Image Coprolite.jpg thumb right 200px A coprolite of a carnivorous dinosaur found in southwestern Saskatchewan . A coprolite is fossilized animal dung. Coprolites are classified as trace fossil s as opposed to body fossils, as they give evidence for the animal s behaviour in this case, diet rather than morphology. The name is derived from the Ancient Greek Greek words kopros meaning dung and lithos meaning stone . They were first described by William Buckland in 1829. Prior to this they were known as fossil conifer cone Pinaceae cones fir cone s and bezoar stones. They serve a valuable purpose in paleontology because they provide direct evidence of the predation and diet of extinct organisms. ref Cite web url http dictionary.reference.com search?q coprolites title coprolites Definitions .... Commonly mistaken for a coprolite because it looks so real it is actually inorganic. Scale in mm. See ... of becoming fossilized. Coprolite mining In 1842 the Rev John Stevens Henslow , a professor of Botany ... and Development of the British Coprolite Industry, Bernard O O connor, The Bulletin of the Peak ... of Ely ref name mining1 Cite web url http www.bahs.org.uk 24n1a4.pdf title Coprolite Mining in Cambridgeshire ... The Coprolite Mining Industry ref with its refining being carried out in Ipswich by the Fison Company. ref name mining2 Today, there is a Coprolite Street near Ipswich dock s where the Fisons ... Coprolite Street ref The industry declined in the 1880s ref name mining2 ref Cite web url http www.trimley st martin.org.uk downloads TSMCMR.pdf title Trimley St. Martin and the Coprolite Mining Rush .... ref name mining1 A renewed interest in coprolite mining in the World War I First World War extended ... also Wiktionary coprolite Fossil Fossils and the geological timescale Fecalith Gastrolith Lloyds Bank coprolite Regurgitalith Bromalite Clear References Reflist 2 Cite journal last Spencer first P. K ... io Koprolito it Coprolite la Coprolithum nl Coproliet ja pl Koprolity pt Copr lito sk Koprolit ... more details
Infobox Artifact name Lloyds Bank coprolite image image caption material Human excrement ref name WSJ created 9th century AD discovered 1972, Coppergate, York location JORVIK Viking Centre The Lloyds Bank coprolite is a large human coprolite , or fossilized dung specimen, recovered by archaeologists excavating the Viking settlement of J rv k now York in England . It was found in 1972 beneath the site of what was to become the York branch of Lloyds Bank and may be the largest example of fossil ised human faeces ever found. Analysis of the nine inch 23 cm long stool has indicated that its producer subsisted largely on meat and bread whilst the presence of several hundred parasite parasitic eggs suggests he or she was riddled with Intestinal parasite intestinal worm s. In 1991, paleoscatologist Andrew Jones made international news with his appraisal of the item for insurance purposes This is the most exciting piece of excrement I ve ever seen. In its own way, it s as valuable as the Crown Jewels. ref name WSJ The Wall Street Journal , 9 September 1991 ref The specimen was put on display at the city s DIG an archaeological adventure Archaeological Resource Centre now known as DIG , the outreach and education institution run by the York Archaeological Trust , where it delighted generations of awestruck schoolchildren. ref name guardian The Guardian , 6 June 2003 ref In 2003, it broke into three pieces after being dropped whilst on exhibition to a party of visitors. As of 2003 , efforts were underway to reconstruct it. ref name guardian In 2008 it was on display at the JORVIK Viking Centre . Footnotes Reflist External links http www.guardian.co.uk arts news story 0,11711,972060,00.html Story of the breakage, with a picture of the intact coprolite Category Anglo Norse England Category Archaeological artefacts Category Feces Category History of North Yorkshire Category York UK archaeology stub es Coprolito de Lloyds Bank ... more details
Summary Information Description A fossilized coprolite . Source I User The Utahraptor font color green Raptor font User talk The Utahraptor sup Let s talk sup Special Contributions The Utahraptor sub My mistakes I mean, er, contributions sub created this work entirely by myself. Date 14 53, 15 July 2010 UTC Author User The Utahraptor font color green Raptor font User talk The Utahraptor sup Let s talk sup Special Contributions The Utahraptor sub My mistakes I mean, er, contributions sub other versions Licensing self cc by sa 3.0 GFDL migration redundant ... more details
