unfavorable conditions. Cryptomonad flagella are inserted parallel to one another, and are covered ... evidence that cryptomonad chloroplasts are closely related to those of the heterokont s and haptophyte ... simple Cryptomonad sk Kryptomon dy sl Kriptofiti sr Cryptophyceae fi Nielulev t th ... more details
Wikt Cryptophyte may refer to a plant which survives the unfavorable season underground or underwater in the Raunki r plant life form classification Cryptomonad , or Cryptophyte, a single celled organism of the phylum Cryptophyta , most of which are photosynthetic Disambig ... more details
Taxobox regnum Chromalveolata phylum Cryptomonad Cryptophyta classis Cryptomonad Cryptophyceae ordo Pyrenomonadales ordo authority G. Novarino & I. A. N. Lucas Pyrenomonadales is a order of Cryptophyta . ref name urlwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov cite web url http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?mode Info&id 589342&lvl 2 title www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov format work accessdate 2009 06 17 ref References reflist Cryptophyta and haptophyta Category Cryptomonads chromalveolate stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Storeatula domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata phylum Cryptophyta classis Cryptophyceae ordo Pyrenomonadales familia Pyrenomonadaceae genus Storeatula genus authority Storeatula is a Cryptomonad cryptophyte genus . It includes the species Storeatula major . ref name pmid7736608 cite journal author Gilson PR, Adcock GJ, Howlett BJ, McFadden GI title Organisation and sequence analysis of nuclear encoded 5 s ribosomal RNA genes in cryptomonad algae journal Current Genetics volume 27 issue 3 pages 239 42 year 1995 month February pmid 7736608 doi 10.1007 BF00326155 ref References reflist Cryptophyta and haptophyta algae stub Category Cryptomonads ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Falcomonas regnum Chromalveolata phylum Cryptomonad Cryptophyta classis Cryptomonad Cryptophyceae ordo Pyrenomonadales familia Chroomonadaceae genus Falcomonas genus authority Hill, 1991 Falcomonas is a genus of cryptophyte s placed in the family Chroomonadaceae . ref cite journal author Brec L. Clay & Paul Kugrens year 1999 title Characterization of Hemiselmis amylosa sp. nov. and phylogenetic placement of the blue green cryptomonads H. amylosa and Falcomonas daucoides journal Protist journal Protist volume 150 issue 3 pages 297 310 doi 10.1016 S1434 4610 99 70031 3 ref References reflist Cryptophyta and haptophyta Category Cryptomonads Chromalveolate stub ... more details
italictitle The genus name Cryptochloris from the Greek language Greek wikt crypto crypto and Chloris Etymology chloris has been used to denote more than one genus Cryptochloris small Shortridge & Carter 1938 small , a genus of golden moles Cryptochloris small Bentham 1882 small , a grass genus, treated as a synonym of Tetrapogon Cryptochloris cryptomonad Cryptochloris cryptomonad small J. Schiller 1925 small , a genus of cryptomonad s Since they are governed by different nomenclatural codes, there is no conflict between the genus of golden moles and the grass genus. Cryptomonads may be considered part of either code, but Cryptochloris small J. Schiller 1925 small is invalid under the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature as a later homonym of Cryptochloris small Bentham 1882 small , and under the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature , Cryptochloris small Shortridge & Carter 1938 small would be likely to be conserved for taxonomic stability. ref cite journal author Pierre Comp re, John McNeill, Scott A. Redhead & John H. Wiersema year 2004 title Report of the Committee for Algae 8 journal Taxon journal Taxon volume 53 issue 4 pages 1065 1067 url http www.jstor.org stable 4135577 ref References reflist Genus disambiguation ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Hemiselmis regnum Chromalveolata unranked phylum Hacrobia phylum Cryptomonad Cryptophyta classis Cryptomonad Cryptophyceae ordo Cryptomonadales familia Hemiselmidaceae genus Hemiselmis genus authority Hemiselmis is a cryptophyte genus, including the species Hemiselmis andersenii . ref name pmid18077423 cite journal author Christopher E. Lane, Krystal van den Heuvel, Catherine Kozera, Bruce A. Curtis, Byron J. Parsons, Sharen Bowman & John M. Archibald title Nucleomorph genome of Hemiselmis andersenii reveals complete intron loss and compaction as a driver of protein structure and function journal Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences volume 104 issue 50 pages 19908 19913 year 2007 month December pmid 18077423 pmc 2148396 doi 10.1073 pnas.0707419104 url http www.pnas.