convergentevolution infobox Convergentevolution describes the acquisition of the same biological trait in unrelated lineages. The wing is a classic example of convergentevolution in action. Although ... arising through convergentevolution are termed analogy biology analogous structures, in contrast ... ancestry that is the result of convergentevolution is called homoplasy . The opposite of convergentevolution is divergent evolution , whereby related species evolve different traits. On a molecular ... . Convergentevolution is similar to, but distinguishable from, the phenomena of evolutionary relay and parallel evolution . Evolutionary relay describes how independent species acquire similar ... book accessdate 2009 03 07 url http cas.bellarmine.edu tietjen Evolutionconvergentevolution examples.htm title The Spider Lab The Internet s True Web Page chapter ConvergentEvolution Examples Ecological ... of convergentevolution One of the most famous examples of convergentevolution is the camera ... vision that have an optimal solution. Parallel vs. convergentevolution Image Evolutionary trends.svg ... day form. The right hand species may undergo divergent evolution divergent , parallel, or convergent ... of convergent and parallel evolution at the amino acid sequence level . Mol. Biol. Evol. 14 , 527 ... between parallel and convergentevolution becomes more subjective. For instance, the striking ... as a case of convergentevolution, because mammals on each continent had a long evolutionary ... time in the same ecospace might be described as convergentevolution at some point in time. The definition .... Similar to convergentevolution, evolutionary relay describes how independent species acquire similar ... convergentevolution examples.htm ConvergentEvolution Examples Ecological Equivalents , Department ... Converg ncia evolutiva ru stq Konvergenz Biologie simple Convergentevolution ... can also be explained by shared ancestry, as evolution can only work with what is already ... more details
Convergentevolution the evolution of similar traits in unrelated lineages is rife in nature, as illustrated by the examples below. The ultimate cause of convergence is usually a similar evolutionary biome , as similar environments will select for similar traits in any species occupying the same ecological ... lizards are one of the best examples of both adaptive radiation and convergentevolution. Tuatara s resemble ... Great Auk and the Pacific Mancallinae mancallines . Vulture s are a result of convergentevolution ... vulture Image Turkey vulture profile.jpg Turkey Vulture , a New World vulture image Convergentevolution ... for the convergent plumage it is best explained by sheer chance. Resemblances between swifts and swallow s is due to convergentevolution. Downy Woodpecker and Hairy Woodpecker look almost the same, as do ... , neotropical eels, and the African spiny eel . Stickleback fish, there is widespread convergentevolution ... taxon in the fossil record developed a similar morphology through convergentevolution. Venomous ... of Sunflower and Pericallis are due to convergentevolution. gallery Image E obesa symmetrica ies.jpg ... hydrogenase s exemplifies convergentevolution. References Reflist added above categories infobox ... evolution however, neither echidnas, nor hedgehogs, nor tenrecs are close relatives of the Rodentia ... jerboa have developed convergent adaptations for hot desert environments these include a small ... snouts on the duck billed dinosaurs hadrosaurs strikingly convergent with duck s and duck billed ... are excellent examples. The Antifreeze proteins Evolution Antifreeze protein of fish in the arctic and Antarctic ... pathways The existence of distinct families of carbonic anhydrase is believed to illustrate convergentevolution. The use of Z 7 dodecen 1 yl acetate as a sex pheromone by the Asian elephant Elephas ... in eukaryote s. The repeated independent evolution of nylonase in two different strains of Flavobacterium ... author Tudzynski B. year 2005 title Gibberellin biosynthesis in fungi genes, enzymes, evolution, and impact ... more details
