western film stub ... more details
Image HastingsCutoff.gif right thumb 250px Route of the California Trail and Hastings Cutoff in the western United States The Hastings Cutoff was an alternate route for emigrants to travel to California ... to Oregon and California . A sentence in the book briefly describes the cutoff blockquote The most ... to the bay of St. Francisco, by the route just described. blockquote The cutoff left the California ... of modern Elko, Nevada . The west end of the cutoff is marked as Nevada Historical Marker 4. Trail ... 60 and 75 wagons did so and traveled with Hastings on his cutoff. They endured a difficult descent ... experience with the Hastings Cutoff. They had arrived a few days too late to travel with Hasting ... site of Salt Lake City, Utah . The company chose to use the Hastings Cutoff passing though modern day Emigration Canyon . Young s group made remarkable improvements to some parts of the cutoff on their journey .... A few years later, Mormon emigration companies abandoned the majority of the cutoff route for a new ... Cutoff. The year 1850 saw the development of a new route around the northern end of the Great Salt Lake Hensley s Salt Lake Cutoff that avoided the waterless drive across the desert south of the lake ... Long Drive The 1846 Hastings Cutoff Overland Journal, Oregon California Trails Association , Vol. 12, No. 2, Summer 1994. Tea, Roy D., ed. The Hastings Cutoff Grantsville to Donner Springs, May 1996 ... Kelly historian Kelly, Charles . Salt Desert Trails. Hastings Cutoff Sesquicentennial ed. Edited by Peter ... Cutoff Trail Guide from Donner Spring to the Humboldt River . Salt Lake City, UT Utah Crossroads, Oregon California Trails Association , 1996. Tea, Roy D., ed. The Hastings Cutoff A Tragic Decision ... , 2004. Spedden, H. Rush., Hastings Cutoff Bryant s Trail to Skull Valley Overland Journal, Oregon California ... Association http www.scienceviews.com historical hastingscutoff.html Hastings Cutoff Trail Guides by Roy D. Tea http www.utahcrossroads.org RTFrames.htm Roy Tea s Hastings Cutoff Page Category California ... more details
Infobox nrhp name Goodale s Cutoff nrhp type image Goodale s Cutoff NPS.jpg caption nearest city Arco, Idaho lat degrees 43 lat minutes 28 lat seconds 48 lat direction N long degrees 113 long minutes 33 long seconds 52 long direction W locmapin Idaho area built 1852 architect architecture added May 01, 1974 ref name nris NRISref 2008a ref governing body BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT refnum 74000735 Goodale s Cutoff formed a spur of the Oregon Trail in Idaho , United States . The cutoff left the trail near Fort Hall, Idaho Fort Hall , crossed the Snake River Plain to the Lost River Idaho Lost River , and then turned west to the area of Boise, Idaho Boise , crossing Camas Prairie. It rejoined the main trail from Ditto Creek to Boise, then ran to the north of the main trail, joining at the Powder River, near Baker, Idaho Baker . ref cite web url http www.hscl.cr.nps.gov insidenps report.asp?STATE ID&PARK CRMO&STRUCTURE &SORT &RECORDNO 6 date 2009 01 15 work List of Classified Structures title Goodale s Cutoff publisher National Park Service ref Image Goodale.gif thumb left 300px Goodale s Cuttoff 1862 References reflist Further reading http www.idahohistory.net Reference 20Series 1071.pdf Goodale s Cuttoff North of Timmerman Hill http www.idahohistory.net Reference 20Series 1075.pdf Goodale s Cuttoff Midvale Hill Boise to Brownlee, in 1862 http www.idahohistory.net Reference 20Series 1048.pdf Goodale s Cuttoff from Boise Valley to Powder River http www.nps.gov crmo historyculture goodales cutoff.htm Goodale s Cutoff cite journal author Susan Badger Doyle year 2008 month August title Trails in Southwestern Idaho journal Oregon California Trails Association volume Booklet issue series Convention pages pp 9 11, 22 29 id url cite book last McGill first James authorlink coauthors year 2009 title Rediscovered Frontiersman Timothy Goodale publisher Oregon California Trails Association location Independence, MO isbn 978 1 893061 06 4 National Register of Historic Places Category National ... more details