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 18077423 ref References reflist chromalveolate stub Cryptophyta and haptophyta Category Cryptomonads ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Chroomonas regnum Chromalveolata phylum Cryptomonad Cryptophyta classis Cryptomonad Cryptophyceae ordo Pyrenomonadales familia Chroomonadaceae genus Chroomonas genus authority Anton Hansgirg Hansgirg , 1885 Chroomonas is a cryptophyte genus . It includes the species Chroomonas placoidea , ref name pmid16226285 cite journal author Graeme A. Dunstan, Malcolm R. Brown & John K. Volkman title Cryptophyceae and Rhodophyceae chemotaxonomy, phylogeny, and application journal Phytochemistry journal Phytochemistry volume 66 issue 21 pages 2557 2570 year 2005 month November pmid 16226285 doi 10.1016 j.phytochem.2005.08.015 url http linkinghub.elsevier.com retrieve pii S0031 9422 05 00422 X ref Chroomonas baltica , Chroomonas guttula and Chroomonas vectensis . ref cite web author WoRMS year 2009 title Chroomonas Hansgirg, 1885 publisher World Register of Marine Species url http www.marinespecies.org aphia.php?p taxdetails&id 106281 accessdate July 18, 2010 ref References reflist Cryptophyta and haptophyta Category Cryptomonads Chromalveolate stub ... more details
Taxobox regnum Chromalveolata phylum Cryptomonad Cryptophyta classis Cryptomonad Cryptophyceae ordo Pyrenomonadales familia Geminigeraceae familia authority B. L. Clay, P. Kugrens & R. E. Lee, 1999 subdivision ranks Species subdivision Geminigera cryophila Guillardia theta Hanusia phi Proteomonas pseudobaltica Proteomonas sulcata Teleaulax acuta Teleaulax amphioxeia Teleaulax merimbula Geminigeraceae is a family biology family of cryptophyte s containing the five genera Geminigera , Guillardia , Hanusia , Proteomonas and Teleaulax . ref name Clay cite journal author Brec L. Clay, Paul Kurgens & Robert E. Lee year 1999 title A revised classification of Cryptophyta journal Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society volume 131 pages 131 151 doi 10.1111 j.1095 8339.1999.tb01845.x ref They are characterised by chloroplast s containing Phycoerythrin Cr phycoerythrin 545 , and an inner periplast component IPC comprising a sheet or a sheet and multiple plates if diplomorphic . The nucleomorph s are never in the pyrenoid , and there is never a scalariform furrow. The cells do, however, have a long, keeled rhizostyle with lamellae wings . ref name Clay References reflist chromalveolate stub Cryptophyta and haptophyta Category Cryptomonads Category Sequenced genomes ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Phycobiliproteins are water soluble protein s present in cyanobacteria and certain algae rhodophyte s, cryptomonad s, glaucocystophytes that capture light energy, which is then passed on to chlorophyll s during photosynthesis . Phycobiliproteins are formed of a complex between proteins and covalent ly bound phycobilin s that act as chromophore s the light capturing part . They are most important constituents of the phycobilisome s. The major phycobiliproteins are Phycoerythrin Phycocyanin Allophycocyanin Phycoerythrocyanin Category Photosynthetic pigments Category Cyanobacteria Category Algae Protein stub es Ficobiliprote na fr Phycobiliprot ine tr Fikobiliprotein ... more details