multiple issues context October 2010 unreferenced October 2010 Convergent validity , is the degree to which an operation is similar to converges on other operations that it theoretically should also be similar to. For instance, to show the convergent validity of a test of mathematics skills, the scores on the test can be correlated with scores on other tests that are also designed to measure basic mathematics ability. High correlations between the test scores would be evidence of a convergent validity. Convergent validity shows that the assessment is related to what it should theoretically be related to. It is ideal that scales rate high in discriminant validity as well, which unlike convergent validity is designed to measure the extent to which a given scale differs from other scales designed to measure a different conceptual variable. Discriminant validity and convergent validity are the two good ways to measure construct validity. The validity of a measure ought to be gauged by comparing it to measures of the same concept developed through other methods. See also Construct Validity Discriminant Validity Validity statistics Category Validity statistics psychology stub sociology stub statistics stub de Konvergenzvalidit t ... more details
Convergent thinking is a term coined by Joy Paul Guilford as the opposite of divergent thinking . It generally means the ability to give the correct answer to standard questions that do not require significant creativity, for instance in most tasks in school and on standardized multiple choice test s for intelligence . See also emotional intelligence References cite book title Emotional Intelligence Key Readings on the Mayer and Salovey Model authors Peter Salovey, Marc A. Brackett, John D. Mayer publisher NPR Inc. year 2004 isbn 1887943722 page 171 http www.enotes.com gale psychology encyclopedia convergent thinking Convergent Thinking at the Encyclopedia of Psychology Category Problem solving Category Thought ar ... more details
Convergent extension , or Convergence and Extension, is the process by which the tissue of an embryo ... ref name pmid12062082 cite journal author Wallingford JB, Fraser SE, Harland RM title Convergent ... mesoderm and neural ectoderm of frogs Xenopus and fish. Many characteristics of convergent extension ... The forces that shape embryos physical aspects of convergent extension by cell intercalation. journal ... from ref name pmid12062082 cite journal author Wallingford JB, Fraser SE, Harland RM title Convergent ... Convergent extension has been primarily studied in frogs and fish due to their large embryo size ... ref name pmid12062082 cite journal author Wallingford JB, Fraser SE, Harland RM title Convergent ... . Within frogs and fish, however, there exist fundamental differences in how convergent extension is achieved ... cite journal author Wallingford JB, Fraser SE, Harland RM title Convergent extension the molecular ... serves as an excellent example of the role of convergent extension in embryogenesis. During gastrulation in frogs, the driving force of convergent extension is the morphogenic activity of the presumptive ... D, Skoglund P title The forces that shape embryos physical aspects of convergent extension by cell ... and R. Keller et al. eloquently exemplify the importance of convergent extension in Xenopus ... aspects of convergent extension by cell intercalation. journal Phys Biol. volume 5 issue 1 pages 1 22 year 2008 pmid 18403829 doi 10.1088 1478 3975 5 1 015007 ref . Should convergent extension be interrupted ... RM title Convergent extension the molecular control of polarized cell movement during embryonic ... S1534 5807 02 00197 1 ref . The cellular signals required for convergent extension are not fully understood ... physical aspects of convergent extension by cell intercalation. journal Phys Biol. volume 5 issue ... cite journal author Wallingford JB, Fraser SE, Harland RM title Convergent extension the molecular ... light on the cellular mechanisms of convergent extension and recently the planar cell polarity ... more details
In chemistry a convergent synthesis is a strategy that aims to improve the efficiency of multi step chemical synthesis , most often in organic synthesis . In linear synthesis the overall chemical yield yield quickly drops with each reaction step A B C D Suppose the yield is 50 for each reaction, the overall yield of D is only 12.5 from A. In a convergent synthesis A B 50 C D 50 B D E 25 the overall yield of E 25 looks much better. Convergent synthesis is applied in the synthesis of complex molecules see total synthesis and involve fragment coupling and independent synthesis . Examples Convergent synthesis is encountered in dendrimer synthesis ref Convergent Synthesis of Internally Branched PAMAM Dendrimers Michael Pittelkow, Jrn B. Christensen Org. Lett., 7 7 , 1295 1298, 2005 ref where branches with the number of generations preset are connected to the central core Proteins of up to 300 amino acid s are produced by a convergent approach using chemical ligation . An example of its use in total synthesis is the final step photochemical 2 2 cycloaddition towards the compound Biyouyanagin A ref Total Synthesis and Revised Structure of Biyouyanagin A K. C. Nicolaou , David Sarlah, and David M. Shaw Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2007 , 46, 4708 4711 DOI 10.1002 anie.200701552 ref Image BiyouyanaginATotalSynthesis.png 400px Final step in total synthesis of Biyouyanagin A with acetonaphthone photosensitizer See also divergent synthesis References reflist Category Chemical synthesis es S ntesis convergente zh ... more details
