Infobox disease Name Cowpox ICD10 B08.0 ICD9 ICD9 051.01 MeshID D015605 File Cowpox Engraving detail .png right thumb Cowpox vaccina pustules on a cow s udder. Taxobox color violet name Cowpox virus image image caption Cowpox virus image width 250px virus group i ordo Unassigned familia Poxviridae subfamilia ... subdivision Cowpox virus Cowpox is a skin disease caused by a virus known as the Cowpox virus . The pox ... blister s and is transmitted by touch from infected animals to human s. Cowpox is similar to but much ... from cowpox, the person is immune to smallpox . The cowpox virus was used to perform the first ..., and cowpox virus CPXV in Europe, still infect humans. CPXV has been restricted to the Old World ... G., Angelika P. Andreas N. title Rat to Elephant to Human Trasmission of Cowpox Virus journal EID ... had tested independently the possibility of using the cowpox vaccine as an immunization for smallpox ... discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner language German journal Sudhoffs Arch volume .... His patients who had contracted and recovered from the similar but milder cowpox mainly milkmaids , seemed to be immune not only to further cases of cowpox, but also to smallpox. By scratching the fluid from cowpox lesions into the skin of healthy individuals, he was able to immunize those people ... had cowpox or smallpox before. During the trip across the Atlantic, de Balmis vaccinated the orphans in a living chain. Two children were vaccinated immediately before departure, and when cowpox pustules ... 0 7216 0423 4 ref Symptoms of infection with cowpox virus in humans are localized , pustular lesions ... caricatured recipients of the vaccine developing cow like appendages. Cowpox was the original ... from the cowpox virus found in the wild as to be considered a separate virus. ref Yuan, Jenifer ... As cowpox virus was tested to invent a smallpox vaccine , prevention against cowpox is by vaccination ... Virus related cutaneous conditions de Kuhpocken es Cowpox virus fr Vaccine io Vacino it Vaiolo bovino ... more details
Jesty may refer to Benjamin Jesty 1736 1816 , farmer who experimented with cowpox to immunise against smallpox Trevor Jesty 1948 , cricketer Thomas Jesty 1991 , chorister surname ... more details
Summary Tomb of Benjamin Jesty and ELizabeth Jesty in churchyard at Worth Matravers . He carried out the first immunisation with Cowpox intended to prevent Smallpox . Taken by Adrian Midgley Licensing GFDL self with disclaimers migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot priority true ... more details
Jenner Glacier coor dm 64 27 S 62 35 W is a glacier 3 nautical miles 6 km long flowing southwest from the Solvay Mountains into the east arm of Duperre Bay , in the south part of Brabant Island in the Palmer Archipelago . Shown on an Argentine government chart in 1953, but not named. Photographed by Hunting Aerosurveys Ltd . in 1956 57, and mapped from these photos in 1959. Named by the United Kingdom Antarctic Place Names Committee UK APC for Edward Jenner 1749 1823 , English physician, pioneer of preventive medicine, who instituted the use of cowpox vaccine in smallpox vaccination. usgs gazetteer Category Glaciers of the Palmer Archipelago PalmerArchipelago geo stub ... more details
Orphan date November 2006 Vaccinov was the name given to the first Russian to receive the cowpox vaccine against smallpox . He was named as the son of the vaccine, given a pension, and observed all his life. ref Citation last Williams first Henry Smith author link Henry Smith Williams last2 Williams first2 Edward H. contribution VII. Eighteenth Century Medicine contribution url http www.britannica.com bps additionalcontent 17 10968 A History of Science title A History of Science, Volume 4 url http www.britannica.com bps additionalcontent 17 10968 A History of Science accessdate Jan 27, 2011 ref References reflist Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Vaccinov ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH Category Vaccination Russia bio stub ... more details