Mastigonemes are Anatomical terms of location lateral hairs found covering the flagellum flagella of heterokont and Cryptomonad cryptophyte algae ref name hoek95 Hoek, C. van den, Mann, D. G. and Jahns, H. M. 1995 . http books.google.co.uk books?id xuUoiFesSHMC&printsec frontcover Algae An introduction to phycology , Cambridge University Press, UK. ref . They are approximately 15 nanometre nm in diameter, and usually consist of a tubular shaft that itself terminates in smaller hairs . It is believed that they assist in animal locomotion locomotion by increasing the surface area of a flagellum. References references cell biology stub Category Algae Category Heterokonts Category Cryptophytes Category Flagellates ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 Cryptophytes are microscopic unicellular algae that occur in freshwater and marine habitats . It is a small 200 species but ecologically important primary producer in deep waters. Like Euglenoids , Cryptophyceae appear to have originated from symbiosis of heterotrophic host biology host and red algae . They consist of single cell biology cell flagellates of 2 unequal lengths. http www.nature.com nature journal v405 n6790 full 4051049a0.html red algae are composed of cryptophytes, they don t evolve from them, simply parasitic in nature . See also Cryptomonad Cryptophyte plant life form External links http www.uni koeln.de aeb25 cryptophyceae.html An Introduction to the Cryptophyceae Category Algae botany stub ... more details
taxobox regnum Chromalveolata divisio Cryptophyta ordo Pyrenomonadales familia Pyrenomonadaceae genus Rhinomonas Rhinomonas is a Cryptophyta cryptophyte genus. It includes the species Rhinomonas pauca . ref name pmid7736608 cite journal author Gilson PR, Adcock GJ, Howlett BJ, McFadden GI title Organisation and sequence analysis of nuclear encoded 5s ribosomal RNA genes in cryptomonad algae journal Curr. Genet. volume 27 issue 3 pages 239 42 year 1995 month February pmid 7736608 doi 10.1007 BF00326155 url ref References reflist Cryptophyta and haptophyta Category Cryptomonads Chromalveolate stub ... more details
italic title Taxobox regnum Chromalveolata phylum Cryptophyta ordo Cryptomonadales familia Cryptomonadaceae genus Plagioselmis genus authority Butcher, 1967 Plagioselmis is a genus of Cryptomonad cryptophytes , including the species Plagioselmis prolonga ref name pmid12820066 cite journal author B. H. Kim, M. S. Han & N. Takamura title Effects of fish introduction on the length of the tail of cryptomonads in mesocosm experiments journal Oecologia volume 136 issue 1 pages 73 79 year 2003 month June pmid 12820066 doi 10.1007 s00442 003 1226 3 ref and Plagioselmis punctata . ref ITIS taxon Plagioselmis id 10672 ref References reflist Chromalveolate stub Cryptophyta and haptophyta Category Cryptomonads ... more details
italic title Taxobox name Komma caudata regnum Chromalveolata phylum Cryptomonad Cryptophyta classis Cryptomonad Cryptophyceae ordo Pyrenomonadales familia Chroomonadaceae genus Komma genus authority D. R. A. Hill, 1991 species K. caudata binomial Komma caudata binomial authority L. Geitler D. R. A. Hill 1924 synonyms Chroomonas acuta small Uterm hl, 1925 small synonyms ref ref name Novarino Komma caudata is a cryptomonad , and the only described species in the genus Komma , although four or five more species may exist. ref cite web title Komma D.R.A.Hill, 1991 137 work AlgaeBase publisher National University of Ireland, Galway url http www.algaebase.org generadetail.lasso?genus id 45715 accessdate July 18, 2010 date July 3, 2006 ref Its cells are 4.5 5.5 m wide by 7 10 m long and bear two unequal flagellum flagella . ref name Novarino cite book editor D. M. John, Brian A. Whitton, Alan J. Brook title The freshwater algal flora of the British Isles an identification guide to freshwater and terrestrial algae, Volume 1 publisher Cambridge University Press year 2002 isbn 9780521770514 url http books.google.com ?id Sc4897dfM MC&pg PA181 chapter Phylum Cryptophyta author Gianfranco Novarino pages 180 185 ref References reflist Cryptophyta and haptophyta Chromalveolate stub Category Cryptomonads ... more details