Convergent charging and billing also known as convergent charging, converged charging and convergent billing , is a solution in the telecommunication s industry that enables common management of all users and all services for operators. ref name comptel.com OSS BSS analyst, May 2006, http www.comptel.com content PDF OBA052906.pdf?from 4487384376887653 ref ref name eurocomms.com European Communications September 2006, http www.eurocomms.com features 111343 Convergent online charging The value of a unified ... opinions4.pdf ref Characteristics Characteristics attributed to a convergent charging & billing system ... 2006, http www.eurocomms.com features 111343 Convergent online charging The value of a unified view.html ... Plus 2008 Rationale The need for convergent charging & billing has been partly explained by consolidation ... have been suggested to explain why mobile telecoms providers use convergent charging & billing ... Ltd. Ovum has said that convergent charging can greatly reduce revenue leakage. ref name ovum.com Swedish telecoms supplier Ericsson has stated that convergent charging & billing can increase marketing ... 2006 ref Architecture for a service oriented and convergent charging in 3G mobile networks and beyond ... Solutions Inc. Redknee has said that convergent billing allows operators to launch targeted promotions ... this by saying Convergent Charging makes it easier for communication service providers to optimize ... any payment method with any set of business rules. ref http www.openet.com offerings software convergent charging ref Convergent charging & billing has been credited with reduction of Operating expense ... to the introduction of convergent charging & billing include migration from existing billing systems ... Charging Crestel Convergent Rating & Charging http www.crestel.in convergentrating.html http www.aradial.com convergent billing software.html Aradial Converged Charging Aradial Dynasoft s convergent telecoms ... Convergent Charging Category Telecommunication services Category Mobile telecommunications Category ... more details
Orphan date October 2008 Convergent flow is the movement of ground water to a common area. If flow is large enough a Spring hydrosphere spring occurs and becomes the start of a Stream creek or river . Convergence occurs when the surrounding topography roughly forms a V shape forcing the ground water to a singular point. ref pers comm, hydrology lecturer ref References references Category Water streams sci stub ... more details
In plate tectonics , a convergent boundary , also known as a destructive plate boundary because of subduction , is an actively deforming region where two or more tectonic plates or fragments of lithosphere move toward one another and collide. As a result of pressure, friction, and plate material melting in the Mantle geology mantle , earthquakes and volcano es are common near convergent boundaries. When two plates move towards one another, they form either a subduction zone or a continental collision . This depends on the nature of the plates involved. In a subduction zone, the subducting plate, which is normally a plate with oceanic crust, moves beneath the other plate, which can be made of either oceanic or continental crust. During collisions between two continental plates, large mountain ranges, such as the Himalayas are formed. align center File Active Margin.svg thumb Oceanic continental Image Continental continental convergence Fig21contcont.gif thumb Continental continental Image Oceanic oceanic convergence Fig21oceanocean.gif thumb Oceanic oceanic Description The nature of a convergent boundary depends on the type of lithosphere in the plates that are colliding. Where a dense ... America, but also far northeastern Siberia , plus a substantial portion of the Atlantic Ocean. Convergent margins A subduction zone is formed at a convergent plate boundary when one or both of the tectonic ... fairly close to, but not right next to, the trench. Some convergent margins have zones of active ... is subducted, often forming an orogeny orogenic belt and associated mountain range. This type of convergent ... . When the subducting plate approaches the trench obliquely, the convergent plate ... the over riding plate. The best example of this is the Sumatra convergent margin, where orthogonal ... New Zealand seismicity physical oceanography expanded other Category Plate tectonics ca L mit convergent ... Limit konv jan nl Convergente plaatgrens ja pt Limite convergente simple Convergent boundary sk ... more details