For old animal feces found fossilized in geological contexts, see Coprolite . Paleofeces UK Palaeofaeces are ancient human feces , often found as part of archaeology archaeological excavations or surveys. They are often referred to as coprolite coprolites by archaeologists. Intact feces of ancient people may be found in caves in arid climates and in certain other locations. They are studied to determine the diet nutrition diet and health of the people who produced them through the analysis of seeds, small bones, and parasite eggs found inside. They can also be chemically analyzed for more in depth information on the individual who excreted them. DEFAULTSORT Palaeofaeces Anthropology stub Archaeology stub Category Archaeology Category Anthropology ca Antropologia fecal ... more details
Regurgitaliths ref http www.nhm.ac.uk hosted sites iczn BZNJun2003general articles.htm Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature Volume 60, Part 2, 30 June 2003 ref ref http www.nhm.ac.uk hosted sites iczn BZNMarch2004comments.htm Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature Volume 61, Part 1, 31 March 2004 ref are the fossil ised remains of stomach contents that have been Regurgitation digestion regurgitated by an animal. They are trace fossil s and can be subdivided into ichnotaxon ichnotaxa . Regurgitaliths might provide useful information on the diet of the animal, but are difficult to relate to any particular species . See also Bezoar Coprolite Gastrolith Bromalite References references trace fossil stub Category Trace fossils es Regurgitalito ... more details
from coprolite digging. Coprolite is the fossilised dung of pre historic creatures, which when ground ... until the clay washed off. The dirty water then was drained off and the nodules carted away. The coprolite ... more details
Image ThalassinoidesIsrael.JPG thumb The ichnogenus Thalassinoides burrows produced by crustaceans from the Middle Jurassic , Makhtesh Qatan, southern Israel . An ichnotaxon plural ichnotaxa is defined by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature as a taxon based on the fossilized work of an organism , that is, the non human equivalent of an artifact. Ichnotaxa are names used to identify and distinguish morphology biology morphologically distinctive trace fossil ichnofossils , more commonly known as trace fossils. They are assigned genus and species ranks by ichnologist s, much like organisms in Linnaean taxonomy . These are known as ichnogenera and ichnospecies , respectively. Ichnotaxa include trace fossils such as burrows, borings and etchings, tracks and trackway s, coprolite s, gastrolith s, regurgitalith s, nest s, leaf miner leaf mine s, bite and gnaw structures, secretion s modified by organismal activity, such as Pupa Cocoon cocoon s, pupa l cases, spider web s, embedment structure s and plant gall s. Ichnotaxa comes from the Greek language Greek ichnos meaning track and taxis meaning ordering . ref Definition of http dictionary.reference.com browse ichno ichno at dictionary.com . ref See also Trace fossil classification References reflist External links http www.nhm.ac.uk hosted sites iczn BZNMarch2004comments.htm Comments on the draft proposal to amend the Code with respect to trace fossils Category Scientific classification Category Trace fossils trace fossil stub cs Ichnotaxon es Icnotax n fr Ichnotaxon lt Ichnotaksonas ... more details
File DinocochleaModel.jpg thumb right A model of Dinocochlea with Natural History Museum curator Paul Taylor as a scale. Dinocochlea ingens is a trace fossil specimen held in the Natural History Museum of London. It is a symmetrical helicospiral several metres in length that was famously unexplained until shown in 2009 to be a concretion formed around the burrow of a worm. ref name Deposits cite journal title Dinocochlea the mysterious spiral of Hastings author Taylor, P.D. and Sendino, C. journal Deposits year 2009 month Autumn issue 20 pages 40 41 ref History Found in 1921 in the Wealden area of Sussex in England during construction of an arterial road , Dinocochlea was originally presumed