James Phipps 1788 1853 , as an eight year old boy, was the first person given the cowpox vaccine by Edward Jenner . ref cite book author Reid, Robert title Microbes and men publisher British Broadcasting Corporation page 7 location London year 1974 isbn 0 563 12469 5 ref Edward Jenner 1749 1823 , a British rural physician, was variolation variolated as a boy. He had suffered greatly from the ordeal but survived fully protected from smallpox. Jenner knew of a local belief that dairy workers who had contracted a relatively mild infection called cowpox were immune to smallpox. He decided to test the theory though he was probably not the first to do . On 14 May 1796 he selected a healthy boy, about eight years old for the purpose of inoculation for the Cow Pox . ref Reid, p. 18 ref The boy was James Phipps who survived the experiment and suffered only a mild fever. On 1 July 1796, Jenner took some smallpox matter probably infected pus and repeatedly inoculated Phipp s arms with it. Phipps survived, and was subsequently inoculated with smallpox more than 20 times without succumbing to the disease. Vaccination the word is derived from the Latin vacca meaning cow had been invented. ref Reid, p. 19 ref References reflist http www.abc.net.au rn science ockham stories s356.htm Defending Edward Jenner talk on ABC Radio National 1997 Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Phipps, James ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1788 PLACE OF BIRTH Gloucestershire DATE OF DEATH 1853 PLACE OF DEATH Gloucestershire DEFAULTSORT Phipps, James Category 1788 births Category 1853 deaths UK med bio stub de James Phipps no James Phipps ... more details
London . In his new role he was asked to investigate an outbreak of cowpox in Lechlade , Gloucestershire . His investigations led him to reconsider the use of cowpox derived smallpox vaccine vaccines ... cowpox and smallpox were totally distinct . Citation needed date May 2010 Instead of a cowpox ... more details
Downie bodies are a type of inclusion body associated with cowpox . ref name pmid16200143 cite journal author Riedel S title Smallpox and biological warfare a disease revisited journal Proc Bayl Univ Med Cent volume 18 issue 1 pages 13 20 year 2005 month January pmid 16200143 pmc 1200695 doi url ref They are named for Allan Watt Downie . They are also known as a type of A type inclusion. ref name isbn3 8055 2203 7 cite book author Cheville, Norman F. title Cytopathology in Viral Diseases Monographs in Virology publisher S.Karger AG location year 1975 pages 4 isbn 3 8055 2203 7 oclc doi accessdate ref It should not be confused with the term Downey bodies , which refers to a type of T cell observed in infectious mononucleosis . ref name isbn1 905635 36 2 cite book author Shahzad Raja title Access to Surgery 500 Single Best Answer Questions in General and Systemic Pathology publisher http www.pastest.co.uk Access to Surgery 500 SBAs in General Systemic Pathology 1332 t3.aspx PasTest location year 2007 pages 325 isbn 1 905635 36 2 oclc doi accessdate ref References reflist Eponymous medical signs for infectious disease Category Viral diseases medicine stub ... more details
Joseph Norman Bond May 28, 1758 &ndash March 15, 1830 was a Canada Canadian Physician doctor and judge . Joseph Bond was born in Neston , England to James and Mary Bond. After receiving his medical training in London , Bond traveled to New York , where he joined the British army. Bond was at the surrender at the Siege of Yorktown on October 19, 1781. For some time he administered medicine to troops made prisoner with John Burgoyne and Charles Cornwallis, 1st Marquess Cornwallis Lord Cornwallis . In 1783 he came to Shelburne, Nova Scotia . The following year Bond moved to Yarmouth, Nova Scotia Yarmouth . For about twenty years he was the only regular physician in what is now Yarmouth County, Nova Scotia Yarmouth County . In 1802 Bond received a small packet of cowpox vaccine from his brother Norman, a doctor in Bath, Somerset Bath , and proceeded to vaccinate an infant child against smallpox . This treatment is reputed to be the first use of cowpox vaccine in Canada, although there is evidence of its use at an earlier date by John Clinch in Newfoundland island Newfoundland and George Thomas Landmann in Quebec , and Simeon Perkins makes apparent reference to its use as well at the end of 1800 in Liverpool, Nova Scotia Liverpool . A devout Anglican , Bond was elected a churchwarden when the Church of England parish was organized in