Infobox nrhp name Southern Pacific Railroad Ogden Lucin Cut Off Trestle nrhp type image Lucin Cutoff aerial.jpg caption Aerial view of the Lucin Cutoff nearest city Ogden, Utah lat degrees 41 lat minutes 13 lat seconds 0 lat direction N long degrees 112 long minutes 41 long seconds 40 long direction W coord display inline,title locmapin Utah built 1902 architect Hood,William architecture added April 14, 1972 area convert 143 acre governing body Private refnum 72001257 ref name nris NRISref version 2009a ref The Lucin Cutoff is a railroad line which included a railroad trestle which crossed the Great Salt Lake in Utah . Built by the Southern Pacific Company between February 1902 and March 1904 across Promontory Point , it bypassed the original Central Pacific Railroad route through Promontory Summit where the Golden Spike was driven in 1869. By going west across the lake from Ogden, Utah to Lucin, Utah , it cut off 43 miles and avoided curvatures and grades. In 1944 it was the site of a Bagley train wreck train wreck in which 48 people were killed . The trestle was eventually replaced in the late 1950s with a parallel causeway built under contract by the Morrison Knudsen construction company. References reflist External links http www.trestlewood.com page 1020 Lucin Cutoff Railroad Trestle http engwonders.byethost9.com e031.html Across the Great Salt Lake Registered Historic Places Category Southern Pacific Railroad Category Bridges completed in 1904 Category Railroad bridges in Utah Category Rail infrastructure in Utah Category Bridges on the National Register of Historic Places in Utah Category Railway related listings on the National Register of Historic Places Category Box Elder County, Utah Category Transportation in Weber County, Utah Category Great Salt Lake Utah struct stub US rail bridge struct stub ... more details
A meander cutoff occurs when a meander bend in a river is breached by a chute channel that connects the two closest parts of the bend. This causes the flow to abandon the meander and to continue straight downslope. Cutoffs are a natural part of the evolution of a meandering river, and have also been used to artificially shorten the length of meandering rivers for navigation. River morphology Category Fluvial landforms Category Geomorphology geol stub ... more details
The Elliott Cutoff was a covered wagon road that branched off the Oregon Trail at the Malheur River where ... Cutoff after Stephen Meek , a former trapper who led over 1,000 emigrants into the Harney ... . ref Leah Collins Menefee, Donald F. Menefee, and Lowell Tiller. Cutoff Fever I, Oregon Historical ... Oregon. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 315. ref In the early 1850s, residents of the Upper ... and Tiller, Cutoff I, 324. ref The survey party was formed and became known as the Road Viewers ..., Alexander King, Robert Walker, and a J. Clark. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 321. ref On July ... Range and on to the Deschutes River. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 323. ref The Road Viewers left the Willamette Valley on August 20, 1852. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 327. ref Once they finished the road survey, they tried to follow the remaining route to Vale, Oregon, where the cutoff .... ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 332 334. ref From Steen s Ridge, the Viewers followed Meek s wagon ... and their geological specimens. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 335 336. ref ref Ruby, Robert, John ... the skirmish with Native Americans. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff I, 337 340. ref Free Emigrant ..., Donald F. Menefee, and Lowell Tiller. Cutoff Fever II, Oregon Historical Quarterly Portland ..., Cutoff II, 62 70. ref The construction of the Free Emigrant Road was basically a tree felling operation ... of the way. ref Leah Collins Menefee, Donald F. Menefee, and Lowell Tiller. Cutoff Fever V, Oregon ... who were coming with the 1853 emigration. ref Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff 329. ref Before he left, sponsors of the new road commissioned Elliott to lead a wagon train on the Meek Cutoff, across Harney ... Menefee, Donald F. Menefee, and Lowell Tiller. Cutoff Fever III, Oregon Historical Quarterly Portland ... Fort Boise. Elliott then headed back to what is now Vale where the Cutoff begins along the Malheur ... Menefee and Tiller, Cutoff III, 147. ref The Cutoff was around convert 130 mi km shorter for destinations ... more details