to be a fossilised gastropod shell . As such, it was given a Latin name that translates to giant terrible snail using the dino prefix in a nod to Dinosaur terrible lizard and refers to the nearby, paleontology paleontologically significant, quarry dubbed the Iguanodon Necropolis . ref name Geological Magazine cite journal url http journals.cambridge.org action displayAbstract?aid 4994768 title On Dinocochlea ingens , n. gen. et sp., a gigantic Gastropod from the Wealden Beds near Hastings author Woodward, B. B. journal Geological Magazine year 1922 volume 59 pages 242 247 doi 10.1017 S0016756800109665 ref This name also gave rise to a second theory on the origin of the object that it is a coprolite fossilized animal dung . The gastropod theory is now considered incorrect on the basis that there were no shell traces, nor many of the features usually found in gastropod shells such as ridges, and coils tapering to a point. Furthermore, the size of Dinocochlea is much larger than any other gastropod living or extinct. The coprolite theory is also considered incorrect on the basis that partially digested organic material which would normally remain in the dung was not present. Also, whilst dung can be formed in a spiral notably shark s due to their digestive system s spiral valve , t ... more details
Taxobox name Lambdopsalis fossil range Paleocene regnum Animal ia phylum Chordata classis Mammal ia ordo Multituberculata subordo Cimolodonta superfamilia Taeniolabidoidea genus Lambdopsalis species L. bulla binomial Lambdopsalis bulla binomial authority Chow & Qi, 1978 Lambdopsalis is a genus of mammal from the Paleocene of China . This animal was a relatively large member of the extinct order Multituberculata . It is placed within the suborder Cimolodonta and is a member of the superfamily Taeniolabidoidea . The genus Lambdopsalis Chow M & Qi T, 1978 is known by the species Lambdopsalis bulla . Fossil remains have been found in Stratum strata dating to the Upper Paleocene in Nao mugen and Bayn Ulan of China. This genus of burrowing multituberculate mammals used to provide the earliest direct evidence of mammal fur. This is out of date since May 2002. The new record holder, Eomaia , comes from the Lower Cretaceous . Hair is highly unlikely to fossilize. There are indications that it first appeared on non mammalian therapsids Therapsida , back in the Triassic or even earlier. This is inferred from small hollows on the bone of the snout, which may and probably did provide space for concentrations of nerve s and blood vessel s. It s a feature also known from cats. This adaptation allows cats to use their whiskers specialized hairs as effective sensory organs. However, some exceptional fossils from China do actually include mammal fur, some of which is from Lambdopsalis . These are coprolite s that contain the undigested leftovers excreted by carnivores. References Chow & Qi 1978 , Paleocene mammalian fossils from Nomogen Formation of Inner Mongolia. Vertebrata PalAsiatica 16 2 , p.77 85. Kielan Jaworowska Z. & Hurum J.H. 2001 , Phylogeny and Systematics of multituberculate mammals. Paleontology 44 , p.389 429. Much of this information is derived from http home.arcor.de ktdykes taenio.htm MESOZOIC MAMMALS Eucosmodontidae, Microcosmodontidae and Taeniolabidoidea, an Int ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image RudistCretaceousUAE.jpg thumb Rudist bivalves from the Cretaceous of the Omani Mountains, United Arab Emirates. Scale bar is 10 mm. Macrofossils occasionally spelled macro fossil are preserved life organic remains large enough to be visible without a microscope . Most fossils discussed in the article Fossil are macrofossils. Macrofossil contrasted with Microfossil The term macrofossil stands in opposition to the term microfossil micro fossil a.k.a. micro fossil . Microfossils, by contrast, require substantial magnification for evaluation by fossil hunters or professional paleontology paleontologist s. As a result, most fossils observed in the field research field and most museum quality specimens are macrofossils. Plant macrofossils Image Petrified Araucaria cone from patagonia Edit3.jpg thumb right Jurassic Petrified cone of Araucaria sp. from Patagonia , Argentina . Plantae Plant macrofossils include leaf , Pinophyta needle , Conifer cone cone , and plant stem