wiktionary Counterfactual may refer to Counterfactual conditional , a grammatical form which also relates to philosophy and logic Counterfactual subjunctive , grammatical forms which in English are known as the past and pluperfect forms of the English subjunctive subjunctive mood Counterfactual thinking Counterfactual history Alternate history , a literary genre Counterfactual definiteness in quantum theory Elitzur Vaidman bomb tester Counterfactual measurements in quantum theory Disambig ... more details
Other uses Counterfactual disambiguation refimprove date May 2009 Counterfactual history , also sometimes ... title Counterfactual History A User s Guide url http www.historycooperative.org journals ahr 109.3 ... or person the counterfactual hypothesis is negating. For instance, to the counterfactual claim ... suicide on April 30, 1945, regardless of what he had to drink that afternoon. However, to the counterfactual ... War II , at least in the European Theatre of World War II European Theater . Thus, the counterfactual ... examples of counterfactual history, it was not until the very late 20th century that the exploration ... behind these scenarios, so they fall short of modern standards for serious counterfactual ... counterfactual scenarios seriously was made by the economic historian Robert Fogel . In his 1964 ... to bring counterfactual history into the world of academia were made until the 1991 publication ... by the Cambridge sociologist Geoffrey Hawthorn, who carefully explored three different counterfactual ... has become a significant advocate of counterfactual history, using counterfactual scenarios to illustrate ... different modern world. Some scholars argue that a counterfactual is not as much a matter ... from alternate history Counterfactual history is neither historical revisionism nor alternate history . Counterfactual history distinguishes itself through its interest in the very incident that is being negated by the counterfactual, thus seeking to evaluate the event s relative historical importance ... , many historians dismiss counterfactual history as sometimes entertaining, but not meeting the standards of mainstream historical research due to its speculative nature. Advocates of counterfactual history often respond that all statements about causality in history contain implicit counterfactual ... have been longer. Since counterfactual history is such a recent development, a serious, systematic ... Historians on Counterfactual Scenarios , ISBN 0 7864 2392 7 Robert Cowley ed. What If? The World s Foremost ... more details
Refimprove date May 2011 Computation is defined as any type of calculation . ref http www.merriam webster.com dictionary computation ref Also defined as use of computer technology in Information processing . ref http dictionary.reference.com browse computation ref ref http www.answers.com topic computation ref Computation is a process following a well defined Model abstract model understood and expressed in an algorithm , Protocol computing protocol , network topology , etc. Computation is also a major subject matter of computer science it investigates what can or cannot be done in a computational manner. Wiktionary computation Classes of computationComputation can be classified by at least three orthogonal criteria digital vs analog electronics analog , sequential vs parallel computation parallel vs Concurrency computer science concurrent , batch processing batch vs interactive computation interactive . In practice, digital computation is often used to simulate natural processes for example, Evolutionary computation , including those that are more naturally described by analog models of computation for example, Artificial neural network . Computations as a physical phenomenon A computation can be seen as a purely physical phenomenon occurring inside a closed physical system called ... of view is the one adopted by the branch of theoretical physics called the physics of computation ... of the universe itself is a computation Pancomputationalism . Mathematical models of computation In the theory of computation , a diversity of mathematical models of computers have been developed. Typical mathematical Model of computation models of computers are the following State models including ... and process calculi History The word computation has an archaic meaning from its Latin language Latin ... computer science. Comparison to calculation See Calculation Comparison to computation See also Portal Computer Science Computing Physical information Real computation Reversible computation Hypercomputation ... more details