Yarmouth on September 29, 1806. In addition, he was made justice of the peace for Yarmouth Township in December 1803, justice of the Inferior Court of Common Pleas for Yarmouth Township in May 1810, and commissioner of courts for the trial of summary actions for the district of Yarmouth in 1817. In 1819 he was appointed justice of the peace for Shelburne County. In May 1802 he was appointed the commissioner for building the Tusket River bridge, which was completed the next year. Early in 1811 he and some others formed an association known as the Yarmouth Lock and Canal Proprietors in order to construct locks which would connect Yarmouth Harb ... more details
File Statue of Jean Georg Haffner in Sopot.jpg thumb right Monument of Jean Georg Haffner in the Sopot North Park Jean Georg Haffner 1777 in Colmar in Alsace , 20 April 1830 in Danzig was a medical doctor and the founder of the first spa located in Sopot . Johann Jean Georg Haffner came in 1808 together with Napoleons s Grande Arm e to the Free City of Danzig . He was garrisoned there with the French army in which he served as a surgeon in the rank of a major. In Danzig he married in 1808 Regina Karoline Bruns, widow of Johann Christoph B ttcher. Since the year of 1811 he was practicing in the town as a civil medical doctor too. He was also running a swimming bath. In addition, he carried out injections against cowpox . When the French troops withdrew from the region in 1814, Haffner remained in Danzig. On his request Haffner obtained in 1823 from the Prussia n authorities the license and the exclusive right to establish and to operate in Zoppot now Sopot a spa type of seaside resort. The land along the beach, which was needed to realize the project, was handed over to him on the basis of hereditary leasehold. He built and financed himself a spa hotel and a number of bath pavilions. The spa type of recreation and health centre founded by him had triggered off Zoppot s later development into a famous and noble spa resort. Literature Altpreu ische Biographie Christian Krollmann, ed. , vol.1, 1941, p. 305. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Haffner, Jean Georg ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1777 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH 1830 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Haffner, Jean Georg Category 1777 births Category 1830 deaths pl Jean Georg Haffner ... more details
. 16 s. 8 d. , being invested. Dr. Adams believed erroneously that cowpox and smallpox were the same ... of their identity from the near resemblance of the most favourable kinds of smallpox to the cowpox ... mild affections difficult to distinguish from those cowpox. In 1804, Adams received an inheritance ... more details
Otto Gottlieb Mohnike July 27, 1814 January 26, 1887 was a German physician who was a native of Stralsund . He was the son of philologist Gottlieb Mohnike 1781 1841 . He studied medicine at the Universities of University of Greifswald Greifswald and University of Bonn Bonn , and following his studies returned to Stralsund to practice medicine. From 1844 to 1869 he was a doctor in the services of the Dutch military, and afterwards was a physician in Bonn , where he died on January 26, 1887. Mohnike is remembered for implementing the first successful nationwide smallpox vaccination in Japan. Previous attempts at vaccination in Japan had failed due to vaccines losing their effectiveness while being transported on long sea journeys. In 1849 he instituted the practice of delivering fresh cowpox vaccine from Batavia, Dutch East Indies Batavia in the Dutch East Indies to the Japanese port of Nagasaki, Nagasaki Nagasaki , thus creating a sharp reduction of smallpox in Japan. References This article is based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia. Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Mohnike, Otto Gottlieb ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH July 27, 1814 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH January 26, 1887 PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Mohnike, Otto Gottlieb Category German physicians Category People from Stralsund Category 1814 births Category 1887 deaths Category University of Bonn alumni Category University of Greifswald alumni Germany med bio stub de Otto Gottlieb Mohnike ja pl Otto Gottlieb Mohnike ... more details