for the 2010 film Meek s Cutoff The Meek Cutoff was a covered wagon road that branched off the Oregon Trail in northeastern Oregon . First used in 1845, it left the trail at Vale, Oregon , followed the Malheur River , heading southwest into the Harney Basin . It then turned west towards Wagontire Mountain, and north to the south fork of the Crooked River Oregon Crooked River where it split into two routes. Each path led to the Deschutes River . The two routes reunited north of where the Crooked River empties into the Deschutes and then continued to The Dalles, Oregon . Image CoveredWagonOnTrailSketch.jpg thumb 325px A sketch of a covered wagon History In 1845 there were rumors circulating among the emigrants on the Oregon Trail that the Walla Walla tribe Walla Walla and Cayuse Indians might possibly attack the settlers in the Blue Mountains Oregon Blue Mountains of Oregon or along the Columbia River . Reports of threats came in conjunction with the murder of two Frenchmen in the area. ref Keith Clark and Lowell Tiller. Terrible Trail The Meek Cutoff, 1845, Bend, OR Maverick Publications Inc., 1966 , 14 19. ref Stephen Meek guide Stephen Meek , the older brother of Joseph Meek Joe Meek , was an experienced fur trapper and explorer who made his living as a wagon train guide. Meek was unemployed at the time but was considered to be someone who was familiar with eastern Oregon. When he offered the emigrants an alternate route to avoid the Blue Mountains many decided to follow him ... Meeks cutoff blockquote And later added blockquote A bad cutoff for all that tuck it. blockquote .... ref Clark and Tiller. Terrible Trail, p. 138 143. ref The Meek Cutoff is one of sixteen ... ref The blazing of the Meek Cutoff led to later wagon roads and the settlement of the eastern and central ... Cutoff References reflist External links http www.oregonhistorictrailsfund.org trails showtrail.php?id 7 Meek Cutoff Article by the Oregon Historic Trails Fund http mtmen.org mtman html smeek.html The Autobiography ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2009 A thermal cutoff is an Electricity electrical safety device that interrupts electric current when heat ed to a specific temperature . Thermal fuse A thermal fuse is a cutoff which uses a one time fusible link . Unlike the thermal switch which automatically reset s itself when the temperature drops, the thermal fuse is more like an Fuse electrical electrical fuse a single use device that cannot be reset and must be replaced when it fails or is triggered. A thermal fuse is most useful when the overheating is a result of a rare occurrence, such as failure requiring repair which would also replace the fuse or replacement at the end of service life . One mechanism is a small meltable pellet that holds down a spring. When the pellet melts, the spring is released, separating the contacts and breaking the circuit. The NEC Sefuse SF E series, Microtemp G4A series and Elmwood D series, for example, use pellets that contain Copper , Beryllium , and Silver . Thermal fuses are usually found in heat producing electrical small appliance appliance s such as coffeemaker s and hair dryer s. They function as safety devices to disconnect the current to the heating element in case of a malfunction such as a wikt defect defective thermostat that would otherwise allow the temperature to rise to dangerous levels, possibly starting a fire . File Thermal Fuse CJC01.png thumb right A thermal fuse protecting a small motor. Unlike electrical fuses or circuit breaker s, thermal fuses only react to excessive temperature, not excessive current, unless the excessive current is sufficient to cause the thermal fuse itself to heat up to the trigger temperature. Such an arrangement may be found in a surge protector. The thermal fuses are wired in series with the varistors when the varistors conduct, the fuse heats up and fails, which eliminates the risk of fire which can occur ... of the electrical ballast starter . See also Thermistor DEFAULTSORT Thermal Cutoff Category Electric ... more details
extension Bass sound Coherence bandwidth Critical band Cumulative frequency analysis Cutofffrequency ...Other uses File FrequencyAnimation.gif thumb right 120px Three flashing lights, from lowest frequency top to highest frequency bottom . f is the frequency in Hertz Hz , meaning the number of flashes per ... mathematics reciprocals . Frequency is the number of occurrences of a repeating event per unit time . It is also referred to as temporal frequency . The period is the duration of one turn geometry cycle in a repeating event, so the period is the reciprocal mathematics reciprocal of the frequency ... year See definition of sidereal year. ref and the Earth s rotation