orphan date February 2010 An ejectosome is a cellular organelle responsible for ejecting their contents from the cell. Two unrelated types of ejectosomes are described in the literature Cryptomonad s have two types of characteristic ejectisomes known as extrusomes . Intracellular pathogen s, such as Mycobacterium tuberculosis , escape from their host cells using an actin based structure, also called an ejectosome. Cryptomonad ejectosomes contain two connected spiral ribbon like structures, held under tension. ref http www.botany.ubc.ca Biol320 ultra whol11.htm Cryptophyte With Ejectosome Electron Micrograph. ref If the cells are irritated either by mechanical, chemical or light stress, they discharge, propelling the cell in a zig zag course away from the disturbance. Large ejectisomes, visible under the light microscope, are associated with the pocket smaller ones occur elsewhere on the cell. ref http tolweb.org Cryptomonads 2396 Cryptomonads Goniomonas plastid containing cryptophytes. ref Mycobacteria are ejected from host cells through the action of an actin based ejectosome. This escape mechanism requires a cytoskeleton regulator from the host plus an intact mycobacterial ESX 1 secretion system. Ejectosomes apparently exert a contractile force, forming a tight septum around the bacteria. Ejection of the bacteria occurs without host cell lysis . ref http www.sciencemag.org cgi content abstract 323 5922 1729?ck nck Hagedorn, M. et al. Infection by Tubercular Mycobacteria Is Spread by Nonlytic Ejection from Their Amoeba Hosts. Science 27 March 2009 Vol. 323. no. 5922, pp. 1729 1733. ref References references organelles Category Organelles Category Cell anatomy ... more details
Italic title Taxobox name Pyrenomonas domain Eukaryota regnum Chromalveolata phylum Cryptophyta classis Cryptophyceae ordo Pyrenomonadales familia Pyrenomonadaceae genus Pyrenomonas genus authority Santore Pyrenomonas is a genus of cryptomonad . Dubious date July 2010 One species is Pyrenomonas helgolandii . ref name pmid16570126 cite journal author Tanifuji G, Erata M, Ishida K, Onodera N, Hara Y title Diversity of secondary endosymbiont derived actin coding genes in cryptomonads and their evolutionary implications journal J. Plant Res. volume 119 issue 3 pages 205 15 year 2006 month May isbn 1026500602635 pmid 16570126 doi 10.1007 s10265 006 0263 5 ref ref name pmid11070060 cite journal author Stibitz TB, Keeling PJ, Bhattacharya D title Symbiotic origin of a novel actin gene in the cryptophyte Pyrenomonas helgolandii journal Mol. Biol. Evol. volume 17 issue 11 pages 1731 8 year 2000 month November pmid 11070060 doi url http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi pmidlookup?view long&pmid 11070060 ref Pyrenomonas salina was characterized in 1990, ref name pmid2081536 cite journal author Hansmann P, Eschbach S title Isolation and preliminary characterization of the nucleus and the nucleomorph of a cryptomonad, Pyrenomonas salina journal Eur. J. Cell Biol. volume 52 issue 2 pages 373 8 year 1990 month August pmid 2081536 doi url ref but has since been renamed to Rhodomonas salina . ref name urlThe Rhodomonas salina mitochondrial genome bacteria like operons, compact gene arrangement and complex repeat region Hauth et al. 33 14 4433 Nucleic Acids Research cite web url http nar.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 33 14 4433 B15 title The Rhodomonas salina mitochondrial genome bacteria like operons, compact gene arrangement and complex repeat region Hauth et al. 33 14 4433 Nucleic Acids Research format work accessdate 2009 06 24 ref References Reflist Cryptophyta and haptophyta Category Chromalveolata Chromalveolate stub ... more details
Taxobox regnum Chromalveolata phylum Cryptophyta ordo Cryptomonadales familia Cryptomonadaceae genus Cryptomonas genus authority Ehrenberg 1832 Cryptomonas is the name giving genus of the cryptomonad s. It is common in freshwater habitats and often forms blooms in greater depths of lakes, or during winter beneath the ice. The cells are usually brownish in color, and have a slit like furrow at the anterior. They are not known to produce any toxins and are used to feed small zooplankton , which is the food source for small fish in fish farming. Some sources recommend merging Campylomonas and Chilomonas into Cryptomonas . ref name pmid14658496 cite journal author Hoef Emden K, Melkonian M title Revision of the genus Cryptomonas Cryptophyceae a combination of molecular phylogeny and morphology provides insights into a long hidden dimorphism journal Protist volume 154 issue 3 4 pages 371 409 year 2003 month October pmid 14658496 doi 10.1078 143446103322454130 url ref ref Hoef Emden K 2005 Multiple independent losses of photosynthesis and differing evolutionary rates in the genus Cryptomonas Cryptophyceae Combined phylogenetic