About a rise in the general price level the expansion of the early universe Inflation cosmology other uses Inflation disambiguation File World Inflation rate 2007.PNG thumb upright 1.25 Inflation rates around the world in 2007 Economics sidebar In economics , inflation is a rise in the general price .... Consequently, inflation also reflects an erosion in the purchasing power of money a loss of real ... of price inflation is the inflation rate , the annualized percentage change in a general price index ... 32 ref Inflation s effects on an economy are various and can be simultaneously Positive positive and Negative negative . Negative effects of inflation include a decrease in the real value of money and other monetary items over time, uncertainty over future inflation may discourage investment and savings, and high inflation may lead to shortages of good economics goods if consumers begin hoarding out ... rates of inflation and hyperinflation are caused by an excessive growth of the money supply ..., ISBN 0333577647. ref Views on which factors determine low to moderate rates of inflation are more varied. Low or moderate inflation may be attributed to fluctuations in real versus nominal value ... sustained period of inflation is caused by money supply growing faster than the rate of economic ... 2005 pp 266 269 ref Today, most economists favor a low, steady rate of inflation. ref name econjournalwatch.org Hummel, Jeffrey Rogers. Death and Taxes, Including Inflation the Public versus Economists January 2007 . http econjwatch.org articles death and taxes including inflation the public versus economists p.56 ref Low as opposed to zero or Deflation negative inflation reduces the severity of economic ... Fall 2003, p145 166 ref The task of keeping the rate of inflation low and stable is usually given to monetary ... ref History File US Historical Inflation Ancient.svg thumb upright 1.4 Annual inflation rates ... How Alexander caused a great Babylon inflation newspaper The Independent date January 27, 2002 url http ... more details
wiktionary Cosmic may refer to anything pertaining to the cosmos An electronic medical record software developed by Cambio popular culture Afro Cosmic music Cosmic, a song by Kylie Minogue on the album X Kylie Minogue album X CosM.i.C, a member of the Swedish rap group Looptroop Rockers software COSMIC Software Sizing sizing of software COSMIC Software software developing company acronym COSMIC Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate COSMIC cancer database Media Cosmic Break , an MMO Third Person Shooter Online Game See also Cosmos disambiguation Cosmic Top Secret , a category of classified information used by NATO disambiguation ... more details
There are two dynamical realizations of cosmological inflation , the standard scenario ref name oldinf A. H. Guth, Phys. Rev. D 23, 347 1981 ref ref name ni A. D. Linde, Phys. Lett. B 108, 389 1982 A. Albrecht and P. J. Steinhardt, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1220 1982 . ref , sometimes called cold inflation and then warm inflation ref name Berera 1995ie . A. Berera, Phys. Rev. Lett. 75, 3218 1995 . ref In warm inflation radiation production occurs concurrently with inflationary expansion. This is consistent with the conditions necessary for inflation as given by the Friedmann equations of General Relativity , which simply require that the vacuum energy density dominates the energy content of the universe at time of inflation, and so does not prohibit some radiation to be present. As such the most general picture of inflation would include a radiation energy density component. The presence of radiation during inflation implies the inflationary phase could smoothly end into a Radiation Dominated Era without a distinctively separate reheating phase ref name Berera 1996fm A. Berera, Phys. Rev. D 55, 3346 1997 ref , thus providing a solution to the graceful exit problem of inflation ref name oldinf ref name ni ref name reheatu .A. Albrecht, P. J. Steinhardt, M. S. Turner, and F. Wilczek, Phys. Rev. Lett. 48, 1437 1982 A. D. Dolgov and A. D. Linde, Phys. Lett. B 116, 329 1982 L. F. Abbott, E. Farhi, and M. B. Wise, Phys. Lett. B 117, 29 1982 . ref References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist Categories Category Particle physics Category Cosmicinflation Category Articles created via the Article Wizard ... more details
An inflation swap is the linear form of an inflation derivative , an over the counter finance over the counter and exchange traded derivative finance derivatives that is used to transfer inflation risk from one counterparty to another. Limited price inflation LPI swaps are inflation swaps which are capped and floored between 0 and 5 . External links http www.inflationinfo.com Inflation Indexed Investors Association Inflation swaps can be indexed to the inflation bond or the inflation index. Derivatives market DEFAULTSORT Inflation Swap Category Inflation Category Derivatives finance finance stub ... more details
Wiktionary inflationInflation commonly refers to a rise in the general price level over a period of time also known as price inflation . Inflation may also refer to Grade inflation , the increase over time of academic grades, faster than any real increase in standards. Inflation cosmology , the theorized exponential expansion of the very early universe. Monetary inflation , an expansion in the quantity of money in an economy. The act of inflating an inflatable , anything designed to be expanded with air or gas such as a balloon . The action of INFLATE, the algorithm that reverses DEFLATE compression. The inflation map in group cohomology mathematics . See also Deflation disambiguation , the antonym of inflation. intitle Inflation . disambig cs Inflace rozcestn k es Inflaci n desambiguaci n fr Inflation homonymie nl Inflatie doorverwijspagina ... more details
