about cryopreservation resuscitation Cryonics the band Cryogenic band In physics , cryogenics is the study ... . Definitions and distinctions The terms cryogenics , cryobiology , or cryonics are frequently confused. Other new terms with the prefix cryo have also been introduced. Cryogenics The branches of physics ... s, including cryobiology, cryogenics, rheology , emergency medicine , etc. Cryoelectronics The field ... of cryoelectronics. Etymology The word cryogenics stems from Greek language Greek and means the production .... It is not well defined at what point on the temperature scale refrigeration ends and cryogenics begins ... Institute of Standards and Technology at Boulder, Colorado has chosen to consider the field of cryogenics ... in cryogenics and is legally purchasable around the world. Liquid helium is also commonly used and allows ... tanks , as are cryogenic valves. Cryogenic processing The field of cryogenics advanced during World ... later merged with 300 Below to create the largest and oldest commercial cryogenics company in the world .... The entire process takes 3 4 days. Fuels Another use of cryogenics is cryogenic fuel s. Cryogenic ... flight in 1989. Applications Some applications of cryogenics Magnetic Resonance Imaging MRI br MRI ... of the wire increases leading to wastage of power. This can be solved by cryogenics. Liquefied ... development in cryogenics is the use of magnets as regenerators as well as refrigerators. These devices ... in physics Cryogenics Important publications in cryogenics Liquid nitrogen Molecular nitrogen .28gas ... cryogenics liquefied natural gas lng gas treatment unit?start 6 Technical Description of Cryogenic ... Since 1966 http doc.cern.ch archive electronic cern preprints at at 2007 001.pdf An Introduction to Cryogenics http www.magnet.fsu.edu education tutorials magnetacademy cryogenicsCryogenics for English ... en doc 1052.pdf Cryogenics, Key to Advanced Science and Technology http www.cryogenicsociety.org ... Category Cryogenics Category Cooling technology ar ca Criog nia cs Kryogenika ... more details
Orphan date June 2009 Cryogenic engineering is a sub stream of mechanical engineering dealing with cryogenics , and related very low temperature processes such as Liquid air air liquefaction , cryogenic engine s for rocket propulsion , cryogenic surgery . Generally, temperatures below the boiling point of Nitrogen 77 K comes under the purview of cryogenic engineering. Category Cryogenics Category Mechanical engineering physics stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Cryocoolers are the devices used to reach cryogenics cryogenic temperatures by cycling certain gases. A cryostat is likely to be used to reach and or maintain similar conditions or keep some environment in cryogenic stasis. See also Cryogenic processor Adiabatic demagnetization refrigerator Dilution refrigerator Gifford McMahon cooler Joule Thomson cooler Hampson Linde cycle Linde gaseous liquification process Pulse tube refrigerator Stirling engine Stirling cryocooler Category Cooling technology Category Cryogenics Physics stub ru ... more details
thermodynamics cTopic Processes and Cycles The Kleemenko cycle or one flow cascade cycle is a single stream mixed refrigerant technique used to cool or Liquefaction of gases liquify gases . The term Kleemenko Cycle is used in refrigeration if multi component refrigerants MCR are used in a cycle ref http www.cryogenicsociety.org resources cryo central history of cryogenics History of cryogenics ref . The Russians Russian scientist A.P. Kleemenko described the one flow cascade cycle in the Proceedings of XIII International Conference of Refrigeration in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1959. It was published in progress in refrigeration science and technology , Volume I Pergamon Press in 1960 pps. 34 39 ref http www.freepatentsonline.com 3592015.html rectification column with two component closed heat exchange cycle ref . See also Hampson Linde cycle Timeline of low temperature technology References reflist External links http cat.inist.fr ?aModele afficheN&cpsidt 1809635 Kleemenko cycle coolers Low cost refrigeration at cryogenic temperatures Thermodynamic cycles state uncollapsed Category Thermodynamic cycles physics stub ... more details