analyses of DNA sequences of the nuclear and the nucleomorph ribosomal operons. Journal of Molecular Evolution 60 183 195. http dx.doi.org 10.1007 s00239 004 0089 5 Abstract ref References reflist External links http tolweb.org Cryptomonas 97214 Tree of Life Cryptomonas Category Flagellates Category Cryptomonads chromalveolate stub Cryptophyta and haptophyta de Cryptomonas ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 265788323 ImageFile Phycoerythrobilin.svg ImageSize 300px IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo 18097 67 1 PubChem 6443764 SMILES MeSHName phycoerythrobilin Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 33 sub H sub 38 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 586.678 g mol Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Phycoerythrobilin is a red phycobilin , i.e. an open tetrapyrrole chromophore found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplast s of red algae , glaucophyte s and some cryptomonad s. Phycoerythrobilin is present in the phycobiliprotein phycoerythrin , of which it is the terminal acceptor of energy. The amount of phycoerythrobilin in phycoerythrins varies a lot, depending on the considered organism. In some Rhodophytes and oceanic cyanobacteria, phycoerythrobilin is also present in the phycocyanin , then termed R Phycocyanin. Like all phycobilins, phycoerythrobilin is covalently linked to these phycobiliproteins by a thioether bond. References reflist External links http www.chem.qmul.ac.uk iupac tetrapyrrole TP D8.html Chemical Structure of phycoerythrobilin Tetrapyrroles Category Tetrapyrroles Category Photosynthetic pigments Category Fluorescent dyes Category Chemical compounds found in cyanobacteria Category Chemical compounds found in algae ... more details
chembox verifiedrevid 447976828 Name Phycocyanobilin ImageFile Phycocyanobilin2.svg ImageSize 250px ImageAlt Skeletal formula ImageFile1 Phycocyanin 3D balls.png ImageSize1 250 ImageAlt1 Ball and stick model IUPACName OtherNames Section1 Chembox Identifiers CASNo Ref cascite correct ?? CASNo PubChem 5288007 EINECS SMILES Section2 Chembox Properties Formula C sub 33 sub H sub 40 sub N sub 4 sub O sub 6 sub MolarMass 588.69 g mol ExactMass 588.294785 u Appearance Density MeltingPt BoilingPt Solubility Section3 Chembox Hazards MainHazards FlashPt Autoignition Phycocyanobilin is a blue phycobilin , i.e., a tetrapyrrole chromophore found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplast s of red algae , glaucophyte s, and some cryptomonad s. Phycocyanobilin is present only in the phycobiliprotein s allophycocyanin and phycocyanin , of which it is the terminal acceptor of energy. It is covalently linked to these phycobiliproteins by a thioether bond. References reflist Category Photosynthetic pigments Category Tetrapyrroles Category Chemical compounds found in algae biochemistry stub Tetrapyrroles es Ficocianobilina ... more details
Twintrons are intron s within introns excised by sequential RNA splicing splicing reactions. Twintrons are presumably formed by the insertion of a mobile intron into an existing intron. Twintron was discovered by Donald W. Copertino and Richard B. Hallick as a group II intron within another group II intron in Euglena chloroplast genome. ref cite journal author Copertino DW, Hallick RB title Group II twintron an intron within an intron in a chloroplast cytochrome b 559 gene journal The EMBO Journal volume 10 issue 2 pages 433 42 year 1991 month February pmid 1899376 pmc 452664 ref They found that splicing of both the internal and external introns occurs via lariat intermediates. Additionally, twintron splicing was found to proceed by a sequential pathway, the internal intron being removed prior to the excision of the external intron. Since the original discovery, there have been other reports of Group III intron Group III twintrons and GroupII III twintrons in Euglena gracilis chloroplast. In 1993 a new type of complex twintron composed of four individual group III introns has been characterized. ref cite journal author Drager RG, Hallick RB title A complex twintron is excised as four individual introns journal Nucleic Acids Research volume 21 issue 10 pages 2389 94 year 1993 month May pmid 7685079 pmc 309537 