Headline inflation is a measure of the total inflation within an economy and is affected by areas of the market which may experience sudden inflationary spikes such as food or energy. As a result, headline inflation may not present an accurate picture of the current state of the economy. This differs from core inflation , also called underlying inflation , which excludes factors such as food and energy costs. See also Inflationary Spikes Category Inflation Econ stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Built in inflation is a type of inflation that results from past events and persists in the present. Built in inflation is one of three major determinants of the current inflation rate. In Robert J. Gordon s triangle model of inflation, the current inflation rate equals the sum of demand pull inflation , cost push inflation supply shock inflation , and built in inflation. Demand pull inflation refers to the effects of falling unemployment rates rising real gross domestic product in the Phillips curve model, while the other two factors lead to shifts in the Phillips curve. The built in inflation originates from either persistent demand pull or large cost push inflation cost push supply shock inflation in the past. It then becomes a normal aspect of the economy, via inflationary expectations and the price wage spiral . Inflationary expectations play a role because if workers and employers expect inflation to persist in the future, they will increase their nominal wages and prices now. See real vs. nominal in economics . This means that inflation happens now simply because of subjective views about what may happen in the future. Of course, following the generally ... past experience with inflation. The price wage spiral refers to the adversarial nature of the wage bargain in modern capitalism. It is part of the conflict theory of inflation , referring ... a target real wage by pushing for higher money or nominal wages. Thus, if they expect price inflation or have experienced price inflation in the past they push for higher money wages. If they are successful ... wages. In the end, built in inflation involves a vicious circle of both subjective and objective elements, so that inflation encourages inflation to persist. It means that the standard methods of fighting inflation using monetary policy or fiscal policy to induce a recession are extremely expensive ... in the fight against inflation. DEFAULTSORT Built In Inflation Category Inflation es Inflaci n ... more details
Merge to Inflation date November 2009 Multiple issues expert February 2009 refimprove February 2009 Too few opinions date February 2009 Image World Inflation rate 2007.PNG thumb 300px Inflation rates around the world in 2009. Image US Historical Inflation Ancient.svg thumb 300px Annual inflation rates in the U.S., 1666 2004. In economics , the inflation rate is a measure of inflation , the rate of increase .... The inflation rate is used to calculate the real interest rate , as well as real increases in wages ... COLA COLA adjustments and inflation derivatives prices. Description of the rate The rate is usually .... Inflation rates are often given in Seasonal adjustment seasonally adjusted terms, removing systematic ... average price level and math P 1 math is the price level a year ago, the rate of inflation during the year might be measured as follows math text inflation rate frac P 0 P 1 P 1 times 100 math After the year the purchasing power of a unit of money is multiplied by a factor 1 1 inflation rate . There are other ways of defining the inflation rate, such as math log P 0 log P 1 math using the natural ... is multiplied by a factor math e text inflation rate math . There are two general methods for calculating inflation rates one is to use a base period, the other is to use chained measurements. Chained ... price period. More common, however, is the base period reference. This can be seen from inflation ... to see what each item in an inflation basket represents and how it is calculated. See also Consumer price index List of countries by inflation rate Inflation Measures Measures of inflation Hyperinflation Units of inflation Units of inflation Deflation Hyperinflation Inflationism References Reflist ... States Department of Labor. http www.usinflationcalculator.com US Inflation Calculator with Rates US Inflation Calculator and Rate Charts 1913 current . http www.bankofengland.co.uk education inflation calculator flash index.htm Inflation Calculator Bank of England. DEFAULTSORT Inflation Rate Category ... more details