A linear compressor is a gas compressor where the piston moves along a linear track to compress to minimize energy loss during conversion. History The first linear compressors were developed in 1973, the first market introduction of a linear compressor to compress refrigerant was in 2001 ref http www.lge.com about press release print 21163.jhtml Linear Compressor history ref ref http www.aceee.org conf mt04 wbprsnt Lee R3.pdf Linear DOS ref Valved linear compressor The single piston linear compressor uses dynamic counterbalancing, where an auxiliary movable mass is flexibly attached to a movable piston assembly and to the stationary compressor casing using auxiliary mechanical springs with zero vibration export at minimum electrical power and current consumed by the motor ref http www.eng.ox.ac.uk cryogenics linearcomp.html Valved linear compressor ref . It is used in cryogenic s ref http www.eng.ox.ac.uk cryogenics papers Preprint ValvedComp.pdf Development of a valved linear compressor for a satellite borne J T cryocooler ref . See also hydrogen compressor liquid hydrogen Timeline of low temperature technology Timeline of hydrogen technologies References references Category Compressors Category Cooling technology Category Hydrogen technologies nl Lineaire compressor ... more details
The word cryo or cryos is Greek and means icy cold from crystallos . The word is also known from cryobiology . ref http dk.cryosinternational.com about us history.aspx Cryos ref Cryos or Cryos International is also an international network of sperm banks. ref http www.cryosinternational.com home.aspx Cryos network of Sperm Banks ref Ice , the solid state of water. Cryogenics , the study of producing extremely low temperatures. Cryo Interactive , a game manufacturer. Cryoprecipitate , a blood derived protein product used to treat some bleeding disorders. Darkspore Planets Cryos , a planet in the upcoming video game Darkspore Notes Reflist disambig ... more details
Refimprove date September 2007 A helium 3 refrigerator is a simple device used in experimental physics for obtaining temperature s down to about 0.2 kelvin s. By evaporative cooling of helium 4 the more common isotope of helium , a 1 K pot liquefies a small amount of helium 3 in a small vessel called a helium 3 pot. Evaporative cooling of the liquid helium 3, usually driven by adsorption since due to its high price the helium 3 is usually contained in a closed system to avoid losses, cools the helium 3 pot to a fraction of a kelvin. See also Dilution refrigerator References reflist External links http www.its.caltech.edu jpelab Group 20Website cryogenics.html Helium 3 refrigerators at Caltech Category Cryogenics Category Cooling technology thermodynamics stub ... more details
In ultra low temperature physics , The Sisyphus Effect involves the use of specially selected laser light, hitting atoms from various angles to both cool and trap them in a potential well, effectively rolling the atom down a hill of potential energy until it has lost its kinetic energy . It is named in reference to the Greek mythological figure of Sisyphus , a king punished in Tartarus by being cursed to roll a huge boulder up a hill. References cite web url http www.lkb.ens.fr recherche onl intro Eng.htm title intro Eng publisher Lkb.ens.fr date accessdate 2009 06 05 physics stub Category Cryogenics ... more details
Residual resistance ratio RRR is a measurement of the purity of a sample of metal . It is defined as The ratio of the Electrical resistance resistance of the magnet coil at 293 Kelvin K and the resistance of the magnet coil just above the transition temperature from Superconductivity super conducting to normal state . ref http sm18 operation.web.cern.ch sm18 operation Old files Old documents dipolemethods RRR with kiethley.pdf ref It generally used for very precise measurements like experimentation. Examples The RRR of copper wire is generally 40 50 when used for telephone line s, etc. References references DEFAULTSORT Residual Resistance Ratio Category Electromagnetism Category Cryogenics Category Superconductivity electromagnetism stub ... more details
profiles for cryogenics, a number of companies maintain thermal profiles of various products ... processors are radically changing the way that cryogenics used to be done. Many years ago, cryogenics ... profiles. See also cryogenics cryogenic processing cryogenic tempering 300 Below absolute zero coldest ... Paulin http www.cryotron.com Cryotron Canada Ltd. Developer Vari Cold Cryogenic Process Category Cryogenics ... more details