Other uses Counterfactual disambiguation Nofootnotes date December 2011 A counterfactual conditional ... it may or may not be . Examples The difference between indicative and counterfactual conditionals ... according to the speaker, the protasis is false , and therefore the main clause deals with the counterfactual ... but certainly would be true in the counterfactual circumstance of the if clause being true. In this sentence ... of the subjunctive mood, and the then clause is in the conditional mood. Psychology People engage in counterfactual thinking frequently. Experimental evidence indicates that people s thoughts about counterfactual .... Comprehension Participants in experiments were asked to read sentences, including counterfactual conditionals ... stories that contained counterfactual conditionals, e.g., if there had been roses in the flower ... facts, e.g., there were no roses and there were no lilies . The counterfactual conditional ... amounts of time updating a story that contains a counterfactual conditional compared to one ... of counterfactual conditionals Ferguson and Sanford, 2008 . Reasoning Experiments have compared the inferences people make from counterfactual conditionals and indicative conditionals. Given a counterfactual ... and Tasso, 1999 . Given the counterfactual conditional and the subsequent information in fact there was a circle ... s that encompass two possibilities when they understand, and reason from, a counterfactual ... and Byrne, 1991 . Philosophical treatments Connective In order to distinguish counterfactual conditionals ... , A B , is determined by the truth values of A and B . This is not so for the counterfactual .... So for every counterfactual A C, either A C or A C is true. This is called conditional excluded ... Ramsey Counterfactual conditionals may also be evaluated using the so called Belief revision ... has B as a consequence. This condition relates counterfactual conditionals to belief revision , as the evaluation .... Within empirical testing The counterfactual conditional is the basis of experimental methods for establishing ... more details
Counterfactual thinking is a term of psychology that describes the tendency people have to imagine alternatives to reality. Humans are predisposed to think about how things could have turned out differently if only... , and also to imagine what if? . Overview A person may imagine how an outcome could have turned out differently, and they can reflect on how the antecedents that led to the event might have been different. For example, a person may reflect upon how a car accident could have turned out, and they can reflect on how some of the antecedents might have been different e.g., if only I hadn t been speeding... or the same even if I had been going slower... . People can imagine alternatives that are better or worse than reality, e.g., if only I hadn t been speeding, my car wouldn t have ... can contemplate the consequences of the alternative outcome. Their counterfactual thoughts can ... and responsibility, and their causal judgments Markman, Klein, & Suhr, 2009 . Counterfactual ... issues, counterfactual thinking, and feelings of satisfaction, Organizational Behavior and Human ... not yet existent a society without slavery, to continue the example ? Counterfactual reasoning ..., can counterfactual reasoning be viewed as logical or scientific ? The well known philosopher Nicholas Rescher as well as others has written about the interrelationship between counterfactual ...., 1964, especially Chapter 7. ref The relationship between counterfactual reasoning based upon Modal ... and Amos Tversky 1982 pioneered the study of counterfactual thought, showing that people tend to think ..., 2005 . Theories of Counterfactual Thinking Daniel Kahneman and Dale Miller 1986 proposed that the cognitive processes that give rise to counterfactual thoughts include memory retrieval processes ... to reality are similar to those that underlie rational thought, including reasoning from counterfactual ... Psychology of Counterfactual Thinking . New Jersey Erlbaum. Category Cognitive psychology de Kontrafaktisches ... more details
In some interpretations of quantum mechanics , counterfactual definiteness CFD is the ability to speak with meaning of the definiteness of the results of measurements that have not been performed i.e. the ability to assume the existence of objects, and properties of objects, even when they have not been measured . A macroscopic example of CFD would be the assumption without measurement that a ball, thrown into the air, will return to the Earth due to gravity. CFD says that if a phenomenon the return of an airborne ball to the Earth has been reproducibly measured in the past, one can safely assume its presence in the future without having to refer to additional measurement events for proof of its existence. More scientific rigor rigorously , an interpretation of quantum mechanics satisfies CFD if it includes in the statistical population of measurement results, those measurements which are counter factual by virtue of their being excluded by the quantum mechanical prohibition on simultaneous measurement of certain pairs of properties. ref Henry P Stapp S matrix interpretation of quantum theory Physical Review D Vol 3 6 1303 1971 ref For example, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle states that you cannot simultaneously know both the position and momentum of a particle. Suppose one measures the position this act destroys any information about its momentum. Is it then possible to talk ...? In terms of mathematical formalism, is such a counterfactual momentum measurement to be included ... 