confusing date April 2010 Post convergent means, literally, after convergence . It is the period in the development of any given medium when, having converged all prior media within itself, it ceases to be used to solely recreate these prior media and starts to be used for creating work that is only possible in the new medium. Marshall McLuhan famously said that any new medium contains all prior media within it. ref name McLuhan cite paper author Marshall McLuhan title Understanding Media The Extensions of Man publisher Routledge, New York year 2001 ref He later gives an example of instant replay in television broadcasts of American football. Until the advent of the instant replay, televised football had served simply as a substitute for physically attending the football the advent of the instant replay which is possible only with the television marks a post convergent moment in the medium of television. CBS director Tony Verna invented a system to enable a standard videotape machine to instantly replay on 7 December 1963, for the network s coverage of the Army Navy Game. After technical hitches, the only replay broadcast was Rollie Stichweh s winning touchdown. It was replayed at the original speed, with commentator Lindsey Nelson advising viewers Ladies and gentlemen, Army did not score again. Real time media Realtime 3D Multi User Virtual Environments RT3D MUVE s are an example of an early 21st Century post convergent medium. This is based on the premise that they exist after the McLuhanistic convergence of existing media into a new media, and therefore are a complex matrix of interdependent relationships between the range of media elements for example, sound, vision, network, time, interactivity, social interaction, but this list can include all prior technologies where ... publisher MIT Press, Cambridge year 2005 ref In the technical sense, RT3D MUVEs are post convergent ... convergent because they exist subsequent to the convergence of media that occurred from the late twentieth ... more details
About evolution in biology pp semi protected small yes seeintro Template Evolutionary biology Evolution also known as biological or organic evolution is the change over time in one or more heritability ... Futuyma first Douglas J. authorlink Douglas J. Futuyma year 2005 title Evolution publisher Sinauer Associates ... of these traits can be influenced by gene environment interactions . Evolution may occur when there is Genetic ... harv ref ref cite book last Margulis first Lynn year 1998 title The symbiotic planet a new look at evolution ... J. year 1994 title Evolution by association a history of symbiosis publisher Oxford University Press, UK isbn 0 19 508821 2 ref Evolution has led to the diversification of all living organisms, which ... ref Two processes are generally distinguished as common causes of evolution. One is natural selection .... The scientific study of evolution began in the mid nineteenth century, when research into the fossil ... name bowler cite book last Bowler first Peter J. authorlink Peter J. Bowler title Evolution The History ... of evolution were combined with genetics , palaeontology , and systematics , which culminated into a union ... Object.File Master 6 150 Evolution 20statement.pdf archiveurl http web.archive.org web 20070422234034 http www.interacademies.net Object.File Master 6 150 Evolution statement.pdf archivedate 2007 04 22 title IAP Statement on the Teaching of Evolution year 2006 publisher The Interacademy Panel ... on the Teaching of Evolution date 2006 02 16 author Board of Directors, American Association for the Advancement ... National Center for Science Education ref Evolution is currently applied and studied in various ... book author Wright, S year 1984 title Evolution and the Genetics of Populations, Volume 1 Genetic ... evolution was first used in relation to development of species in 1762, when Charles Bonnet used it for his ... Guide to Evolution Rough Guide Science Phenomena publisher Rough Guides location London year 2009 ... 2001 What evolution is . Weidenfeld & Nicolson, London. p165 ref ref Louis Menand 2001 The Metaphysical ... more details