Cryo adsorption is a method used for hydrogen storage where gaseous hydrogen at cryogenic temperatures 150 60 K is physically adsorbtion adsorbed on porous material, mostly activated carbon . The achievable storage density is between liquid hydrogen LH sub 2 sub storage systems and compressed hydrogen CGH sub 2 sub storage systems ref http www.hyweb.de Knowledge Ecn h2a.html Cryo Adsorption ref . See also Hydrogen tank Hydrogen economy References reflist External links http ads.ari.uni heidelberg.de abs 2006APS..MARH16004A Hydrogen cryo adsorption comparing low pressure and isosteric heats Category Chemical engineering Category Cryogenics Category Hydrogen technologies Category Hydrogen storage es Crioadsorci n ... more details
Image Cascade Microtech probe station.jpg right thumb An automated probe station by Cascade Microtech A Mechanical probe station is used to physically acquire signals from the internal nodes of a semiconductor device. The probe station utilizes manipulators which allow the precise positioning of thin needles on the surface of a semiconductor device. If the device is being electrically stimulated, the signal is acquired by the mechanical probe and is displayed on an oscilloscope . The mechanical probe station is often used in the failure analysis of semiconductor devices. Image Cascade Microtech probe station close up.jpg right thumb Close up of passive probes on the same probe station There are two types of mechanical probes active and passive. Passive probes usually consist of a thin tungsten needle. Active probes utilize a FET device on the probe tip in order to significantly reduce loading on the circuit. Research Mechanical probe stations are often used in academic research on electronics and materials science . It is often faster and more flexible to test a new electronic device or sample with a probe station than to wire bonding wire bond and package the device before testing. Image Desert Cryogenics probe station.jpg left thumb This http www.lakeshore.com dca n.html Desert Cryogenics probe station encloses the sample and probes in a vacuum chamber and permits the introduction of cryogen s to cool the sample to low temperature physics low temperature s. External links http cascademicrotech.com Cascade Microtech http www.lakeshore.com Lake Shore Cryotronics, Inc. http www.signatone.com Signatone http www.micromanipulator.com Micromanipulator http www.keithlink.com KeithLink http www.gigatest.com http www.jmicrotechnology.com J microTechnology, Inc. Category Semiconductor analysis tech stub it Stazione a sonda meccanica ... more details
Orphan date January 2011 italictitle Infobox journal cover File JLowTempPhys cover.jpg editor Horst Meyer, Mikko Paalanen, Neil Sullivan discipline Physics abbreviation J. Low Temp. Phys. publisher Springer Science Business Media Springer country Germany frequency 12 year history 1969 present openaccess impact 1.034 2008 website http www.phy.duke.edu hm JLTP index.html link1 http www.springer.com journal 10909 link1 name Journal homepage Publisher link2 http www.springerlink.com content 0022 2291 link2 name online access link3 http www.phy.duke.edu hm JLTP Conts Recent Conts Recent.html link3 name Tables of contents of recent and forthcoming issues RSS http www.springerlink.com content 0022 2291?sortorder asc&export rss atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 0022 2291 eISSN 1573 7357 The Journal of Low Temperature Physics is a Peer review peer reviewed scientific journal including original papers and review articles in the area of cryogenics low temperature physics and cryogenics . ref name description cite web url http www.springer.com materials journal 10909 title Journal of Low Temperature Physics Description accessdate 2009 09 03 ref Special issues dedicated to a particular topic are published as well. The journal appears once a month. It has an impact factor of 1.034 2008 . ref Cite web title Web of Science year 2009 url http isiwebofknowledge.com accessdate 2009 09 03 ref The journal was founded by John G. Daunt in 1969 and is currently edited by Horst Meyer, Mikko Paalanen, and Neil S. Sullivan. Areas covered and indexing Among others, the journal covers the following areas superconductivity , superfluidity , matter wave s, magnetism and electronic properties, active areas in condensed matter physics condensed matter physics, and low temperature technology. Services abstracting and indexing this journal include Chemical Abstracts Service CAS , Google Scholar , Science Citation Index , and Scopus . ref name description References reflist Category English language jou ... more details