cleanup date December 2009 Enzo Paoletti is an Italian scientist who devised a strategy to produce recombinant DNA vaccines. Working with his colleague Dennis Panicali at the New York State department of Health and using genetic engineering techniques, the researchers were able to transform ordinary smallpox vaccine into vaccines that may be able to prevent other diseases. What Paoletti and his colleague, virologist Dennis Panicali, set out to do was to alter the DNA of cowpox virus by inserting a gene from another virus namely herpes , hepatitis B or influenza . These efforts resulted in the development of a commercial Hepatitis B vaccine which is now widely used. ref References ref References reflist Paoletti, Enzo, Bernard R. Lipinskas, Carol Samsonoff, Susan Mercer, and Dennis Panicali 1984 Construction of Live Vaccines Using Genetically Engineered Poxviruses Biological Activity of Vaccinia Virus Recombinants Expressing the Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen and the Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein D Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 193 197 Panicali, Dennis, Stephen W. Davis, Randall L. Weinberg, Enzo Paoletti 1983 Construction of Live Vaccines by Using Genetically Engineered Poxviruses Biological Activity of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Expressing Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80 5364 5368 US Patent 4722848 Method for immunizing animals with synthetically modified vaccinia virus External links http www.time.com time magazine article 0,9171,921366,00.html Time Magazine article on Paoletti s work http www.thefreelibrary.com A vaccine for all seasons 3B genetic engineering is remodeling the... a03815488 Article on Paoletti s work http www.thefreelibrary.com A vaccine for all seasons 3B genetic engineering is remodeling the... a03815488 Paoletti s vaccine for herpes Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Paoletti, Enzo ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Paolett ... more details
Enzo Paoletti and Dennis Panicali at the New York State department of Health, devised a Strategy to produce recombinant DNA vaccines by using genetic engineering techniques. They were able to transform ordinary smallpox vaccine into vaccines that may be able to prevent other diseases. What Paoletti and his colleague, Virologist Dennis Panicali, set out to do was to alter the DNA of cowpox virus by inserting a gene from another virus namely herpes, hepatitis B or influenza . These efforts resulted, amongst others in the development of a commercial Hepatitis B vaccine which is now widely used. ref References ref http www.time.com time magazine article 0,9171,921366,00.html Time Magazine article on Paoletti s work http www.thefreelibrary.com A vaccine for all seasons 3B genetic engineering is remodeling the... a03815488 Article on Paoletti s work http www.thefreelibrary.com A vaccine for all seasons 3B genetic engineering is remodeling the... a03815488 Paoletti s vaccine for herpes Category Italian inventions references Paoletti, Enzo, Bernard R. Lipinskas, Carol Samsonoff, Susan Mercer, and Dennis Panicali 1984 Construction of Live Vaccines Using Genetically Engineered Poxviruses Biological Activity of Vaccinia Virus Recombinants Expressing the Hepatitis B Virus Surface Antigen and the Herpes Simplex Virus Glycoprotein D Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 81 193 197 Panicali, Dennis, Stephen W. Davis, Randall L. Weinberg, Enzo Paoletti 1983 Construction of Live Vaccines by Using Genetically Engineered Poxviruses Biological Activity of Recombinant Vaccinia Virus Expressing Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 80 5364 5368 US Patent 4722848 Method for immunizing animals with synthetically modified vaccinia virus ... more details
vaccinia Origin Vaccinia virus is closely related to the virus that causes cowpox historically ... C title Jenner s cowpox vaccine in light of current vaccinology language Dutch Flemish journal Verh ... books bv.fcgi?rid vacc.chapter.3 ref The most common notion is that vaccinia virus, cowpox virus, and variola ..., was Cowpox , reported on by Edward Jenner in 1796. ref name Henderson 1999 The Latin term used for Cowpox ... was not, or was no longer, the same as the Cowpox virus, the name vaccinia stayed with the vaccine ... being used in the 20th century and cowpox virus were not the same , but some sorts of cousins ... more details