Convergent Technologies was an American computer company formed by a small group of people who left Intel Corporation and Xerox PARC in 1979. Convergent Technologies first product was the IWS Integrated Workstation tower based on the Intel 8086 , which ran Convergent Technologies Operating System their first operating system. The next product was a cost reduced desktop version called the AWS Advanced Workstation . Both of these workstations ran in an RS 422 clustered environment under a proprietary operating system known as CTOS . In 1982, Convergent formed a new division to focus on a multi processor computer known as the MegaFrame . The MegaFrame ran a UNIX System III UNIX System 3 derived operating system called CTIX on multiple Motorola 68010 processors. Three other I O processor boards could also be place in the system, the File Processor , the Cluster Processor , and the Terminal Processor . All I O processor boards were based on the Intel 80186 and ran a scaled down version of CTOS . Convergent later used the Motorola 68010 in their MiniFrame, and later Motorola 68020 and Motorola 68040 68040 processors in their VME based MightyFrame systems, all also running CTIX . Supplanting the IWS was the AWS Advanced Workstation which itself was replaced by the NGEN New or Next Generation workstation and used by Prime Computer as a word processing workstation The Prime Producer 100 ... through at least the Intel 80386 era. Convergent also developed the first Motorola 68010 OEM UNIX ... to the Intel AT&T UNIX base SVR3.2 . Convergent Technologies systems were also resold by Motorola ... for both voice and data recording, was also marketed by Convergent Technologies. Convergent reached .... Unisys bought Convergent Technologies in 1988, after which Convergent Technologies became Unisys Network Systems Division. External links http bitsavers.org pdf convergentConvergent archive at bitsavers.org FOLDOC Category Defunct computer companies of the United States de Convergent Technologies ... more details
Unreferenced date August 2009 Convergent and divergent production are the two types of human response to a set problem that were identified by J.P. Guilford 1967 . Guilford observed that most individuals display a preference for either convergent or divergent thinking. Others observe that most people prefer a convergent closure. Citation needed date August 2009 As opposed to TRIZ or lateral thinking divergent thinking is not about tools for creativity or thinking, but a way of categorizing what can be observed. Divergent thinking According to J.P. Guilford , divergent or synthetic thinking is the ability to draw on ideas from across disciplines and fields of inquiry to reach a deeper understanding of the world and one s place in it. There is a movement in education that maintains divergent thinking might create more resourceful students. Rather than presenting a series of problems for rote memorization or resolution, divergent thinking presents open ended problems and encourages students to develop their own solutions to problems. Divergent production is the creativity creative generation of multiple answers to a set problem. For example, find uses for 1 meter lengths of black cotton . Convergent thinking Convergent thinking is oriented towards deriving the single best or correct answer to a clearly defined question. It emphasizes speed, accuracy, logic, and the like, and focuses on accumulating information, recognizing the familiar, reapplying set techniques, and preserving the already known. It is based on familiarity with what is already known i.e., knowledge , and is most ... also lead to oversimplifications and dialectic thinking. The systematic use of convergent thinking ... thinking . Categorizing thinkers as divergent or convergent may seem appropriate for the purpose ... portal Thinking Convergent thinking Divergent thinking Dialectics Systems thinking Lateral Thinking TRIZ DEFAULTSORT Convergent And Divergent Production Category Thought Category Cognition Category ... more details
Le Niculescu, H. et al. Identifying blood biomarkers for mood disorders using convergent functional ... biomarkers for psychosis using convergent functional genomics. Mol Psychiatry 2009 . ref for complex ... al. Convergent functional genomics a Bayesian candidate gene identification approach for complex disorders. Methods 37, 274 9 2005 . ref ref name Ten Niculescu, A.B. & Le Niculescu, H. Convergent Functional ... Laboratory of Neurophenomics DEFAULTSORT Convergent Functional Genomics Cfg Category Genomics Category ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A convergent is one of a sequence of values obtained by evaluating successive truncations of a continued fraction . The n th convergent is also known as the n th approximant of a continued