0 sub , p for every possible momentum value p , whereas an interpretation that rejects counterfactual ... place in the room and simultaneously has a lap as if sitting would be meaningless. Counterfactual definiteness ... others have to be assumed counterfactual. Which ones are designated as factual is not important the point ... Quantum nonlocality without counterfactual definiteness? http www3.interscience.wiley.com journal 60501850 abstract On Some Consequences of the Breakdown of Counterfactual Definiteness in the Quantum ... more details
The study of the physics of computation relates to understanding the fundamental physical limits of computer s. This field has led to the investigation of how thermodynamics limits information processing, the understanding of Chaos theory chaos and dynamical systems , and a rapidly growing effort to invent new quantum computer s. See also list of publications in physics Physics of computation important publications in physics of computation See also Digital physics Computation Theory of computation Reversible computation Hypercomputation Physical information Limits to computation Bremermann s limit References Lloyd, S., 2000, Ultimate physical limits of computation, Nature journal Nature , 406 1047 1054. Category Computational physics physics stub ... more details
Indeterminancy in computation may refer to Quantum indeterminacy in quantum computer s Nondeterministic finite automata Nondeterministic algorithm In concurrency Indeterminacy in concurrent computation Unbounded nondeterminism disambig ... more details
Morphological computation may refer to Morphological computation robotics Computational linguistics disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A computation tree is a representation for the computation steps of a non deterministic Turing machine on a specified input. A computation tree graph theory tree is a rooted tree of nodes and edges. Each node in the tree represents a single computational state, while each edge represents a transition to the next possible computation. The number of nodes of the tree is the size of the tree and the length of the path from the root to a given node is the depth of the node. The largest depth of an output node is the depth of the tree. The output nodes of the tree are called leaves. In a computation tree each output node is labeled Yes or No. If a tree, T, with an input space X, if math x in X math and the path for x ends in node labeled yes, then the input x is accepted. Else it is rejected. The depth of the computation tree for a given input is the computation time for the Turing machine on that input. One of the primary methods of showing that a computational problem L is complete complexity complete for a given complexity class C is to show that the computation tree of any algorithm in C can be directly analyzed in terms of L . DEFAULTSORT Computation Tree Category Computational complexity theory ... more details
In computer science , interactive computation is a mathematical model for computation that involves communication with the external world during the computation. This is in contrast to the traditional understanding of computation which assumes a simple interface between a computing agent and its environment, consisting in asking a question input and generating an answer output . The famous Church Turing thesis attempts to define computation and computability in terms of Turing machines . However the Turing machine model only provides an answer to the question of what computability of functions means and, with interactive tasks not always being reducible to functions, it fails to capture our broader intuition of computation and computability. While this fact was admitted by Alan Turing himself, it was not until recently that the theoretical computer science community realized the necessity to define adequate mathematical models of interactive computation. Among the currently studied mathematical models of computation that attempt to capture interaction are http www.csc.villanova.edu japaridz Japaridze s hard and easy play machines elaborated within the framework of computability logic , http www.cse.uconn.edu dqg Goldin s persistent Turing machines, and http research.microsoft.com gurevich Gurevich s abstract state machines. Peter Wegner has additionally done a great deal of work on this area of computer science. See also Human based computation Computability logic Game semantics Interactive programming Quasi empiricism in mathematics Quasi empiricism References and external web sources Interactive Computation The New Paradigm ISBN 354034666X. Edited by D.Goldin, S.Smolka and P.Wegner. ... dqg D.Q.Goldin , Persistent Turing Machines as a model of interactive computation . Lecture Notes ... Machines, Transition Systems, and Interaction . J. Information and Computation 194 2 2004 , pp. ... . Theoretical Computer Science 192 1998 , pp. 315 351. Category Theory of computation Category ... more details