stem debris and can be used to identify types of plants formerly growing in the area. Such Botany botanical macrofossil data provide a valuable complement to pollen and fauna l data that can be used to reconstruct the prehistoric life prehistoric Earth terrestrial environment. Algae Algal macrofossils for instance, brown kelp , sea lettuce and large stromatolite s are increasingly used to analyze prehistoric Marine ocean marine and aquatic ecosystem s. Animal macrofossils Image Priscacara liops.jpg left thumb Eocene fossil fish Priscacara liops from the Green River Formation of Utah. Animalia Animal macrofossils include the teeth , skull s, and bone s of Vertebrata vertebrate s, as well as such invertebrate remains as Animal shell shell s, test biology test s, armour zoology faunal armor , and exoskeleton s. Fossilized dung that is, coprolite s are also macrofossils. Category Fossils Paleo stub hu Makrofossz lia mk ... more details
pages 70 issue May 2001 ref Analysis of coprolite The initial reports speculating that the seven ... biologist examined the coprolite human feces found on site and discovered it tested positive ... American Studies. Vol 13 Issue 1 p.9 13 ref However, others speculate that the coprolite found at Cowboy ... mistook a coyote coprolite for human. ref Bower, B. 9 Sept. 2000 . Ancient Site Holds Cannibalism Clues ... more details
original research date April 2009 primarysources date April 2009 Infobox Disease Name PAGENAME Image Appy5.jpg Caption A fecalith marked by the arrow which has resulted in acute appendicitis. DiseasesDB ICD10 ICD10 K 38 1 k 35 ICD9 ICD9 560.39 ICDO OMIM MedlinePlus eMedicineSubj eMedicineTopic MeshID A fecaloma , also called fecalith , fecolith and coprolith , i.e., a stone made of feces , is a hardening of feces into lumps of varying size inside the Colon anatomy colon , which may appear whenever chronic obstruction of transit occurs, such as in megacolon and chronic constipation . Some diseases, such as Chagas disease , Hirschsprung s disease and others damage the autonomic nervous system in the colon s mucosa Auerbach s plexus and may cause extremely large or giant fecalomas, which must be surgically removed disimpaction . Rarely, a fecalith will form around a hairball, bezoar or other hygroscopic or desiccant nucleus. Distal or sigmoid, fecalomas can often be disimpacted digitally or by a catheter which carries a flow of disimpaction fluid water or other solvent or lubricant . Fecal impaction and attempts at removal can have severe and even lethal effects, such as the rupture of the colon wall by catheter or an acute angle of the fecaloma stercoral perforation , followed by septicemia . A small fecalith is one cause of both appendicitis and acute diverticulitis . See also Fecal impaction Coprolith is also used to mean Coprolite geologically fossilized feces . References reflist cite journal author Garisto J, Campillo L, Edwards E, Harbour M, Ermocilla R title Giant fecaloma in a 12 year old boy a case report journal Cases volume 2 127 issue 1 pages 127 year 2009 pmid 19196473 pmc 2642792 doi 10.1186 1757 1626 2 127 url http casesjournal.com casesjournal article view 7674 3106 format dead link date April 2010 Digestive system diseases Category Diseases of appendix Category Feces de Kotstein es Fecaloma fr F calome it Fecaloma pt Fecaloma doen a sv Fekalom ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2006 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Karma.Bloody.Karma Type studio Artist Cattle Decapitation Cover Karmabloodykarma.jpg Released 2006 Genre Goregrind Length 40 44 Producer Billy Anderson Label Metal Blade Records Reviews Last album Cattle Decapitation Caninus split br 2005 This album Karma.Bloody.Karma br 2006 Next album The Harvest Floor br 2009 Karma.Bloody.Karma is the fifth full length studio album by goregrind band Cattle Decapitation . It was released in 2006 . It is notable for including Cattle Decapitation s longest songs in terms of their length. The track Total Gore? features guest vocals from Joey Karam of The Locust . Track listing tracklist title1 Intro length1 0 19 title2 Unintelligent Design length2 3 38 title3 Success Is... Hanging By The Neck length3 3 34 title4 One Thousand Times Decapitation length4 1 03 title5 The Carcass Derrick length5 3 44 title6 Total Gore? length6 3 11 title7 