west of the country that the milkmaids and other workers who contracted cowpox from handling ... and Mary Reade, had been infected with cowpox. When an epidemic of smallpox came to Yetminster ... with cowpox. He took his family to a cow at a farm in nearby Chetnole that had the disease, and using ... Chichester, UK isbn 0955156106 pages url ref Interest in the prophylactic powers of cowpox virus grew ... more details
and commented on cowpox . He also belonged to a similar society which met in Alveston, near Bristol ..., Jesty 1774, Rendell, Plett 1791 who had successfully tested the possibility of using the cowpox ... artificial induction of immunity induced immunity in his wife and two children with cowpox during ... to cows by farm workers, transformed, and then manifested as cowpox. td tr table div Noting the common ... which milkmaids received from cowpox a disease similar to smallpox, but much less virulent ... Jesty and others who deliberately arranged cowpox infection of their families, and then noticed a reduced ... James Phipps , a young boy of 8 years the son of Jenner s gardener , with material from the cowpox blisters of the hand of Sarah Nelmes, a milkmaid who had caught cowpox from a cow called Blossom, ref ... case described in Jenner s first paper on vaccination . Jenner inoculated Phipps with cowpox pus in both ... and cowpox less dangerous than variolation. td tr tr td Hypothesis td tr tr td Infection with cowpox gives immunity to smallpox. td tr tr td Test td tr tr td If variolation after infection with cowpox ... persons with cowpox, but that he then proved they were immune to smallpox. Moreover, he demonstrated that the protective cowpox could be effectively inoculated from person to person, not just directly ... ndash the use of smallpox itself ndash and provided vaccination ndash using cowpox ndash free of charge ... for further information about using cowpox pustule matter as a vaccination against smallpox. Jenner ... Peter Plett and other discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner language German journal ... discoverers of cowpox vaccination before Edward Jenner ref ref name JennerMuseum cite web title Edward ... trans title Edward Jenner, initiator of cowpox vaccination against human smallpox, died 150 years ago ... month June pmid 4269783 title Edward Jenner, initiator of cowpox vaccination against human smallpox ... more details
is thought to have contaminated the cowpox matter the vaccine with smallpox matter he worked in a smallpox ... derived from Cowpox, but from other skin eruptions of cows. ref http lachlan.bluehaze.com.au london2001 ... PA80&dq Cowpox and its ability to prevent smallpox&source bl&ots cZlpNpBgY&sig YuoJLeft1ghE9LMcpkAxj ... induced no reaction in persons who had had cowpox. Dr. Rolph, another Gloucestershire physician ... that people who caught cowpox while working with cows were known not to catch smallpox. He assumed ... , England. He advised the local cow workers to be inoculated. The farmers told him that cowpox prevented smallpox. This confirmed his childhood suspicion, and he studied cowpox further, presenting ... Jesty Jesty 1774, Rendall, Plett 1791 , who tested successfully the possibility of using the cowpox ... cowpox and went to Jenner for treatment. Jenner took the opportunity to test his theory. He inoculated James Phipps, the eight year old son of his gardener, not with smallpox but with cowpox. After an extremely weak bout of cowpox, James recovered. Jenner then tried to infect James with smallpox ... with cowpox to protect them from smallpox. This was done in 1774 and can be found with Crookshank s History ... causes the related, yet far milder, cowpox disease this virus is appropriately named vaccinia , from ... more details