nofootnotes date March 2009 In finance , inflation derivative or inflation indexed derivatives refers to an over the counter finance over the counter and exchange traded derivative finance derivative that is used to transfer inflation risk from one counterparty to another. Typically, Interest rate swap real rate swaps also come under this bracket, such as asset swap s of inflation indexed bond s government issued inflation indexed bonds, such as the Treasury Inflation Protected Securities , UK inflation linked gilt edged securities ILGs , French OATeis, Italian BTPeis, German Bundeis and Japanese JGBi s are prominent examples . Inflation swap s are the linear form of these derivatives. They can ... pickup at Maturity finance maturity i.e., the derivative form of inflation indexed bond s . Inflation ... the actual inflation rate for the term. Inflation swaps can also be paid on a year on year basis ... market. Even though the coupons are paid monthly, the inflation rate used is still the year on year rate. Option finance Options on inflation including Interest rate cap and floor interest rate caps ... exist where the coupon payment of the Linker computing linker inflation bond as well as the redemption ... the corresponding inflation swap. External links http www.isda.org publications isda inflationdef.html ISDA Inflation Derivatives Definitions http www.mth.kcl.ac.uk finmath articles Inflation Derivatives.pdf Hughston Inflation Derivatives http forum.johnson.cornell.edu faculty jarrow 084 20Tips 20JFQA 202003.pdf Jarrow & Yildirim Pricing Treasury Inflation Protected Securities and Related Derivatives ... prices inflation derivatives Print Brice Benaben Inflation Linked Products A Guide for Asset ... Mirfendereski Inflation Indexed Securities Bonds, Swaps, and Other Derivatives 2nd edition, 2004 Wiley ..., with Smile, Inflation, and Credit 2nd edition, 2006 Springer Finance. ISBN 3 540 22149 2. Derivatives market Category Derivatives finance Category Interest rates Category Inflation ... more details
Inertial inflation is a concept coined by Structuralist models of inflation structuralist inflation theorists. It refers to a situation where all price s in an Economics economy are continuously adjusted with relation to a price index by force of contract s. Changes in price indices trigger changes in prices of goods. Contracts are made to accommodate this price changing scenario by means of indexation . Indexation in a high inflation Economic system economy is evident when, for instance, a given price must be recalculated at a later date, incorporating inflation accumulated over the period to correct the price. In other cases, local currency prices can be expressed in terms of a foreign currency. At some point in the future, prices are converted back from the foreign currency equivalent into local currency. This conversion from a stronger currency equivalent value ie, the foreign currency ... inflation and to use those forecasts as de facto price indexes that can trigger price adjustments ... price adjustment forecast closes itself in the form of a Feedback Feedback Loop feedback loop and inflation indices get beyond control since current inflation becomes the basis for future inflation more formally, economic agents start to adjust prices solely based on their expectations of future inflation . At worst, inflation tends to grow exponentially leading to hyperinflation . Fact date December ... mechanism in inflation, through the fiscal deficit black economy channel Hyperinflation has an overview of uncontrollable inflation causes. External links http www.swlearning.com economics econ data ... inflation theory by Brazilian economists and the theoretical basis of the Plano Cruzado . cite journal title On Structural Inflation and Latin American Structuralism journal Oxford Economic Papers ... inflation gives a monetary policy cause for inflation, the Structuralism school argues that non monetary causes dominate. Category Inflation econ stub ko ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Inflation adjustment is the process of adjusting economic indicators and the price s of goods and services from different time periods to the same price level . To adjust for inflation , an indicator is divided by the List of price index formulas inflation index . This adjustment process takes prices generally for a given year e.g., 1942 dollars in the original nominal dollars and renders them into constant dollars also referred to as today s dollars . It is easy to show that 7 inflation, lasting 10 years, would nearly double the cost of living 1.07 10 1.96 . For example, a gallon of milk costing 4, could cost nearly 8, 10 years later. Inflation discourages saving and encourages spending. This, in turn, leads to higher costs of investment. Suppose that a firm is now able to borrow one million dollars at the interest rate of 8 . This is possible before the inflationary period begins. People save money at the interest rate of 3 and the firm can borrow it from the bank at 8 . The Profit accounting profit to the bank is 5 each year. Counting for 7 inflation, however, the bank is likely to increase the cost of borrowing from 8 to 15 . ref A formula is available within Wikipedia to insert during editing A gallon of milk cost US 4.00 in 1985 nowiki Inflation US 4.00 1985 r 1 in today s dollars nowiki , which is rendered as A gallon of milk cost US 4.00 in 1985 Inflation US 4.00 1985 r 1 in today s dollars . ref Notes Reflist References http www.duke.edu rnau 411infla.htm Prof. Nau s Inflation page http www.measuringworth.com uscompare Relative value calculator at MeasuringWorth.com http data.bls.gov cgi bin cpicalc.pl CPI Inflation Calculator DEFAULTSORT Inflation Adjustment Category Inflation Adjustment economics stub ... more details