Italic title Mathematics of Computation ref http www.ams.org mcom aboutmcom.html Mathematics of Computation Journal overview , retrieved April 2007 ref is a quarterly mathematics journal focused on computational mathematics that is published by the American Mathematical Society . It was established in 1943. The articles in all volumes older than five years are available electronically free of charge. ref http www.ams.org jourcgi jrnl toolbar nav mcom all Mathematics of Computation Archive ref References reflist Category Mathematics journals Category Quarterly journals sci journal stub ... more details
of computation that is more restricted than the set of operations that you could use in practice and therefore ... Models of Computation An Introduction to Computability Theory publisher Springer year 2009 series Undergraduate Topics in Computer Science isbn 978 1 84882 433 1 DEFAULTSORT Model Of Computation Category Models of computation Category Theory of computation Comp sci stub bg es Modelo ... more details
Pulse computation is a hybrid of digital computer digital and analog computer analog computation that uses aperiodic electrical spikes, as opposed to the Periodic function periodic voltages in a digital computer or the continuously varying voltages in on analog computer. Pulse streams are unlocked, so they can arrive at arbitrary times and can be generated by analog processes, although each spike is allocated a binary value, as it would be in a digital computer. ref citation first1 Jeffrey last1 Miller first2 Woodward last2 Young title Simple Pulse Asynchronous State Machines url http vlsi.eecs.harvard.edu techreports iscas96m.ps accessdate 2009 08 25 ref Pulse computation is primarily studied as part of the field of neural network s. The processing unit in such a network is called a neuron . References reflist Category Computational neuroscience comp sci stub ... more details
italictitle Infobox Journal title Neural Computation cover Image neuralcomputationlowres.jpg editor Terrence J. Sejnowski discipline Neuroscience language English abbreviation Neural Comput. publisher MIT Press country United States frequency Monthly history 1989 present openaccess impact 2.175 impact year 2009 website http www.mitpressjournals.org loi neco link1 http www.mitpressjournals.org toc neco current link1 name Online access link2 link2 name RSS atom JSTOR OCLC 39265996 LCCN CODEN ISSN 0899 7667 eISSN 1530 888X Neural Computation is a peer reviewed academic journal covering aspects of neural computation . Articles highlight problems and techniques in modeling the brain, and in the design and construction of neurally inspired information processing systems. Neural Computation was founded in 1989 and is published online and in hard copy by the MIT Press . External links http www.mitpressjournals.org loi neco Official website sci journal stub Portal Neuroscience Category Neuroscience journals Category MIT Press academic journals Category Monthly journals Category English language journals Category Publications established in 1989 Category Academic journal stubs ... more details
about accurate manipulation of mathematical expressions simultaneous exploration of the many paths computer execution can take symbolic execution Symbolic computation or algebraic computation or computer algebra relates to algorithm s and software for manipulating mathematics mathematical expression mathematics expressions and equation s in symbol symbolic form, as opposed to manipulating the approximations of specific numerical analysis numerical quantities represented by those symbols. Software applications that perform symbolic calculations are called computer algebra system s . These systems might be used for symbolic symbolic integration integration or derivative differentiation , substitution of one expression into another, simplification of an expression, etc., for most operations of calculus and, more generally, for every computation with mathematical objects for which algorithms are known. Computer algebra softwares are widely used in many scientific and engineering domains. Symbolic computation is also sometimes referred to as symbolic manipulation , symbolic processing , symbolic mathematics , or symbolic algebra , but these terms also refer to non computational manipulation. See also Automated theorem prover Computer assisted proof Proof checker Model checker Symbolic numeric computation Symbolic simulation Symbolic execution References reflist http www.risc.jku.at about editorial editorial.pdf Symbolic Computation An Editorial , Bruno Buchberger, Journal of Symbolic Computation 1985 1, pp. 1 6. http www.csd.uwo.ca watt pub reprints 2006 tc sympoly.pdf Making Computer Algebra More Symbolic Invited , Stephen M. Watt, pp. 43 49, Proc. Transgressive Computing 2006 A conference in honor or Jean Della Dora , TC 2006 , April 24 26 2006, Granada Spain. External links http www.cs.mu.oz.au schachte lpanalysis.html A Gentle Introduction to Static Analysis and Logic Programming showing an example of application of symbolic computation to perform static program anal ... more details