doi 10.1093 nar 21.10.2389 ref The external intron was interrupted by an internal intron containing two additional introns. In 1995 scientists discovered the first non Euglena twintron in cryptomonad alga Pyrenomonas salina. ref cite journal author Maier UG, Rensing SA, Igloi GL, Maerz M title Twintrons are not unique to the Euglena chloroplast genome structure and evolution of a plastome cpn60 gene from a cryptomonad journal Molecular & General Genetics volume 246 issue 1 pages 128 31 year 1995 month January pmid 7823908 doi 10.1007 BF00290141 ref In 2004, several twintrons were discovered in Drosophila . ref cite journal author Scamborova P, Wong A, Steitz JA ... more details
Nucleomorphs are small, reduced eukaryotic nuclei found in certain plastid s. So far, only two groups of organisms are known to contain a nucleomorph the cryptomonads of the supergroup Chromista and the chlorarachniophyte s of the supergroup Rhizaria . The nucleomorphs support the endosymbiotic theory , and are an evidence that the plastids of these organisms are so called complex plastids . Studies of the genomic organization and of the molecular phylogeny have shown that the nucleomorph of the cryptomonads formerly was the Cell nucleus nucleus of a red alga , whereas the nucleomorph of the chlorarchniophytes formerly was the nucleus of a green alga . In both groups of organisms the plastids originate from engulfed photoautotroph ic eukaryote s. After the red or green alga was engulfed by its host cell, it was reduced. Nucleomorphs retained only three chromosomes and many genes were transferred to the nucleus of the host cell. The unique combination of host cell and complex plastid results in cells with four genomes two prokaryotic genomes mitochondrion and plastid of the red or green alga and two Eukaryote eukaryotic genomes nucleus of host cell and nucleomorph . According to GenBank release 164 Feb 2008 , there are 13 Cercozoa and 181 Cryptophyta entries an entry is the submission of a sequence to the DDBJ EMBL GenBank public database of sequences . Most sequenced organisms were br Guillardia theta 54 Rhodomonas salina 18 Cryptomonas sp. 15 Chlorarachniophyceae sp. 10 Cryptomonas paramecium 9 Cryptomonas erosa 7. Note that the taxonomy used in the first section is probably outdated. See links below to NCBI TaxBrowser for present taxonomy See also Endosymbiont External links http mbe.oxfordjournals.org cgi content full 23 5 856 Insight into the Diversity and Evolution of the Cryptomonad Nucleomorph Genome http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?id 3027 Cryptophyta at NCBI taxbrowser http www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov Taxonomy Browser wwwtax.cgi?id 136419 Cerc ... more details
Taxobox regnum Chromalveolata unranked superdivisio Hacrobia divisio Cryptophyta ordo Cryptomonadales familia Cryptomonadaceae genus Goniomonas genus authority Stein, 1878 Goniomonas is a genus of single celled eukaryotes, including both freshwater and marine species. It is unusual among the Cryptophyta in that it lacks plastid s. ref Cite web url http www.tolweb.org Goniomonas title Goniomonas publisher Tree of Life Web Project accessdate June 29, 2009 ref It may reflect one of only a small number of times that the cryptophytes evolved into freshwater habitats. ref name shalchian tabrizi cite journal author Kamran Shalchian Tabrizi, Jon Br te, Ramiro Logares, Dag Klaveness, C dric Berney & Kjetill S. Jakobsen year 2008 title Diversification of unicellular eukaryotes cryptomonad colonizations of marine and fresh waters inferred from revised 18S rRNA phylogeny journal Environmental Microbiology journal Environmental Microbiology volume 10 issue 10 pages 2635 2644 pmid 18643928 doi 10.1111 j.1462 2920.2008.01685.x ref It is the only genus in the family Goniomonadaceae , when that is considered separate from Cryptomonadaceae , and the only member of the order Goniomonadales , when that is considered separate from the Cryptomonadales . Goniomonas seems to have a number of freshwater relatives which have not yet been cultured nor named known as the CRY1 clade . ref name shalchian tabrizi It contains the three species Goniomonas amphinema , Goniomonas pacifica and Goniomonas truncata . ref AlgaeBase genus id 46455 name Goniomonas ref References reflist Cryptophyta and haptophyta Category Cryptomonads chromalveolate stub fr Goniomonas ... more details