Bereavement length7 1 44 title8 Suspended In Coprolite length8 4 20 title9 Alone At The Landfill length9 7 37 title10 Karma.Bloody.Karma. length10 3 05 title11 The New Dawn length11 5 13 title12 Of Human Pride and Flatulence length12 3 14 title13 World Full Of Idiots length13 2 22 note13 Japanese Bonus Track Personnel Michael Laughlin Drums Josh Elmore Guitar Travis Ryan Vocals Troy Oftedal Bass guitar, Piano on Alone At the Landfill John Wiese Electronics Joey Karam Guest Vocals on Total Gore? , Keyboards on Total Gore? and Of Human Pride and Flatulence Category 2006 albums Category Cattle Decapitation albums Category Albums with cover art by Wes Benscoter ro Karma.Bloody.Karma. ... more details
Image Urolito Fernandes.jpg thumb Urolite found in the Botucatu Formation in Araraquara , S o Paulo Brazil. Urolite is a term compound of two Greek words, uro meaning urine and lithos meaning stone and was first used to differentiate the fossil of a nonliquid urinary secretions, produced by some groups of Reptile reptiles , in relation to coprolite s. The first evidence of occurrence of liquid waste elimination attributed to a dinosaur was presented to the public in 2002, but no scientific paper had been reported a fossil evidence of liquid waste of Tetrapod tetrapods elimination to assume that dinosaur s urinated. In 2004, a paper of the paleontologist Marcelo Adorna Fernandes brought a studied of trace fossil s that had been preserved in three aeolian flagstone s. ref name Fernandes2004 cite journal author Fernandes, M. A. et al. year 2004 title Occurrence Of Urolites Related To Dinosaurs In The Lower Cretaceous Of The Botucatu Formation, Paran Basin, S o Paulo State, Brazil journal Revista Brasileira de Paleontologia pages 263 268 url http www.sbpbrasil.org revista edicoes 7 2 fernandes.pdf ref These trace fossils show a pattern that could be formed by an abundant falling stream of fluid and that is different from the structures described before in other occurrences in the paleontological records. The aspect of these urolites is very similar to the deformation caused in the soil by elimination of liquid wastes of modern ostrich es, and certain groups of dinosaurs could have a similar urinary physiology. These urolites are the first evidences of the liquid waste attributed to dinosaurs. References reflist 2 Category Paleontology pt Ur lito ... more details
File Lyme Regis Museum 01.JPG thumb Lyme Regis Museum File Coade stone Ammonites.JPG thumb right Coade stone fossil ammonite s in the pavement outside the museum. The Lyme Regis Museum also previously known as The Philpot Museum ref http www.culture24.org.uk history 2526 heritage work 2526 daily life w20000630 252d02 The Philpot Museum, Lyme Regis , Culture24 , UK. ref is a local museum in the town of Lyme Regis on the Jurassic Coast in Dorset , England . The museum building was commissioned in 1901 by Thomas Philpot, a relative of the fossil collector Elizabeth Philpot , hence the name. ref http www.lymeregismuseum.co.uk about us about the museum About the Museum , Lyme Regis Museum. ref The architect of the building was George Vialls, who also designed the nearby Guildhall now the Town Hall . ref http www.lymeregis.com philpot museum The Lyme Regis Museum , http www.lymeregis.com Lyme Regis , Dorset, UK. ref It is built on the site of the birthplace and home of the fossil hunter Mary Anning . The family also ran a shop here. The collections and subject areas exhibited include fossils from the surrounding area dating from the Jurassic period, geology, local maritime history, memorabilia, and writers associated with the town such as Jane Austen and John Fowles . The curator at the museum is Mary Godwin. ref Chris Broughton, http www.culture24.org.uk science 2526 nature art64980 Curator s Choice Mary Godwin of the Philpott Museum chooses a dinosaur dung coprolite table , Culture24, UK, 1 March 2009. ref An ornate example of Coade stone work, in the form of ammonite s is set into the pavement outside the museum, reflecting both local history specifically Eleanor Coade , the inventor of Coade stone and the palaeontology for which Lyme Regis is well known. See also Dinosaurland Fossil Museum References reflist External links http www.lymeregismuseum.co.uk Lyme Regis Museum website UK museum stub coord 50.72481 N 2.93247 W type landmark region GB display title Category 1 ... more details