for the journal Evolutionary Computation journal In computer science , evolutionary computation is a subfield of artificial intelligence more particularly computational intelligence that involves combinatorial optimization problems. Evolutionary computation uses iterative progress, such as growth or development in a population . This population is then artificial selection selected in a guided random search using parallel processing to achieve the desired end. Such processes are often inspired by biological mechanisms of evolution . As evolution can produce highly optimised processes and networks, it has many applications in computer science . Here, simulations of evolution using evolutionary ..., evolutionary computation has largely become swarm based computation, and nature inspired algorithms ... algorithms Main Evolutionary algorithm Evolutionary algorithms form a subset of evolutionary computation ... a chance to become a parent or to survive. Evolutionary computation practitioners Kalyanmoy Deb David ... Computation CEC Genetic and Evolutionary Computation Conference GECCO ref name SIGEVO cite web title Special Interest Group on Genetic and Evolutionary Computation url http www.sigevo.org publisher ... computation Inferential programming Interactive evolutionary computation Mutation testing No free lunch ... Jong, Evolutionary computation a unified approach. MIT Press , Cambridge MA, 2006 A. E. Eiben and J.E. .... Genetic Programming An Introduction. Morgan Kaufmann, 1998. D. B. Fogel. Evolutionary Computation ... Computation, 1 1 1 23, 1993. J. R. Koza. Genetic Programming On the Programming of Computers by means ... Evolutionary Computation Repository http www.cse.dmu.ac.uk rij gafaq top.htm Hitch Hiker s Guide to Evolutionary Computation FAQ for comp.ai.genetic http userweb.eng.gla.ac.uk yun.li ga demo Interactive illustration of Evolutionary Computation http www.vita sciences.org VitaSCIENCES DEFAULTSORT Evolutionary Computation Category Evolutionary computation ca Computaci evolutiva es Computaci n evolutiva ... more details
In computability theory , the theory of real computation deals with hypothetical computing machines using infinite precision real number s. They are given this name because they operate on the set of real number s. Within this theory, it is possible to prove interesting statements such as the complement of the Mandelbrot set is only partially decidable . These hypothetical computing machines can be viewed as idealised analog computer s which operate on real numbers, whereas digital computer s are limited to computable numbers. They may be further subdivided into differential mathematics differential and algebraic models digital computers, in this context, should be thought of as topology topological , at least insofar as their operation on computable real s is concerned ref cite book title A Simple Introduction to Computable Analysis author Klaus Weihrauch year 1995 url http eccc.uni trier.de static books A Simple Introduction to Computable Analysis Fragments of a Book ref . Depending on the model chosen, this may enable real computers to solve problems that are inextricable on digital computers for example, Hava Siegelmann s neural nets can have noncomputable real weights, making them able to compute nonrecursive languages , or vice versa Claude Shannon s idealized analog computer can only solve algebraic differential equations, while a digital computer can solve some transcendental ... analog computer computations are immediately done, i.e. computation is done in real time. Shannon ... 317 335 month Jun year 2007 doi 10.1016 j.jco.2006.12.005 ref A canonical model of computation over the reals is Blum Shub Smale machine BSS . If real computation were physically realizable, one could ... Smale title Complexity and Real Computation isbn 0387982817 cite book last Campagnolo first Manuel ... first Hava title Neural Networks and Analog Computation Beyond the Turing Limit isbn 0 8176 ... of computation Category Hypercomputation Comp sci stub ... more details