Chronic inflation occurs when a country experiences high inflation for a prolonged period of time several ... inflation, inflation expectations become built in , and it becomes extremely difficult to reduce the inflation rate. ref cite web author Carmen Reinhart and Carlos A. Vegh url http econpapers.repec.org paper pramprapa 13689.htm title EconPapers Inflation stabilization in chronic inflation countries ... Occurrence and causes Even more so than hyperinflation , chronic inflation is a twentieth century phenomenon, being first observed by Felipe Pazos in 1972 ref Pazos, Felipe Chronic Inflation in Latin ... inflation can only be sustained with unbacked paper currencies over long periods, and before World ... extremely high inflation but never for more than a few years. Most economists believe chronic inflation ... Latin inflation ref Maier, Charles S. In Search of Stability Explorations in Historical Political ... in the 1920s was the first case of chronic inflation ref Hirsch, Fred and Goldthorpe, John H. The Political Economy of Inflation pp. 53 55. ISBN 0674685849 ref . Japan see below in the years ... inflation. Early observers from the 1960s and 1970s attributed the ultimate political cause of chronic inflation as powerful group interests with radically divergent policy demands, arguing that the power ... inflation quickly is politically suicidal, with the result that governments affected by chronic inflation have invariably had to resort to more subtle methods of reducing inflation, such as central ... to inflation inertia ref Ag nor, Pierre Richard The Economics of Adjustment and Growth pp. 209 210. ISBN 0674015789 ref and ultimately to a public that becomes sceptical of attempts to reduce inflation ... inflation relatively easily. Other sources have argued that chronic inflation is caused by governments ... INFLATION, CHRONIC INFLATION ref . There have on this line also been arguments for demography demographic causes of chronic inflation as resulting from populations growing more rapidly than production ... more details
Inflation targeting is an economic policy in which a central bank estimates and makes public a projected, or target , inflation rate and then attempts to steer actual inflation towards the target through ... first Peter title What s The Fuss Over Inflation Targeting? work BusinessWeek accessdate 2011 11 ... rates and the inflation rate tend to be inversely related , the likely moves of the central bank to raise or lower interest rates become more transparent under the policy of inflation targeting. Examples if inflation appears to be above the target, the bank is likely to raise interest rates. This usually but not always has the effect over time of cooling the economy and bringing down inflation. if inflation appears to be below the target, the bank is likely to lower interest rates. This usually again, not always has the effect over time of accelerating the economy and raising inflation. blockquote Under the policy, investors know what the central bank considers the target inflation rate .... This is viewed by inflation targeters as leading to increased economic stability. Debate Globalize ... target range for inflation usually 2 , but do not have an explicit inflation target. This is under debate within the Fed, since inflation targeting is usually very successful in other countries because of its transparency and predictability to the markets. However, some counter that an inflation ... , had in 1997 colorfully termed inflation nutters ref As quoted on page 158 of Poole, W. 2006 , Inflation ... , pp. 155 164. ref that is, central bankers who concentrate on the inflation target to the detriment of stable growth, employment and or exchange rates. King went on to help design the Bank s inflation ... s inflation targeting is of a flexible variety, in theory and practice. ref Cite conference conference ... first Ben S. title A Perspective on Inflation Targeting location Washington, D.C. accessdate ..., F. S. 1997 , Inflation targeting a new framework for monetary policy? in The Journal of Economic ... more details
Inflation tax is a term which refers to the financial loss of value suffered by holders of cash and fixed rate bonds, as well those on fixed income not indexed to inflation , due to the effects of inflation ... assets and some equities may simultaneously gain. Many economists hold that inflation affects the lower ... inflation by reallocating assets overseas. Some argue that inflation is a regressive tax regressive ... researchreports wp2000 wp2000 1.pdf ref Nevertheless, inflation improves the economic position ... it, an inflation tax can further increase real inflation adjusted economic growth beyond its beneficial impact on trade . It may also hasten new purchases since inflation makes it costly to keep cash. Inflation can increase liquidity in depressed real estate markets since it would increase nominal .... In this way, an inflation tax can improve real inflation adjusted economic growth and improve employment. Therefore a very tight monetary policy which seeks to reduce inflation even at the cost of real inflation adjusted economic growth and jobs can be viewed as a stagnation tax . How it occurs ... that in the long run, an increase in the money supply causes inflation . Some have argued that, in effect, increasing the money supply and causing the holders of money to pay an inflation tax is a form of taxation . Citation needed date May 2011 If the annual inflation rate in the United States is 5 ... a government owes more money than others owe to it . Inflation reduces the relative value of previous ... papers will be affected by inflation they will lose their value, and therefore they will become less attractive for creditors, until the government will not find any willing to buy debt. An inflation ... will then collect the extra cash from the citizens. Inflation, however, tends to cause social problems e. g., when income increases more slowly than prices . Tax on the inflation tax Although not meant by the term inflation tax , a related effect is the tax on interest and investment income when ... more details