fraction. Representation of real numbers Every real number can be expressed as a continued fraction regular continued fraction in canonical form . Each convergent of that continued fraction is in a sense the best possible rational approximation to that real number, for a given number of digits. Such a convergent is usually about as accurate as a finite decimal expansion having as many digits as the total number of digits in the n th numerator and n th denominator. For example, the third convergent 333 106 for Pi is roughly 3.1415094, which is not quite as accurate as the 6 digit 3.14159 the fourth convergent 355 113 3.14159292 is more accurate than the 6 digit decimal. By fundamental recurrence formulas The determinant formula the determinant formula it appears that the successive convergents A sub k sub B sub k sub of a regular continued fraction are connected by the formula math A k 1 B k A kB k 1 1 k , math This implies, in particular, that the greatest common divisor A sub k sub , B sub k sub 1 in other words, each convergent of a regular continued fraction, as given by the fundamental recurrence formulas , is automatically expressed in lowest terms. More detailed properties of best rational approximations and convergents of are discussed in the continued fraction article. Convergents and convergence In mathematical analysis a continued fraction is usually written as math x b 0 cfrac a 1 b 1 cfrac a 2 b 2 cfrac a 3 b 3 cfrac a 4 b 4 ddots , math where the a sub i sub and the b sub i sub are integer s. The a sub i sub are the partial numerators of the continued fraction x . The b sub i sub are the partial denominators, and the ratios ... series. See also Complete quotient Continuant mathematics Continuant DEFAULTSORT Convergent Continued ... more details
new users. Usage Convergent Technologies Unisys Convergent Technologies first product was the IWS ... to become Unisys . Unisys was the single largest customer with whom Convergent Technologies ... Exhuming CTOS The Convergent Technologies Project, Nadia Ilyin http bitsavers.org pdf convergentConvergent ... systems de CTOS fr Convergent Technologies Operating System ... more details
A bounded sequence bounded real number real sequence math x n math is said to be almost convergent to math L math if each Banach limit assigns the same value math L math to the sequence math x n math . Lorentz proved that math x n math is almost convergent if and only if math lim limits p to infty frac x n ldots x n p 1 p L math uniformly in math n math . The above limit can be rewritten in detail as math forall varepsilon 0 exists p 0 forall p p 0 forall n left frac x n ldots x n p 1 p L right varepsilon. math Almost convergence is studied in summability theory . It is an example of a summability method which cannot be represented as a matrix method. References G. Bennett and N.J. Kalton Consistency theorems for almost convergence. Trans. Amer. Math. Soc., 198 23 43, 1974. J. Boos Classical and modern methods in summability. Oxford University Press, New York, 2000. J. Connor and K. G. Grosse Erdmann Sequential definitions of continuity for real functions. Rocky Mt. J. Math., 33 1 93 121, 2003. G.G. Lorentz A contribution to the theory of divergent sequences. Acta Math., 80 167 190, 1948. planetmath id 7356 title Almost convergent Category Mathematical analysis Category Sequences and series eo Preska konver a vico ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Convergent Linux Platform or CLP for short is an initiative of a la Mobile a la Mobile, inc. to present to the market a Linux embedded mobile phone with raised security issues as well as the first Linux based smart phone operating system . ref name eweek Cite web url http www.eweek.com c a Linux and Open Source Startup Plans Complete Linux Smart Phone OS title Startup Plans Complete Linux Smart Phone OS accessdate 2008 05 22 date 2006 06 19 work eWeek ref ref name vend Cite web url http www.pcworld.com businesscenter article 135349 linux vendor strengthens smartphone security.html title Linux Vendor Strengthens Smartphone Security accessdate 2008 05 22 date 2007 08 01 author John Cox work PC World ref References reflist External links http www.a la mobile.com solutions convergent.html http www.linuxdevices.com news NS2549276490.html Startup plans complete Linux smartphone OS on Linuxdevices.com Linux Linux distro Category Embedded operating systems Category Embedded Linux distributions linux stub ... more details