Citations missing date September 2007 In theoretical computer science , the theory of computation is the branch that deals with whether and how efficiently problems can be solved on a model of computation ... of computation, computer scientists work with a mathematical abstraction of computers called a model of computation. There are several models in use, but the most commonly examined is the Turing machine ... reasonable model of computation. Citation needed date September 2010 It might seem that the potentially ... of computation The theory of computation can be considered the creation of models of all kinds in the field ... of computation were Alonzo Church , Alan Turing , Stephen Kleene , John von Neumann , Claude Shannon ... of studying only models of computation which are reducible to the Turing model. Many mathematicians ... and space complexity, which are respectively how many steps does it take to perform a computation, and how much memory is required to perform that computation. In order to analyze how much time and space ... classes P and NP . Models of computation This section is linked from Abstract machine main Model of computation Aside from a Turing machine , other equivalent See Church Turing thesis models of computation are in use. Lambda calculus A computation consists of an initial lambda expression or two ... their role in mathematics . mu recursive function s a computation consists of a mu recursive ... x math , then for f 5 3 to appear, terms like g 5 6 and h 5,6 3 must occur above. The computation terminates ... models of computation have the ability to do different tasks. One way to measure the power of a computational ..., Languages, and Computation . 3rd ed Reading, MA Addison Wesley. ISBN 978 0321455369 One of the standard ... of Computation 2ed publisher PWS Publishing isbn 0534950973 cite book author Eitan Gurari year 1989 title An Introduction to the Theory of Computation url http www.cse.ohio state.edu gurari theory ... of Computation. Sudbury, MA Jones & Bartlett. ISBN 978 0867204971 A gentle introduction to the field ... more details
unreferenced date October 2006 In computer science , a computation history is a sequence of steps taken by an abstract machine in the process of computing its result. Computation histories are frequently used in Mathematical proof proofs about the capabilities of certain machines, and particularly about the undecidability of various formal languages . Formally, a computation history is a normally Finite set finite sequence of configurations of a formal automaton . Each configuration fully describes the status of the machine at a particular point. To be valid, certain conditions must hold the first configuration must be a valid initial configuration of the automaton and each transition between adjacent configurations must be valid according to the transition rules of the automaton. In addition, to be complete , a computation history must be finite and the final configuration must be a valid terminal configuration of the automaton. The definitions of valid initial configuration , valid transition ... automaton has exactly one computation history for a given initial configuration, though the history ... state is an accepting state. Turing Machines Computation histories are more commonly used in reference ... results Computation histories can be used to show that certain problems for pushdown automata are undecidable . This is because the language of non accepting computation histories of a Turing ... pushdown automaton. We encode a Turing computation history math c 0,c 1,...,c n math as the string ..., and reject if not. This same trick cannot be used to recognize accepting computation histories with an NPDA ... bounded Turing machine is sufficient to recognize accepting computation histories. This result allows ... math w math , we can form the pushdown automaton math P math which accepts non accepting computation ... computation histories for math M math on math w math this would allow us to decide math A TM math , which we know to be undecidable. Category Theory of computation pt Hist rico de computa o ... more details
There are several physical and practical limits to the amount of computation or data storage device data storage that can be performed with a given amount of mass, volume, or energy The Bekenstein bound limits the amount of information that can be stored within a spherical volume to the entropy of a black hole with the same surface area. The temperature of the cosmic microwave background radiation gives a practical lower limit to the energy consumed to perform computation of approximately 4 kT per state change, where T is the temperature of the background about 3 kelvin s , and k is the Boltzmann constant . While a device could be cooled to operate below this temperature, the energy expended by the cooling would offset the benefit of the lower operating temperature . Bremermann s limit is the maximum computational speed of a self contained system in the material universe, and is based on mass energy versus quantum uncertainty constraints. Several methods have been proposed for producing computing devices or data storage devices that approach physical and practical limits A cold degenerate star could conceivably be used as a giant data storage device, by carefully perturbing it to various excited states, in the same manner as an atom or quantum well used for these purposes. Such a star would have to be artificially constructed, as no natural degenerate stars will cool to this temperature for an extremely long time. It is also possible that nucleon s on the surface of neutron star s could form complex molecules ref cite encyclopedia year title Life on neutron stars encyclopedia ... and Computation date 20041025030505 ref creating a type of computronium based on femtotechnology ... this hypothetical computation is performed at ultra high densities and speeds, the total number ... 2000 month title Ultimate physical limits to computation journal Nature journal Nature volume 406 ... problem References Reflist Category Theory of computation pt Limites da computa o ... more details