About the bodily orifice for details specific to the human anus Human anus pp semi small yes Infobox Anatomy Name Anus Latin GraySubject GrayPage Image Protovsdeuterostomes.svg Caption Formation of anus in proto and deuterosomes Image2 Caption2 Precursor System Artery Vein Nerve Lymph MeshName MeshNumber DorlandsPre DorlandsSuf The anus is an opening at the opposite end of an animal s digestive tract from the mouth . Its function is to control the expulsion of feces , unwanted semi solid matter produced during digestion, which, depending on the type of animal, may be one or more of matter which the animal cannot digest, such as coprolite bones ref name ChinEtal1998KingSizeCoprolite cite journal date 1998 06 18 title A king sized theropod coprolite journal Nature volume 393 pages 680 author Chin, K., Erickson, G.M. et al url http www.nature.com nature journal v393 n6686 abs 393680a0.html doi 10.1038 31461 Summary at cite journal author Monastersky, R. title Getting the scoop from the poop of T. rex journal Science News volume 153 issue 25 date 1998 06 20 pages 391 url http www.sciencenews.org pages sn arc98 6 20 98 fob2.htm doi 10.2307 4010364 publisher Society for Science & 38 jstor 4010364 ref food material after all the nutrients have been extracted, for example cellulose or lignin ingested matter which would be toxic if it remained in the digestive tract and dead or excess gut bacteria and other endosymbiont s. Amphibian s, reptile s, and bird s use the same orifice for excreting liquid and solid wastes, and for copulation and Egg biology egg laying this orifice is known as the cloaca . Monotreme mammals also have a cloaca, which is thought to be a feature inherited from the earliest amniote s via the therapsid s. Marsupial s have two nether orifices one for excreting both solids and liquids the other for reproduction, which appears as a vagina in females and a penis in males. Female placental mammals have completely separate orifices for defecation , urination , ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A nonmineral mineralogy is a substance found in a natural environment that does not satisfy the definition of a mineral and is not even a mineraloid . Many non minerals are mined and have industrial or other uses similar to minerals, such as jewelry . Mineral definition To be classified as a true mineral, a substance must be a solid , arising from geological processes, and having a crystal structure. Traditionally, it must also be an inorganic, naturally occurring, homogeneous substance with a defined chemical composition, but now organically derived substances that have been transformed into a crystalline structure are minerals. Common Nonminerals Allingite , another name for amber. Amber , organic, non crystal structure. Anthracite , a variety of coal, hard coal. Beckerite , another name for amber. Bitumen , a natural mixture of organic molecules forming a viscous liquid. Burmite , another name for amber. Coal , organic, non homogeneous, and non crystal structure. Coprolite , fossilized feces, a fossil of organic origin. Coquina , non homogeneous, non crystal limestone formed from marine shells and coral. Ebonite , a synthetic material composed of rubber with high sulfur content same as Vulcanite . Gedanite , another name for amber. Gilsonite , natural asphalt . Glass , non crystalline substance of varying chemical composition. Glessite , another name for amber. Jet lignite Jet , not considered a true mineral due to organic, non crystal nature, a mineraloid. Kerogen , a natural organic precursor to petroleum and natural gas. Krantzite , another name for amber. Lignite , a variety of coal, brown coal. Limonite , amorphous hydrated iron oxide, a mineraloid. Mercury element Mercury , while a liquid at normal temperatures, but often classed as a mineral http www.mindat.org min 2647.html http www.webmineral.com data Mercury.shtml . Obsidian , usually not considered a mineral due to non crystal structure. Opal , non crystal structure, a m ... more details
superphosphate in 1842 from the phosphates in rock and coprolite s Citation needed date April ... sciences of chemistry and Paleontology , combined with the discovery of CoproliteCoprolite mining ... more details
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