Core inflation is a measure of inflation which excludes certain items that face volatile price movements, notably food and energy. The preferred measure by the Federal Reserve of core inflation in the United States is the core Personal consumption expenditures price index PCE . This is based on chained ... reports to Congress have described the Board s outlook for inflation in terms of the PCE. Prior to that, the inflation ... Consumer Price Index as its preferred measure of inflation. The CPI is still used for many purposes ... banks of other countries when measuring inflation. The CPI is presented monthly in the US by the Bureau ... core inflation . This is because core inflation eliminates products that can have temporary price shocks i.e. energy, food products . Core inflation is thus intended to be an indicator and predictor of underlying long term inflation. History The concept of core inflation as aggregate price growth excluding ... of core inflation most used for political purposes. Core inflation was also developed and advocated ... Price Index as a predictor of inflation. ref cite journal author Robert Rich, Charles Steindel title A Review of Core Inflation and an Evaluation of Its Measures Staff Report, Federal Reserve Bank ... see also Trimmed estimator There are also other types of measuring inflation rates. In the United ... on core inflation. In relation to this, the Median CPI is usually higher than the trimmed figures for both PCE and CPI. There also is a median PCE, but is not widely used. See also Headline inflation References reflist Cite document last Eckstein first Otto authorlink Otto Eckstein title Core inflation ... publications review 08 05 part2 Wynne.pdf Core Inflation A Review of Some Conceptual Issues ... Index.aspx?DataSetCode MEI PRICES OECD inflation statistics http krugman.blogs.nytimes.com 2010 02 ... DEFAULTSORT Core Inflation Category Inflation de Kerninflation es Inflaci n subyacente eu Azpiko inflazio no Kjerneinflasjon sk Jadrov infl cia sv Underliggande inflation vi L m ph t c b n ... more details
Inflation happens to be a key determinant in the functioning of any economy . India is a country with a mixed ... for its growth model. The recent rise in inflation has been found to consist of several political ... on the challenges faced, several economists have questioned the method of measuring inflation ... while several other developed countries adopt the Consumer price index to calculate inflation . Measurement Challenge There are two basis system of measuring inflation present today. While India adopts ... don t permit it to adopt the second basis system of measuring inflation. Wholesale Price Index It first ... the inflation for the country. The drawback of the system that widely challenges is the ignorance ... of commodities. ref http www.rediff.com money 2007 jun 07infla.htm How India calculates inflation Bot ... weighted index cost less while for lower weighted index cost more, the inflation in the economy would ... happens to be a more advanced instrument for the measurement of inflation . There occurs several ... , the inflation and price stability phenomenon . There has been a universal argument these days when monetary policy is determined to be a key element in depicting and controlling inflation. The Central ... and inflation . He adds on that short term trade off happens to only introduce uncertainty about .... The Optimal Inflation Rate It arises as the basis theme in deciding an adequate monetary policy . There are two debatable proportions for an affective inflation , whether it should be in the range of 1 3 per cent as the inflation rate that persists in the industrialized economy or should it be in the range of 6 7 per cents. While deciding on the elaborate inflation rate certain problems occur regarding its measurement. The measurement bias has often calculated an inflation rate that is comparatively ... goods takes time for the increased weight and measuring inflation. The Boskin Commission has measured 1.1 per cent of the increased inflation in USA every annum. The commission points out for the developed ... more details
for increases in the general level of prices inflation Economics sidebar Monetary inflation is a sustained increase in the money supply of a country. It usually results in price inflation , which is a rise in the general level of prices of goods and services . Originally the term inflation was used to refer only to monetary inflation, whereas in present usage it usually refers to price inflation . ref Michael F. Bryan, On the Origin and Evolution of the Word Inflation , http www.clevelandfed.org ... no such distinction, maintaining that monetary inflation is inflation . ref http mises.org story 3489 Shostak Inflation is the debasement of money ref There is general agreement among economists that there is a causal ... between price inflation and monetary inflation. The system is complex and there is a great ... authorities in affecting inflation. Keynesian economists favor monetary policies that