cite journal last Bennett first Charles H. coauthors year 1982 title The thermodynamics of computation ... computation is somewhat simpler than reversible computing in that reverse computation is only required ... as reverse computation in software application areas such as database design, ref cite journal ... Institute National de Recherche en Informatique et en Automatique INRIA accessdate ref Reverse Computation ... computable and their costs. Based on the successful application of Reverse Computation ... 1999 title Efficient optimistic parallel simulations using reverse computation url http www.cs.uga.edu ... for Computing Machinery accessdate 2009 04 06 ref suggest the application of reverse computation ... amount of computation per event . The key property that reverse computation exploits is that a majority ... makes this operation reversible. History of Reverse Computation as applied to Parallel Discrete ... Computation has only been applied in software for optimistically synchronized, parallel discrete ... doctoral thesis focused on reverse computation at the hardware level, but included descriptions of both ... on reverse computation. ref cite journal last Vieri first C. coauthors Ammer, M.J. Frank, M. Norman ... reverse computation to 2004 and http www.eng.fsu.edu mpf pubs.htm later . ref In 1998 Carothers ..., introducing technique of Reverse Computation as an alternative rollback mechanism in optimistically ... System ROSS , which supported only reverse computation as the rollback mechanism. Carothers ... reverse computation. From 1998 to 2005 Bauer performed graduate work at RPI under Carothers, focusing solely on reverse computation. He developed the first PDES system solely based on reverse computation ... discrete event simulations of physical systems using reverse computation url http www.cs.mcgill.ca ... more details
Multiple issues notable June 2011 refimprove June 2011 italictitle Decimal Computation is a textbook by Hermann Schmid. First published in 1974 by John Wiley & Sons ISBN 047176180X and reprinted in 1983 by Robert E. Krieger Publishing Company ISBN 0898743184 , the book comprises twelve chapters providing detailed description of decimal calculations, including explanation of binary coded decimal s and algorithm s. ref cite journal title Electronic Design url http books.google.com books?id 90EAQAAIAAJ year 1974 publisher Hayden Pub. Co. volume 22 issue 19 22 oclc 1567748 page 161 ref References Reflist Category 1974 books compu book stub ... more details
Primary sources date January 2010 italictitle Infobox journal title Information and Computation cover File Journalcover Ic.gif editor Albert R. Meyer discipline Computer Science peer reviewed language abbreviation publisher Academic Press country United States USA frequency monthly history 1957 present formerly named Information and Control openaccess license impact 1.504 impact year 2008 website http www.elsevier.com wps find journaldescription.cws home 622844 description description link1 http www.sciencedirect.com science journal 08905401 link1 name online access link2 http projects.csail.mit.edu iandc link2 name Journal homepage at Massachusetts Institute of Technology MIT RSS http rss.sciencedirect.com publication science 6825 atom JSTOR OCLC LCCN CODEN ISSN 0890 5401 eISSN boxwidth Information and Computation is a computer science scientific journal journal published by Elsevier Academic Press . The journal was founded in 1957 under its former name Information and Control . The editor in chief is A.R. Meyer Lab. for Computer Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, USA . This particular journal publishes 12 issues a year. All articles from the Information and Computation journal can be viewed on indexing services like Scopus and Science Citation Index . The 2008 Impact Factor for this journal is 1.504 and the 5 Year Impact Factor is 1.600 Journal Citiation Reports 2009, Published by Thomson Reuters . Category Computer science journals Category Elsevier academic journals Category Publications established in 1957 sci journal stub ... more details
suppose that the computation math phi X z math converges in math s math steps and only looks at the first ... math X s z X z math . If math t s math then the computation math phi X t z math converges in at most .... Category Computability theory Category Theory of computation ... more details
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