Taxobox name Chlorarchniophytes image Chlorarachnion reptans.jpg image width 250px image caption Chlorarachnion reptans domain Eukaryote Eukaryota unranked phylum Rhizaria phylum Cercozoa classis Chlorarachnea classis authority Hibberd & Norris, 1984 subdivision ranks Genera subdivision Chlorarachnion br Gymnochlora br Lotharella br Cryptochlora br Bigelowiella br Partenskyella Chlorarachniophytes are a small group of alga e occasionally found in tropical oceans. They are typically mixotrophic , ingesting bacteria and smaller protist s as well as conducting photosynthesis . Normally they have the form of small amoeboid amoeba e, with branching cytoplasmic extensions that capture prey and connect the cells together, forming a net. They may also form flagellate zoospores, which characteristically have a single subapical flagellum that spirals backwards around the cell body, and walled coccoid cells. The chloroplast s were presumably acquired by ingesting some green alga . ref name pmid19335769 cite journal author Keeling PJ title Chromalveolates and the evolution of plastids by secondary endosymbiosis journal J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. volume 56 issue 1 pages 1 8 year 2009 pmid 19335769 doi 10.1111 j.1550 7408.2008.00371.x ref They are surrounded by four membranes, the outermost of which is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum , and contain a small nucleomorph between the middle two, which is a remnant of the alga s nucleus. This contains a small amount of DNA and divides without forming a mitosis mitotic spindle. The origin of the chloroplasts from green algae is supported by their pigmentation, which includes chlorophyll s a and b , and by genetic similarities. The only other group of algae that contain nucleomorphs are the cryptomonad s, but their chloroplasts seem to be derived from a red alga . The chlorarachniophytes only include five genera, which show some variation in their life cycles and may lack one or two of the stages described above. Genetic studies p ... more details
Phycobilins from Greek language Greek polytonic phykos meaning alga , and from Latin bilis meaning bile are chromophore s light capturing molecule s found in cyanobacteria and in the chloroplast s of red algae , glaucophyte s and some cryptomonad s though not in green algae and higher plant s . They are unique among the photosynthetic pigments in that they are bonded to certain water soluble protein s, known as phycobiliprotein s. Phycobiliproteins then pass the light energy to chlorophyll s for photosynthesis . The phycobilins are especially efficient at absorbing red, orange, yellow, and green light, wavelengths that are not well absorbed by chlorophyll a . Organisms growing in shallow waters tend to contain phycobilins that can capture yellow red light, while those at greater depth often contain more of the phycobilins that can capture green light, which is relatively more abundant there. The phycobilins fluorescence fluoresce at a particular wavelength, and are, therefore, often used in research as chemical tags, e.g., by binding phycobiliproteins to antibody antibodies in a technique known as immunofluorescence . Types There are four types of phycobilins Phycoerythrobilin , which is red Phycourobilin , which is orange Phycoviolobilin also known as phycobiliviolin found in phycoerythrocyanin Phycocyanobilin also known as phycobiliverdin , which is blue. They can be found in different combinations attached to phycobiliproteins to confer specific spectroscopic properties. Structural relation to other molecules In chemical terms, phycobilins consist of an open chain of four pyrrole rings tetrapyrrole and are structurally similar to the bile pigment bilirubin , which explains the name. Bilirubin s conformation is also affected by light, a fact used for the phototherapy of jaundice d newborns. Phycobilins are also closely related to the chromophores of the light detecting plant pigment phytochrome , which also consist of an open chain of four pyrroles. Chloroph ... more details
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