unreferenced date July 2008 A non convergent discourse NCD is a discourse in which the participants do not accommodate on the language level, which results in the use of different languages. Alternative names for this phenomenon are asymmetric and bilingual discourse. The term was introduced by the sociologist Reitze Jonkman. He distinguishes two motivations for people to engage in an NCD Insufficient active knowledge of the other participants language, combined with a good passive knowledge. It usually takes longer for a person learning a foreign language to speak it fluently than to understand it when it is being spoken. This type of NCD is common in the Germanic languages Germanic languages of the Scandinavia n Nordic countries Nordic region of Europe, where the differences between Swedish language Swedish , Norwegian language Norwegian , and Danish language Danish are relatively small, and do not necessarily obstruct use of the participants native languages. The same occurs between speakers of Dutch language Dutch and Afrikaans language Afrikaans and to a lesser degree between speakers of Portuguese language Portuguese and Spanish language Spanish and their respective variants , where it is also possible to understand what the other person is saying as long as it is said slowly as such between residents of Spain and Portugal as well as between residents of Brazil and neighboring Spanish speaking countries . Also, it is possible among speakers of various South Slavic languages. For instance, a Serbian tourist in Macedonia or Bulgaria will often be able to communicate with locals without ever having studied Bulgarian or Macedonian. Another good example would be north India Users of Hindi , Urdu , Punjabi language Punjabi , Gujarati language Gujrati understand each other very well while speaking their mother tongue. In East India, Bengali language Bengali and Assamese language Assamese speakers can usually understand one another s speech. Also in South India, Tamil ... more details
serine S in its present day form. The right hand species may undergo divergent evolution divergent , parallel, or convergentevolution at this amino acid position relative to that of the first ... descendant, parallel and convergentevolutionconvergent evolutionary trends can be strictly ... in a particular respect, evolution is defined as parallel if the ancestors considered were also similar, and convergent if they were not. When the ancestral forms are unspecified or unknown, or the range of traits considered is not clearly specified, the distinction between parallel and convergentevolution becomes more subjective. For instance, the striking example of similar placental and marsupial forms is described by Richard Dawkins in The Blind Watchmaker as a case of convergentevolution ... might be described as convergentevolution at some point in time. The definition of a trait is crucial in deciding whether a change is seen as divergent, or as parallel or convergent. In the image ... similar quill structures this is also an example of convergentevolution as similar structures ... links http cas.bellarmine.edu tietjen Evolutionconvergentevolution examples.htm Photographic comparison of marsupial and placental mammals See also Convergentevolution Evolutionary relay Homology ...Parallel evolution is the development of a similar trait in related, but distinct, species descending from the same ancestor, but from different clade s. ref Parallel evolution http www.emc.maricopa.edu ..., S. 1997. http www.kumarlab.net pdf new ZhangKumar97.pdf Detection of convergent and parallel evolution at the amino acid sequence level . Mol. Biol. Evol. 14 , 527 36. ref Parallel vs. convergentevolution Image Evolutionary trends.svg frame Evolution at an amino acid position. In each case ... examples as parallel evolution starting from the common ancestor of all marsupials and placentals. Many evolved similarities can be described in concept as parallel evolution from a remote ancestor ... more details
, convergentevolution arises when there are some sort of ecological or physical drivers toward ..., whereas convergentevolution is used primarily to refer to similar structures in much more distantly ...Merge from Divergent species date March 2011 No footnotes date April 2009 Divergent evolution is the accumulation of differences between groups which can lead to the formation of new species, usually a result of diffusion of the same species to different and isolated environments which blocks the gene flow among the distinct populations allowing differentiated fixation of characteristics through genetic .... For example, the vertebrate limb is one example of divergent evolution. The limb in many different ..., divergent evolution can be applied to molecular biology characteristics. This could apply to a pathway ... from gene