Refimprove date February 2007 Citecheck date February 2007 Taxobox color violet name Orthopoxvirus virus group i ordo Unassigned familia Poxviridae subfamilia Chordopoxvirinae genus Orthopoxvirus type species Vaccinia virus subdivision ranks Species subdivision Camelpox virus br Cowpox virus br Ectromelia virus br Monkeypox virus br Raccoonpox virus br Taterapox virus br Vaccinia virus br Variola virus br Volepox virus Orthopoxvirus is a genus of Poxviridae poxvirus es that includes many species isolated from mammal s, such as Camelpox virus , Cowpox virus , Ectromelia virus , Monkeypox virus , and Volepox virus , which causes mousepox. The most famous member of the genus is Variola virus , which causes smallpox . It was wiped out using another orthopoxvirus, the Vaccinia virus , as a vaccine. br br Distribution Some orthopoxviruses have the ability to infect non host species, such as Monkeypox virus , which is capable of establishing infection in humans. Zoonoses of many of these mammalian isolates have been reported. Others, such as Ectromelia virus , are very specific for their hosts. Human Orthopoxvirus disease Laboratory transmission Aerosols of concentrated virus may result in orthopox infection, especially in non immunized individuals. Needle sticks, especially with concentrated virus, may result in severe local infection of the skin even in immunized individuals. Signs and Symptoms The initial symptoms include fever , malaise , head and body aches, and sometimes vomiting . Lesions that developed into crater like Ulcer dermatology ulcers surrounded by inflammatory tissue and eventually covered by thick black crusts are the characteristic indicators of orthopox infection. Severe edema and erythema may affect large areas in cases of severe infection. Encephalitis alteration of mental status and focal neurologic deficits , myelitis upper and lower motor neuron dysfunction, sensory level and bowel and bladder dysfunction , or both may result from Orthopoxvirus in ... more details
Other uses Image MilkMaid.JPG thumb right Milkmaid A milkmaid or milk maid is a girl or woman employed to milk dairy cow s. She also used the milk to prepare dairy products such as cream , butter , and cheese . The term milkmaid is not the female equivalent of milkman in the sense of one who delivers milk to the consumer it is the female equivalent of milkman in the sense of Cowman profession cowman . As smooth as a milk maid s skin The expression as smooth as a milk maid s skin means exceptionally smooth. This phrase came about as a result of exposure to cowpox , which causes no serious symptoms, but does convey a partial immunity medical immunity to the disfiguring and often fatal disease smallpox . Thus, milkmaids lacked the pockmarked complexion common to smallpox survivors. This observation led to the development of the first vaccine . ref cite journal last Stern first Alexandra Minna coauthors Howard Markel title The History Of Vaccines And Immunization Familiar Patterns, New Challenges journal Health Affairs year 2005 volume 24 issue 3 pages 611 621 doi 10.1377 hlthaff.24.3.611 url http content.healthaffairs.org content 24 3 611.full.pdf accessdate 25 December 2010 pmid 15886151 ref Cultural references The legend of the Dun Cow and the milkmaid who guided the monks of Lindisfarne carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert to the site of the present city of Durham in 995 AD. The eponymous heroine of Thomas Hardy s Tess of the d Urbervilles works as a milkmaid. There is a famous painting by Johannes Vermeer entitled The Milkmaid Vermeer The Milkmaid ca. 1658 . Aelbert Cuyp , another Netherlands Dutch artist, created the drawing known as A Milkmaid ca. 1640 1650 . The California native flower commonly called Cardamine californica Milkmaids is named for its resemblance to the hat often worn by milkmaids. Kid Harpoon has a song called Milkmaid the music video features actress Juno Temple . The 12 days of Christmas 8th day mentions a maid a milking aka milk maid. The Phil ... more details
with cowpox , a disease with minor symptoms which was never fatal, also conferred immunity to smallpox ... cowpox infection by transferring material from a lesion on one patient to another, thus infecting the second patient with cowpox. He then demonstrated that the latter was immune by exposing him ... cowpox for therapeutic use and he is credited with the discovery. ref name Voltaire XI Fran ois Marie ... more details