Herrick Lee Johnston 29 March 1898 6 October 1965 was an American scientist specializing in cryogenics, born in Jacksonville, Ohio Jacksonville , Ohio He was a researcher at the University of California at Berkeley 1925 28 and an associate of cryogenics pioneer William Giauque when his experiments proved the existence of oxygen isotopes with atomic masses 17 and 18. Previously it had been believed that oxygen only existed as sup 16 sup O as atomic masses of other elements were calculated on the basis of 16.0 not 16.0035, this was a significant discovery. The work, published in 1929, also led to the discovery in 1939 of heavy hydrogen deuterium by Harold Urey Harold C Urey . Giauque was awarded the 1949 Nobel Prize for chemistry for this work, and did not forget to recognise Johnston s contribution. Johnston was appointed assistant professor at Ohio State University in 1929 with plans to create a cryogenics laboratory to rival that at Berkeley, but sufficient funds were not available until 1939, boosted by federal money earmarked for war related research, notably the Manhattan Project , for which he was a director from 1942 46. A new building titled War Research Building was completed around the end of 1942 and the first liquid hydrogen was produced in February 1943. Johnston had a reputation for working himself and his staff hard, especially under tight deadlines. He was impatient with bureaucracy, and frequently ran into trouble with his propensity to cut corners. Despite, or perhaps because of these characteristics, he was admired by students and inspired great loyalty. One of his researchers, engineer Gwynne A Wright , remained with him for 16 years. One of his PhD students, Paul Flory Paul J Flory , who won the Nobel Prize for chemistry in 1974, cited Johnston s boundless zeal as an inspiration. ref http nobelprize.org nobel prizes chemistry laureates 1974 flory autobio.html ref He was appointed associate professor 1933 38, then professor 1938 54. During this time ... more details
Dewar may refer to Clan Dewar Vacuum flask also known as a Dewar flask , a container with vacuum insulation used to keep the contents hot or cold for an extended period Cryogenic storage dewar s, specialised types of vacuum flask used for storing cryogenics cryogenic fluids Dewar benzene Dewar s , a blended Scotch whisky People Arthur Dewar, Lord Dewar 1860 1917 Scottish politician and judge. Donald Dewar Rt. Hon. Donald Campbell Dewar, 1937 2000 , former Scottish politician and the first First Minister of Scotland James Dewar , Scottish chemist and physicist 1842 1923 , inventor of the vacuum flask James Dewar rock vocalist John Dewar, 1st Baron Forteviot Kenneth Dewar , Vice Admiral of the Royal Navy 1879 1964 Marion Dewar , former Mayor of Ottawa and MP Michael J. S. Dewar , English theoretical chemist 1918 1997 Paul Dewar , Canadian teacher and MP Thomas Dewar , Scottish whisky distiller Baron Dewar , Thomas Robert Dewar, 1st Baron Dewar 1864 1930 James R Dewar , James R Dewar, Accountant 1964 Places Dewar, Scottish Borders Dewar, Iowa , a community in the United States See also Deewaar disambiguation refers to two unrelated Hindi films and a television series disambig de Dewar nl Dewar pl Dewar pt Dewar ... more details
Wiktionary Cooling is the Heat transfer transfer of Internal energy thermal energy via thermal radiation , Conduction heat heat conduction or convection . It may also refer to Techniques Air conditioning Air cooling Computer cooling Cryogenics Conduction heat Solar cell Infrared solar cells Infrared solar cells Laser cooling Liquid cooling disambiguation Particle beam cooling Refrigeration Thermal management of electronic devices and systems Thermoelectric cooling Devices Heat exchanger Radiator s in automobiles Inter cooler Charge air cooler Coolant Cooling tower s, as used in large industrial plants and power station s HVAC Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning Heat pipe Heat sink Cooling tower Vortex tube , as used in industrial spot cooling Other A song written and performed by Tori Amos which appears on her 1999 live album To Venus and Back A Chinese food therapy Cantonese classification of food Cantonese food classification Places Cooling, Kent , a village in Kent, England disambig de Abk hlung fr Refroidissement hr Hla enje it Raffreddamento ru scn Arrifriddatura rifriddamentu fi J hdytys uk ja ... more details