duplication within a population can be said to display divergent evolution. Because of the latter, it is possible for divergent evolution to occur between two genes within a species. In the case of divergent evolution, similarity is due to the common origin, such as divergence from a common ... than the simple definitions of these terms allow. Divergent evolution is most commonly meant when someone invokes evolutionary relationships and convergentevolution is applied when similarity is created by evolution independently creating similar structures and functions. The term parallel evolution ... limb to become a wing in bat s and bird s to be an example of parallel evolution. Vertebrate forelimbs have a common origin and thus, in general, show divergent evolution. However, the modification to the specific ..., for example might have some convergent or parallel aspects to it, as well. See Gehring reference below and other researchers cited in that research field . A good example of divergent evolution is Darwin ... . John Barnes Another example of divergent evolution are the organisms having the 5 digit pentadactyle ... Devolution Evolution Molecular evolution References cite doi 10.1111 j.1469 7580.2005.00471.x ... more details
also Evolutionary biology Coevolution Co adaptation Coextinction Parallel evolutionConvergentevolution References Reflist Evolution References Reflist Category Evolutionary biology es Evoluci n en ...Mosaic evolution or modular evolution is the concept that evolution ary change takes place in some body parts or systems without simultaneous changes in other parts. ref King R.C. Stansfield W.D. & Mulligan P.K. 2006. A dictionary of genetics . 7th ed, Oxford University Press. p286 ISBN 0195307615 ref ref name Carroll Carroll R.L. 1997. Patterns and processes of vertebrate evolution . Cambridge University Press. ISBN 052147809X ref Its place in evolutionary theory comes under long term trends or directional evolution . ref name Carroll By its very nature, the evidence for this idea comes mainly from palaeontology . It is not claimed that this pattern is universal, but there are now a wide range of examples from many different taxa. Some examples Hominid evolution the early evolution of bipedalism ... evolution at population level in Microtus pennsylvanicus . In Morphological changes in Quarternary ... Y. and Ji Q. 2010. Evidence for modular evolution in a long tailed pterosaur with a pterodactyloid skull. Proceedings of the Royal Society B , 277 1680 383 389. doi 10.1098 rspb.2009.1603 ref Evolution ... horses systematics, paleobiology, and evolution of the Family Equidae place Cambridge publisher Cambridge ... Maynard Smith, John 1993. The theory of evolution . Cambridge University Press. 3rd ed new Introduction. pp285&ndash 290 ISBN 0521451280 ref Mammalian evolution , especially during the Mesozoic is undoubtedly one of the best examples. ref name Kermack1984 Cite book last Kermack last2 Kermack title The evolution ... K.A. ref ref Kemp T.S. 2005. The origin and evolution of mammals . Oxford University Press, Oxford ... from the Age of Dinosaurs origins, evolution, and structure , Columbia University Press, New York. ISBN 0 231 11918 6 ref Background In neodarwinism neodarwinist Theory of Evolution , as postulated by Stephen ... more details
to have been lost , and sometimes even re evolved or Convergentevolution evolved separately , in different ... structure of spider silk , possibly the most important adaption developed during the evolution of these arachnids ... entomology spiders catalog FOSSIL ARANEAE.pdf See also Spider taxonomy Insect evolution References Reflist cite book title Spider silk evolution and 400 million years of spinning, waiting, snagging ... steurh engfavor espin.html Picture of spider fossil Spider nav Evolution Category Spiders Category Evolution by taxon Spiders ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Patterns of evolution were developed by Genrich Altshuller as a set of patterns common to systems as they are developed and as they acquire new features. They are used in systems development and apply to all System systems and are used for education, software, economics, business. Evolution of useful functions Elimination of harmful functions Evolution of applications Integration Structuralisation Increasing dynamicity and controllability Evolution of matching mismatching Evolution of resource application Evolution of contradictions Evolution of processes in system Evolution of fields Evolution toward the multilevel systemstheory stub Category Systems theory ... more details
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