on its axis has a frequency ... , oscillation s, or wave s, frequency is defined as a number of cycles per unit time. In physics and engineering disciplines, such as optics , acoustics , and radio , frequency is usually denoted by a Latin letter f or by a Greek letter Nu letter nu . In SI derived unit SI units, the unit of frequency ... mathematics reciprocal of the frequency f math T frac 1 f math The SI unit for period is the second ... axis represents time. By counting Calculating the frequency of a repeating event is accomplished ... by the length of the time period. For example, if 71 events occur within 15 seconds the frequency ... frequency of f 1 2 T sub m sub , or a fractional error of f f 1 2 f T sub m sub where T sub m sub is the timing interval and f is the measured frequency. This error decreases with frequency, so it is a problem at low frequencies where the number of counts N is small. By stroboscope An older method of measuring the frequency of rotating or vibrating ... frequency can be adjusted with a calibrated timing circuit. The strobe light is pointed at the rotating object and the frequency adjusted up and down. When the frequency of the strobe equals the frequency ... appears stationary. Then the frequency can be read from the calibrated readout on the stroboscope ... more details
Infobox musical artist Name The Frequency Img Img size 220 Img capt From left to right Marc Cazorla, Alex Stiff Background group or band Origin Los Angeles , California , United States Genre Indie rock , Electronica , Ambient music Ambient Years active 2005 present Label Ropeadope Records br Trussed URL http www.thefrequencymusic.net Official Website Current members Marc Cazorla br Alex Stiff br Mark Quinn The Frequency are an independent rock band from Los Angeles, CA. Marc Cazorla and Alex Stiff are the core songwriting and recording duo behind the music and use an array of analog and vintage instruments in creating sounds that have been described by NME as stripped back music strengthened by simplicity as much as beauty . Q Magazine has given the new release Morning to 3 A.M. 3 out of 4 stars and hails the band as able to form perfectly crafted Air like synth pop while also stretching their wings on the 17 minute ever shifting psych rock track Ego Is the Drug 3 A.M. The Frequency have recently signed a worldwide publishing deal with http www.chrysalismusic.co.uk Chrysalis Music in the UK and the song Jim Gordon Part II has been heard all over the globe due to being licensed for a yearlong BlackBerry television commercial campaign. Music from The Frequency can also be found in major ... newspaper to declare The Frequency should be on every rock fan s radar. The Frequency s Jim Gordon Part ... self release 2007 The Frequency EP Ropeadope Digital Compilations Explorations Classic Picante Regrooved ... Download Oct 09 http www.nme.com reviews the frequency 10684 NME Review July 09 http www.dmcupdate.com ... links http www.thefrequencymusic.net The Frequency s official website http www.myspace.com thefrequencymusic The Frequency s myspace http www.facebook.com pages The Frequency 5877798251?ref mf The Frequency on Facebook http www.twitter.com the frequency The Frequency on Twitter http absenceofgiants.com www.absenceofgiants.com DEFAULTSORT Frequency, The Category American indie rock groups Category ... more details
Non free use rationale Article Meek s Cutoff Description Theatrical release poster Source http www.impawards.com 2011 meeks cutoff.html IMP Awards Portion Image only. Low resolution Yes. Purpose Enhance article with visuals. Replaceability No alternative could possibly exist. other information Licensing Non free poster ... more details
File FitchburgCutoffPath.agr.JPG thumb Fitchburg Cutoff Path in early Fall. The Fitchburg Cutoff Path is a short, unpaved multi use rail trail located in suburban Boston, Massachusetts . The 0.8 mile 1.2 km path runs from Brighton Street in Belmont, Massachusetts to the Alewife MBTA station Alewife station at the northern end of the MBTA Red Line in Cambridge MA Cambridge . At its Cambridge terminus, the trail connects with two other multi use paths the Minuteman Bikeway and the Cambridge Linear Park , which, in turn, leads to the Somerville Community Path . The Fitchburg Cutoff Path largely runs through Alewife Brook Reservation , with several side paths through the reservation leading to the Little River and a nearby industrial park. The trail heads are marked by small signs