orphan date October 2008 Calefaction comes from the Latin language Latin calor meaning heated , and facere to make. Generally, that is what the term means to heat, or make heated. In the modern sciences, the term calefaction shows up occasionally in relation to the fields of cryogenics , geology , mineralogy , inorganic chemistry , material science s, and both scientifically and commercially in the study and process of sintering . One example of the usage of the term is given by the France French chemistry chemist and pharmacology pharmacologist Pierre H. Boutigny , who became known for his calefaction experiments, where he studied and expanded our understanding of what is known as the Leidenfrost Effect Leidenfrost Phenomenon , which appropriately describes the effect of a liquid on a heated often metal interface above and near the liquids boiling point . The term calefaction has also been used in the manufacturing of steam engines and steam cars. Two examples of this are the Peugeot Serpollet generator and the Paul Jacquot engine . External links http volcaniclightning.tripod.com leidenfr.htm Leidenfrost effect http www.stanleysteamers.com modern steam.htm Relationship of calefaction to the steam engine and cars http pacificbook.com search item.php?anr 126235&PHPSESSID 3412c0f61960d91ee9e13fd0df80539b&PHPSESSID 3412c0f61960d91ee9e13fd0df80539b Boutibny s experiments http www.wundersamessammelsurium.de Warmes Leidenfrost German site with pictures for the Leidenfrost effect Category Fluid dynamics fluiddynamics stub fr Cal faction it Calefazione ... more details
A lambda point refrigerator is a device used to cool liquid helium , typically around a superconducting magnet or for low temperature measurements, from approximately 4.2 Kelvin K to temperatures near the lambda point of helium approximately 2.17 K , the temperature at which normal fluid helium helium I transitions to the superfluid helium II. Cooling is achieved by pumping the liquid helium in the bath through a cooling coil via a needle valve and vacuum pump. The reduced pressure in the coil causes some of the helium to evaporate, creating a two phase system within the cooling coil. The heat removed via evaporation lowers the temperature of the cooling coil closer to the lambda point. Since the cooling coil is immersed in the liquid helium bath, liquid surrounding the coil is also cooled. The colder, higher density liquid sinks away from the coil toward the bottom of the bath while the warmer, lower density liquid helium rises to the top. Liquid helium typically has poor thermal conductivity, so convective currents associated with a temperature gradient in the bath provide a constant flow of this colder liquid helium toward the bottom of the bath, allowing temperatures below 4.2 K to be realized in the helium bath, typically close to 2.2 K. Category Cryogenics condensedmatter stub ... more details
Humphrey Maris is a physicist and a professor at Brown University . ref name Brown http www.physics.brown.edu people detail.asp?id 28 Brown University Bot generated title ref He studies cryogenics . In 1991 he was made the George Chase Professor of Natural Science. ref name Brown Maris made headlines in the popular media when he proposed in 2000 that electron s could break up into smaller particles, each with fractional electric charge charge . ref Science News , September 30, 2000. Peter Weiss ref He dubbed these hypothetical particles electrinos. Humphrey has skipped two grades, got his PHD at age twenty three and became a fully fledged professor at age twenty five. References Reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Maris, Humphrey ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Maris, Humphrey Category Year of birth missing living people Category Living people Category Brown University faculty Category English physicists ... more details