attempt to even ..., adjusting monetary policy in response to unemployment and inflation see Taylor rule . Followers of the monetarism monetarist school advocate either inflation targeting or a constant growth rate of money ... theory The monetarist explanation of inflation operates through the Quantity Theory of Money , math ... of the money supply and inflation. The mechanisms by which excess money might be translated into inflation ... and services. This has a direct impact on inflation by raising aggregate demand. Also, the increase ... the impact on inflation. The increase in demand for goods and services may cause a rise in imports ... cause imported inflation. Austrian view see also Austrian School Inflation The Austrian School maintains that inflation is always and everywhere simply an increase of the money supply i.e. units ... H lsmann includes detailed commentary on central banking , inflation and fractional reserve banking ... damaging effects of monetary inflation. However, the Austrian theory of the business cycle varies ... External links http www.mises.org story 2525 Money and Inflation http www.tutor2u.net economics content ... more details
Primary sources date February 2010 Inflation hedge is an investment with intrinsic value such as oil, natural gas, gold, farmland, and to a lesser degree commercial real estate. Typically most hard assets are an excellent inflation hedge. ref Commodity Prices and Inflation, What s the Connection? http mises.org story 3018 ref ref Marotta Asset Management http www.emarotta.com article.php?ID 234 ref ref Agcapita Farmland Investment Partnership Farmland and Inflation http www.farmlandinvestmentpartnership.com pdfs FIP 20Financial 20Characteristics.pdf ref In general, commodities hard assets are negatively correlated to both stocks and bonds. In other words, when stocks and bonds decline, commodities tend to appreciate. ref Hard Asset Investor http www.hardassetsinvestor.com component content article 9 434.html ref ref Fields of Gold http www.thestar.com News Ideas article 475036 ref In addition, during periods of high inflation negative real interest rates equities and bonds do poorly see 20 total return over 11 years from 1970 to 1981 for the S&P 500 ref Yahoo Finance http finance.yahoo.com q hp?s 5EGSPC ref v. 1,100 increase in oil prices ref WTRG http www.wtrg.com prices.htm ref ref Petrocapita Income Trust Oil Production Assets as an Inflation Hedge http www.petrocapita.com ref and 550 increase in western Canada farmland prices during same period ref Stats Canada ref ref Agcapita Farmland Investment Partnership S&P versus Farmland and Oil in the 1970s http www.farmlandinvestmentpartnership.com pdfs Agcapita Newsletter July 18 2008.pdf ref ref Alpha, Beta, and Commodities Can ... financial crisis ref Farmland hedge against inflation http www.argentina estancias.com inflationhedge farmland.htm ref See also Inflation Money Supply Commodity Futures contract Austrian Economics ... Land Banking References references Category economics stub Category Economics Category Inflation DEFAULTSORT Inflation Hedge ... more details
Academic inflation is the process of inflation of the minimum job requirement, resulting in an excess of college educated individuals with lower degrees associate and bachelor s degrees competing for too few jobs that require these degrees and even higher, preferred qualifications master s or doctorate degrees . This condition causes an intensified race for higher qualification and education in a society where a bachelor s degree today is no longer sufficient to gain employment in the same jobs that may have only required a two or four year degree in former years. ref Vedder, R. http chronicle.com blogs innovations the great college degree scam 28067 The Great College Degree Scam , The Chronicle of Higher Education , December 2010 ref Inflation has occurred in the minimum degree requirements for jobs, to the level of master s degrees, Ph.D.s, and post doctoral, even where advanced degree knowledge is not absolutely necessary to perform the required job. Etymology Academic inflation is similar to inflation of paper currencies where too much currency chases too few commodities. ref Day et al., Issues in Educational Drama , Taylor & Francis, 1983, page 12, ISBN 0 905273 66 4 ref Effect Academic inflation occurs when university graduates take up work that was not formerly done by graduates of a certain level, and higher degree holders continue to migrate to this particular occupation until it eventually becomes a field known as a graduate profession and the minimum job requirements have been inflated academically for low level job tasks. ref name Rowntree Rowntree, Assessing Students How Shall We Know Them? , Routledge Grading 1987, page 19, ISBN 1 85091 300 5 ref The institutionalizing ... . Academic inflation leads employers to put more and more faith into certificates and diplomas awarded ... Grade inflation Open admissions Widening participation References reflist External links http www.nytimes.com ... Inflation ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Inflation Blues Type Album Artist Jack DeJohnette Cover Inflation Blues.jpg Released 1983 Recorded September 1982 Genre Jazz Length Label ECM Records ECM Producer Manfred Eicher Chronology Last album Tin Can Alley album Tin Can Alley br 1981 This album Inflation Blues br 1983 Next album Album Album br 1984 Album ratings rev1 Allmusic rev1score rating 4.5 5 ref http www.allmusic.com