on the east end, across the street from the Alewife station passenger pickup kiss and ride area, and, on the west end, just north of where the MBTA rail line crosses Brighton Street. The west end is served by the MBTA 78 bus, with a stop just south of the railroad tracks. A 4.67M upgrade for the path, including a new pedestrian bridge at Alewife ref http www.boston.com news local articles 2009 04 05 bridge work snags on link to bike path ?page full Bridge work snags on link to bike path by Ben Terris and Christina Pazzanese. Boston Globe , 5 Apr 2009. ref ref Federal Aid Project No. CM 001S 980 X ref is in process. The path was temporarily closed for construction on September 1, 2010. The proposed Mass Central Rail Trail would represent an extension to Northampton, Massachusetts . History File Minuteman Bikeway and Cambridge Linear Park connector 1.jpg thumb Fitchburg Cutoff s former route below Alewife ... of an abandoned rail line known as the Fitchburg Cutoff or B&M Freight Cutoff reflecting its acquisition by the Boston and Maine Railroad . The freight cutoff linked the Fitchburg Railroad main line now ... Railroad the remainder west of Alewife forms what is now known as the Fitchburg Cutoff Path ... more details
In a steam engine , cutoff is the point in the piston stroke at which the inlet valve is closed. On a steam locomotive , the cutoff is controlled by the reverser. The point at which the inlet valve closes ... adiabatically . The steam pressure drops as it expands. A late cutoff delivers full steam pressure ... cutoff has greater thermodynamic efficiency but provides less average force on the piston and is used ... in the cylinder declines after cutoff as the steam pushes the piston down its bore Cutoff is one of the four valve events . Early cutoff is used to increase the efficiency of the engine by allowing ... steam. This is known as expansive working. Late cutoff is used to provide maximum torque to the shaft at the expense of efficiency and is used to start the engine under load. Cutoff is conventionally ... at the cutoff point, the cutoff is stated as 25 . Smaller stationary steam engine s generally have a fixed cutoff point while, in large ones, the speed and power output is generally governed by altering the cutoff, frequently under Centrifugal governor governor control using an expansion valve or Trip valve trip gear . In steam engines for transport, it is desirable to be able to alter the cutoff ..., the maximum or full gear cutoff is typically about 85 . At high speeds, the cutoff may be 15 percent ... load through the propeller and so have a fixed cutoff, with speed being controlled through the regulator. Fact date June 2009 Providing variable cutoff is an important function of the valve ... of the cutoff to offer best running and economy is not possible. On large locomotives it can ... the cutoff once the locomotive has gathered speed with such engines it was the practice of drivers to select an appropriate degree of cutoff before opening the Steam locomotive components regulator and to leave ... is fitted with a locking lever to prevent creep and there is an indicator to show the percentage of cutoff in use. This method of altering the cutoff offers finer control than the sector lever, but it has ... more details
The Patterson Creek Cutoff is an abandoned railroad line built by the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad B&O in northern West Virginia and Western Maryland , that served trains running on the B&O West End line in the Cumberland, Maryland area. The cutoff route ran from McKenzie, Maryland to Patterson Creek, West Virginia , providing a bypass of the B&O rail yard in Cumberland for coal trains moving between Keyser, West Virginia and Brunswick, Maryland . The B&O opened the double track line in 1904, and it included a tunnel and a bridge, both of which are still in existence. The tunnel passes through Knobly Mountain and is slightly less than convert 1 mi km in length. The cutoff was later reduced to single track rail single track , and ultimately abandoned in the early 1970s by the Chessie System , the successor to the B&O. The rails have been removed from the bridge structure, and a few railroad tie s are in an advanced state of decomposition. The line s right of way transportation right of way can still be easily distinguished, especially in McKenzie, where there is a large cut and fill . CSX Transportation , the successor to the Chessie System, continues to operate the main rail line in the McKenzie area as the Mountain Subdivision , and the Cumberland Subdivision in the Patterson Creek area. References Refbegin http www.wvrail.railfan.net east app.html Mountain Subdivision Eastern Approach. Northern West Virginia s Railroads. Accessed 2010 08 11. mtnsub.org. http mtnsub.org cumberland c r ch04.html patterson creek The Hard Way to Paw Paw Patterson Creek, WV. Railfanning the B&O Around Cumberland, MD. Accessed 2010 08 11. Refend Category Baltimore and Ohio Railroad lines Category Rail infrastructure in Maryland Category Rail infrastructure in West Virginia ... more details