metal are also popular. See also Cryogenics Patents Burger, R., US patent 872795 , Double walled vessel ... Cryogenics Category Scottish inventions ca Vas Dewar de Dewargef es Vaso Dewar fr Vase de Dewar ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Pruneface is a fictional character in the long running comic strip Dick Tracy , drawn by cartoonist Chester Gould . Fictional character biography Pruneface, whose code name was Boche French language French derogatory term for German people German , is a brilliant industrial engineer with a horribly deformed face. He sells out to the Nazism Nazis and is involved in espionage against the United States , as well as the development of nerve gas . Pruneface s first appeared and died in 1942, having nearly frozen to death due to exposure during a shootout with the police. He would have been death penalty executed for espionage , but the character was revived in 1983. The 1983 story explains that he had been used in an early cryogenics experiment by Dr. Cyros Freezdrei, and is reanimated using modern medicine. Freezdrei uses Pruneface s revival as a publicity stunt, however, to advertise the services of his cryogenics institute to the wealthy and gullible, whom the doctor and Pruneface plan to bilk for millions which would go towards neo Nazi groups. This storyline ends with the bombing of the institute, Freezdrei s apparent death, and Pruneface s disappearance, all at the hands of a Mossad agent. A cryogenics tube containing the frozen body of Adolf Hitler can be seen in the background as fire destroys him and the institute. From Page 272 of Dick Tracy s Fiendish Foes A 60th Anniversary Celebration 1991 St. Martins Press A later story arc explains, mostly through an extended flashback, that prior to his first meeting with Tracy, Pruneface led an espionage ring for the Axis powers to acquire a new secret formula for the deadly Xylon Bomb, a non radioactive explosive capable of devastating ten city blocks. Xylon was developed by Professor Roloc Bard, a mad scientist who was taken hostage by a fake swami named Yogee Yammi during an earlier storyline of the 1940s. The ring consisted of Pruneface hidden from the readers, going by Boche until hal ... more details
Tadeusz Estreicher 19 December 1871 8 April 1952 was an Austrian Hungarian Empire Austrian born Poland Polish chemist , historian and cryogenics pioneer who spent most of his career in Austria and the German Empire . Life Tadeusz Estreicher was born in Krak w when it was part of the Austrian Hungarian Empire . He grew up in the intellectual atmosphere of an influential dynasty of professors at the Jagiellonian University . His father, Karol J zef Estreicher, was an outstanding historian of literature and the chief librarian of the University. His brother, Stanis aw Estreicher Stanis aw , was a historian of Law and his sister, Maria, was one of the first women in Austria Hungary to earn a doctorate in English Philology . Estreicher studied in Berlin , Leipzig , and in London under William Ramsay . As a student at the Jagiellonian University, Estreicher worked as an assistant to Karol Olszewski , the first chemist to liquefy oxygen . After having been appointed assistant in 1899, Estreicher successfully liquefied hydrogen in 1901 before he was promoted to Privatdozent in 1904. From 1906 until 1919 he worked in Germany a professor for mineral and general chemistry at the Albert Ludwigs University of Freiburg where he ran a cryogenics laboratory. From 1913 to 1914 he also served as dean of the department. In 1919, aged 47, he returned to newly independent Second Republic of Poland Poland and took a position with the Jagiellonian University where he remained until his retirement. His later work examined the history and language of science. On 6 November 1939, along with his brother Stanis aw and other professors of the University, Estreicher was caught in Sonderaktion Krakau . Both were transported to the Sachsenhausen concentration camp , where his brother died on 28 December 1939. Tadeusz survived the camp and was released in February 1940, following protests from German academics to the Nazi government. See also List of Poles Chemistry List of Poles References Banach, ... more details
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