album r137578 Allmusic Review ref Automatically generated by DASHBot Inflation Blues is an album by Jack DeJohnette s Special Edition featuring Chico Freeman , John Purcell musician John Purcell , and Rufus Reid , with Baikida Carroll added on four tracks, recorded in 1982 and released on the ECM Records ECM label in 1983. ref http riad.usk.pk.edu.pl pmj dejohnette blues.txt Jack DeJohnette discography accessed 10 September 2009 ref The Allmusic review by Scott Yanow states this is a particularly strong outing by the 1982 edition of the group... it is not surprising that the music is adventurous yet quite coherent, with the solo and group statements being both spontaneous and logical. Recommended . ref Yanow, S. Allmusic class album id r137578 pure url yes Allmusic Review accessed 10 September 2009 ref Track listing All compositions by Jack DeJohnette Starburst 9 11 Ebony 8 42 The Islands 8 36 Inflation Blues 6 43 Slowdown 6 24 Recorded September 1982 at Power Station, New York Personnel Jack DeJohnette drum kit drums , piano , clavinet , vocal Chico Freeman tenor saxophone , soprano saxophone , bass clarinet John Purcell musician John Purcell baritone saxophone , alto saxophone , flute , clarinet Rufus Reid double bass bass Baikida Carroll trumpet tracks 1 & 3 5 References reflist Category Jack DeJohnette albums Category 1983 albums Category ECM Records albums Category Albums produced by Manfred Eicher ... more details
Taxonomic inflation is a pejorative term for what is perceived to be an excessive increase in the number of recognised taxa in a given context, due not to the discovery of new taxa but rather to putatively arbitrary changes to how taxa are delineated. The best known case is the elevation of a group of subspecies to species rank, through the arbitrary decision that the differences between the various taxa warrant distinguishing them at species rank. Taxonomic inflation is often claimed to occur for Conservation ethic conservation reasons. It may be difficult to make a case for the protection of an isolated and unusual population of a common and widespread species, but it becomes much easier to do so if that population is recognised as a rare subspecies or species. ref name Isaac 2004 cite journal author Isaac, Nick Mallet, James Mace, Georgina year 2004 title Taxonomic inflation its influence on macroecology and conservation journal TRENDS in Ecology and Evolution volume 19 issue 9 pages 464 469 url http www.ucl.ac.uk taxome jim pap isaac04.pdf accessdate 2011 02 23 ref ref name Economist cite journal title Hail Linnaeus journal The Economist issue May 17, 2007 url http www.economist.com node 9191545?story id 9191545 accessdate 2011 02 23 ref References reflist Category Taxonomy ... more details
Globalize date January 2010 Wikify date January 2010 Credential inflation refers to the devaluation of educational ... given a degree holder in the job market. Credential inflation is thus similar to monetary inflation , and describes the declining value of earned certificates and degrees. Credential inflation has ... de Werfhorst and Anderson, Social Background, Credential Inflation and Educational Strategies, Acta ... of credential inflation is the decline in the value of the US high school diploma since the beginning ... Inflation and the Future of Universities, Chapter One of The Future of the City of Intellect ... 23 46. ref Another indicator of credential inflation is the relative decline in the wage differential ... Wessel, Why It Takes a Doctorate To Beat Inflation, Wall Street Journal , October 19, 2006, page .... A predictable result of credential inflation is a glut of the credential markets and overschooling ... north north427.html ref Causes The causes of credential inflation are not well understood ... edge in the labor market, all working together to create an expansionary inflation spiral. ref ... inflation threaten higher education initiatives around the world because credential inflation ... Spence s job market signalling model. Although credential inflation has been implicated in a long ... and academics. ref Randall Collins, The Dirty Little Secret of Credential Inflation, The Chronicle of Higher ... Little Secret of 20548 . See also comments by George Leef, The Problem of Credential Inflation ... 666 ref It has also been widely noted that the credential inflation spiral is accelerating, with far ... http media.pfeiffer.edu lridener courses COLLINR2.HTML ref Problems attributed to credential inflation Among the problems in higher education that have been attributed to credential inflation, are Climbing ... and other manifestations of increased institutional path dependence. Grade inflation ref name Randall ... north427.html Randall Collins, The Dirty Little Secret of Credential Inflation, The Chronicle of Higher ... more details