Refimprove date December 2008 The Salt Lake Cutoff is one of the many shortcuts or cutoffs that branched from the California Trail California , Mormon Trail Mormon and Oregon Trail s in the United States. It led northwest out of Salt Lake City, Utah and north of the Great Salt Lake for about convert 180 mi km before rejoining the California trail near the City of Rocks National Reserve City of Rocks , Idaho. From there Oregon Trail travelers could easily travel down the Raft River valley portion of the California Trail to return to the Oregon Trail. It provided a way to stop in Salt Lake City the only significant city on the trail then for repairs, fresh supplies, fresh livestock etc.. In later years it was used by tens of thousands of pioneers and miners going east and west on their way to or from the future states of California , Oregon , Utah , Idaho , Montana , Nevada or Washington U.S. state Washington . See NPS California Trail Map for route ref Salt Lake city to City of Rocks Map http www.nps.gov cali planyourvisit upload CALImap1 web.pdf Accessed 27 Apr 2010 ref History Samuel J. Hensley, returning to California in the summer of 1848, led a pack train of ten men on a quest to get back to the California Trail. After trying Hastings Route south of the Great Salt Lake and finding the salt flats too soft heavy rains that year for passage he returned to Salt Lake City and discovered a route, north of the Great Salt Lake. His newly blazed trail cutoff went from Salt Lake City back to the Oregon Trail and or California Trail and joined the California Oregon near the City of Rocks, Idaho ref City of Rocks http www.newworldencyclopedia.org entry City of Rocks retrieved 4 Jan ... Lake Cutoff and was about the same distance as the Fort Hall , Snake River , Raft River , City of Rocks ... historytogo.utah.gov salt lake tribune in another time 060594.html Salt Lake Cutoff ref Thousands more ... publisher University of Nebraska Press date 1958 cite book title S. J. Hensley s Salt Lake Cutoff first ... more details
Image Bandwidth 2.svg 300px right thumb The frequency axis of this symbolic diagram may be linearly or logarithmically scaled. Except in special cases, the peak response will not align precisely with the center frequency. In electrical engineering and telecommunications , the center frequency of a filter or channel is a measure of a central frequency between the upper and lower cutofffrequencycutoff frequencies . It is usually defined as either the arithmetic mean or the geometric mean of the lower cutofffrequency and the upper cutofffrequency of a band pass filter band pass system or a band stop filter band stop system . Typically, the geometric mean is used in systems based on certain transformations of lowpass filter designs, where the frequency response is constructed to be symmetric on a logarithmic scale logarithmic frequency scale. ref cite book title CRC Handbook of Electrical Filters author John T. Taylor and Qiuting Huang publisher CRC Press isbn 0849389518 year 1997 url http books.google.com books?id HtyKSVF6zPsC&pg PA57&ots 3n1Qvbs5Me&dq center frequency bandpass 22geometric mean 22&as brr 3&sig FKeDPjh1YZ8AjDUK1WTu9ezr3p8 PPA57,M1 ref The geometric center frequency corresponds to a mapping of the DC response of the prototype lowpass filter, which is a resonant frequency sometimes equal to the peak frequency of such systems, for example as in a Butterworth filter . The arithmetic definition is used in more general situations, such as in describing passband telecommunication systems, where filters are not necessarily symmetric but are treated on a linear frequency scale for applications such as frequency division multiplexing . ref cite book title Fiber Optics Illustrated Dictionary author Julie K. Petersen isbn 084931349X year 2003 publisher CRC Press url http books.google.com books?id AcGFlqSqNEUC&pg PA100&ots xJ2Rd91Ovh&dq center frequency bandpass 22arithmetic mean 22 fdm&sig cOaKer3Z6218tzEbEnss8Gj7mr4 ref References reflist External links http www.sengpielaudio.com ... more details