Dr. Antoine Francois Saugrain was born 17 February 1763 in Versailles , France &ndash died 5 March 1820 in St. Louis, Missouri St. Louis , Missouri . Saugrain was educated in Paris as a physician and chemist by Antoine Fourcroy and Mathurin Jacques Brisson. In 1783 he traveled to North America to serve as a mineralogist for Gilbert Antoine de St. Maxent at New Orleans , where he was admitted to the practice of surgery. In 1787 Dr. Saugrain traveled to the United States bearing a letter of introduction to Benjamin Franklin . He became part of a scientific expedition to explore the Ohio River led by the botanist Picque in 1788. However, Saugrain was injured during an Indian raid and returned to France. Dr. Saugrain was soon forced to flee France because of his royalist beliefs at the beginning of the French Revolution in 1789. He returned to the United States and helped found a French migr community at Gallipolis, Ohio . It was there that he married Genevieve Rosalie Michau on March 20, 1793. In 1799 the Saugrains moved to St. Louis, Missouri St. Louis . Dr. Saugrain was the city s only physician until the United States took possession of St. Louis following the Louisiana Purchase. Saugrain prepared specimens for Meriwether Lewis to send to President Thomas Jefferson in early 1804. He also provided the Lewis and Clark expedition with medical supplies. Dr. Saugrain was the first physician west of the Mississippi river to use the Jenner cowpox vaccine to prevent smallpox, beginning in 1809. From a public health perspective, his willingness to vaccinate anyone, regardless of ability to pay is especially noteworthy. The Missouri State Historical Society has a copy of an advertisement of Dr. Saugrain s offering vaccine to all persons of indigent circumstances as well as to doctors who lived outside of his practice area. Outside of medicine Dr. Saugrain also had interests in mineralogy, physics and chemistry. Saugrain experimented with early versions of phosphorus matches ... more details
Infobox protein family Symbol IFNGR1 Name Interferon gamma receptor IFNGR1 image PDB 1fyh EBI.jpg width caption 1 1 complex between an interferon gamma single chain variant and its receptor Pfam PF07140 Pfam clan CL0159 InterPro IPR021126 SMART PROSITE MEROPS SCOP 1fg9 TCDB OPM family OPM protein CAZy CDD In molecular biology, the interferon gamma receptor IFNGR1 family is a Protein family family of proteins which includes several eukaryotic and viral interferon gamma receptor proteins . Members of this family include The Homo sapiens human interferon gamma receptor 1 , which is a member of the hematopoietic cytokine receptor superfamily. It is gene expression expressed in a membrane bound form in many cell biology cell types, and is over expressed in tumour cells. It comprises an extracellular portion of 229 amino acid residues, a single transmembrane region, and a cytoplasm cytoplasmic protein domain domain of 221 amino acid residues. As with other members of its superfamily, the cytokine binding sites are formed by a small set of closely spaced surface loop biochemistry loops that extend from a beta sheet core, much like antigen binding sites on antibodies . ref name pmid9367779 cite journal author Sogabe S, Stuart F, Henke C, Bridges A, Williams G, Birch A, Winkler FK, Robinson JA title Neutralizing epitopes on the extracellular interferon gamma receptor IFNgammaR alpha chain characterized by homolog scanning mutagenesis and X ray crystal structure of the A6 fab IFNgammaR1 108 complex journal J. Mol. Biol. volume 273 issue 4 pages 882 97 year 1997 month November pmid 9367779 doi 10.1006 jmbi.1997.1336 url ref The vaccinia virus interferon IFN gamma receptor biochemistry receptor IFN gammaR , which is a 43 kDa solubility soluble glycoprotein that is secreted from infected cells early during infection . IFN gammaR from vaccinia virus, cowpox virus and camelpox virus exist naturally as homodimers , whereas the cellular IFN gammaR dimerises only upon binding the hom ... more details
former roommate, hoping to spread the word about cowpox vaccinations preventing smallpox. When ... Jenner s method of cowpox vaccination in the United States. ref name historyofvaccines.org He attempted to maintain a monopoly over the cowpox vaccine, for both financial reasons and to protect the vaccine ... more details
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