Inflation accounting is a term describing a range of accounting systems designed to correct problems arising from historical cost accounting in the presence of inflation . ref http financial dictionary.thefreedictionary.com inflation accounting Wall Street Words An A to Z Guide to Investment Terms for Today s Investor , David L. Scott. ref Inflation accounting is used in countries experiencing high inflation or hyperinflation . ref http hansard.millbanksystems.com lords 1975 nov 26 inflation accounting sandilands report 1 Inflation Accounting Sandilands Report May I also ask 297 him to assure us ... meaningless at a time of high inflation . ref For example, in countries experiencing hyperinflation ... Under a historical cost based system of accounting, inflation leads to two basic problems. First ... tax policies and public misconceptions regarding corporate behavior edit History of inflation accountingtional ... History of inflation accounting Accountants in the United Kingdom and the United States have discussed the effect of inflation on financial statements since the early 1900s, beginning with index number ... month. ref cite book author Whittington, Geoffrey title Inflation accounting an introduction to the debate ... to reflect inflation. At times during the past 50 years standard setting organizations have encouraged .... During a period of high inflation in the 1970s, the FASB was reviewing a draft proposal for price level ... cost . The FASB withdrew the draft proposal. ref Wolk pp 450 455 ref Inflation accounting models Inflation accounting is not fair value accounting. Inflation accounting, also called price ... rate . Under some not all inflation accounting models, historical costs are converted to price ... in IAS 29 as the cumulative inflation rate over three years is approaching, or exceeds, 100 . ref cite ... Inflation adjusted financial statements are an extension to, not a departure from, historical cost ... systems Category Inflation af Inflasierekeningkunde pt Atualiza o monet ria ... more details
Globalize USA date December 2010 Grade inflation is the tendency of Grade education academic grades for work ... date January 2007 Grade inflation is said to occur when higher grades are assigned for work that would have received lower grades in the past. Whether rising grades are a result of grade inflation ... research. The forces leading to grade inflation can emanate from parents, students, schools, or politicians. Grade inflation may reflect underlying credential inflation . ref Randall Collins, Credential Inflation and the Future of Universities, Chapter One of The Future of the City of Intellect The Changing ... Inflation A Crisis in Education, Springer Verlag, 2003 . In a separate analysis of grades at Pennsylvania State University , the onset of grade inflation in the 1980s corresponds with the onset of mandatory course evaluations. Possible problems associated with grade inflation Grade inflation makes ... possible grade. Grade inflation is not uniform between schools. This places students in more stringently graded schools and departments at an inequitable disadvantage. Grade inflation is not uniform among disciplines. Princeton University took a rare stance against grade inflation in 2004, and publicly ... Citation last Qui ones first Eric title Princeton achieves marked progress in curbing grade inflation ... inflation Higher grades at some schools may reflect better performance than others although ... grade inflation doesn t evenly distribute through departments, it is arguable, due to the subjective ... how is one supposed to determine the English equivalent of an A s worth of work in Physics? Grade inflation may motivate less productive students to keep studying whereas countries with no grade inflation ... Inflation in the United States Grade Inflation at the Post Secondary Level A recent study, Harv Rojstaczer ..., and conclude clear evidence of nationwide grade inflation over time, and regular differences between ... 70 years or more. Until recently, the evidence for grade inflation in the US has been sparse, largely ... more details
Orphan date September 2008 Stealth Inflation is the term used to describe charges and fees created by business to gain extra Profit economics profit and revenue from its customers. The stealth part of the term is that business will often use miscellaneous fees to charge customers without the customers consciously knowing the fees existed, even though they may have agreed then signed a contract for the goods and services the fee is hidden in a mirage of words and policies. The inflation part of the term relates to the up charging of the service without actually providing anything additional. Since most companies charge a fee to accept payment a portion gets built into profit and revenue. A big example of stealth inflation can be overdraft fees from banks surcharges from Telco providers, processing fees and installation fees. Examples Electric and Television Providers Stealth inflation can also be calculated in service payment fees. In example an electric bill can average from 119.99 or more. When consumers go to pay the bill the processing fee can jump to an additional 5 6 . Department Stores The last 90 day policy Some department stores have what is called the last 90 day policy. A customer returning an item is subject to refund based and the lowest sale price within the last 90 days. with or without a receipt depending on the store. 39.99 1 pair of pants Paid price 19.99 Lowest price in 90 days 19.99 Refunded 20.00 Customer lakes the loss 50 Profit Gain for the company Phone Service Misc fees Lets say you sign up for cellular service the phone company may tell you its only 49.99 at sign up but when you pay your first bill you find out there are surcharges roaming charges and connection fees. class wikitable Service Roaming Connetion Processing Sub Total Tax Total Billed ... Inflation References Bank overdraft Fees http www.responsiblelending.org issues overdraft briefs page.jsp?itemID 29674762 Center for responsible lending Category Inflation ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