up to a point called the cutofffrequency or corner frequency, pass all frequencies below there unchanged ... frequency have an aliasing alias below sub s sub 2, whose value is given by this graph. sub s sub 2 is also called Aliasing Folding folding frequency , because of the symmetry between 0 and sub s sub . The Nyquist frequency , named after the Swedish American engineer Harry Nyquist or the Nyquist Shannon sampling theorem , is half the sampling frequency of a discrete signal processing system ... frequency 22 date 0 1965&dq 22nyquist frequency 22 date 0 1965&as brr 0&ei R0LsRtqLN6HApgLT8726Dw&pgis 1 quote The Nyquist frequency is that frequency whose period is two sampling intervals. ref ... url http books.google.com books?id cro8AAAAIAAJ&q 22nyquist frequency 22 date 0 1965&dq 22nyquist frequency ... signal spectrum at frequencies higher than the Nyquist frequency is the cause of aliasing error ref It is sometimes known as the Aliasing Folding folding frequency of a sampling system. ref ... fold around half the sampling frequency which is why the Nyquist frequency is often referred to as the folding frequency. ref The sampling theorem shows that aliasing can be avoided if the Nyquist frequency is greater than the bandwidth signal processing bandwidth , or maximum component frequency, of the signal being sampled. The Nyquist frequency should not be confused with the Nyquist rate , which is the lower bound of the sampling frequency that satisfies the Nyquist sampling criterion for a given signal or family of signals. This lower bound is twice the bandwidth or maximum component frequency ... time signal , not of a system, whereas Nyquist frequency is a property of a discrete time system ... to Nyquist frequency in hertz for example, an image sampling system has a Nyquist frequency expressed in units such as cycles per meter. The aliasing problem In theory, a Nyquist frequency just ... see Sampling theorem Critical frequency Sampling theorem Critical frequency . However, this reconstruction ... more details
About non linear mixing operating in the frequency domain other types of mixers electronic mixer Image IdealMixer.JPG thumb 350px Frequency Mixer Symbol. In electronics a mixer or frequency mixer is a nonlinear electrical circuit that creates new frequencies from two signals applied to it. In its most common application, two signals at frequencies f sub 1 sub and f sub 2 sub are applied to a mixer, and it produces new signals at the sum f sub 1 sub f sub 2 sub and difference f sub 1 sub f sub 2 sub of the original frequencies. Other frequency components may also be produced in a practical frequency mixer. Mixers are widely used to shift signals from one frequency range to another, a process known as heterodyning , for convenience in transmission or further signal processing. For example, a key component of a superheterodyne receiver is a mixer used to move received signals to a common intermediate frequency . Frequency mixers are also used to modulate a carrier frequency in Transmitter radio transmitter s. Types Passive mixers use one or more diodes and rely on the non linear relation between voltage and current to provide the multiplying element. In a passive mixer, the desired output ... electronic components that are used as mixers include diode s, transistor s biased near cutoff ... voltage in the current through it, which allows the desired frequency manipulation. Certain other ... the signum function. In the frequency domain the switching mixer operation leads to the usual sum ... circuit can be used not only to shift the frequency of an input signal as in a receiver, but also as a product detector , modulator , phase detector or frequency multiplier. ref name Horowitz89 Paul ... signal to an intermediate frequency, and another mixer employed as a detector for demodulation of the signal. See also Frequency multiplier Gilbert cell Intermodulation Pentagrid converter Product ... Commons category Radio electronic diagrams FS1037C Analogue TV transmitter topics DEFAULTSORT Frequency ... more details
Normalized frequency can refer to Normalized frequency digital signal processing Normalized frequency fiber optics , also known as V number Disambig ... more details
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