The Convention on BiologicalDiversity CBD , known informally as the Biodiversity Convention , is an international legally binding treaty . The Convention has three main goals conservation of biologicaldiversity or biodiversity sustainable use of its components and fair and equitable sharing of benefits ... Year of Biodiversity . The Secretariat of the Convention on BiologicalDiversity is the focal point for the International Year of Biodiversity. At the 2010 10th Conference of Parties to the Convention on BiologicalDiversity in October in Nagoya , Japan , the Nagoya Protocol was adopted. ref http ... term decline of biologicaldiversity. The convention also offers decision makers guidance based ... Biodiversity Centre of Singapore represents Singapore in the Convention for BiologicalDiversity. National ... International BGCI External links http www.cbd.int The Convention on BiologicalDiversity ... of the Convention on BiologicalDiversity. Reviews trends in biodiversity loss and responses ... and the Convention on BiologicalDiversity Kootenay Co op Radio s Deconstructing Dinner http ... for the conservation and sustainable use of biologicaldiversity. It is often seen as the key document regarding sustainable development . The Convention was opened for signature at the Earth Summit in Rio ... in October 2010. About the convention The convention recognized for the first time in international law that the conservation of biologicaldiversity is a common concern of humankind and is an integral ... are required to conserve biodiversity biologicaldiversity . It argues, however, that conservation will bring us significant environmental, economic and social benefits in return. The Convention on Biological ... and sustainable use of biologicaldiversity. Regulated access to genetic resources and traditional ..., was adopted in January 2000. The Biosafety Protocol seeks to protect biologicaldiversity from the potential ... On BiologicalDiversity Category Biodiversity Category Commercialization of traditional medicines Category ... more details
references date November 2008 Image The Earth seen from Apollo 17.jpg thumb right The Earth seen from Apollo 17 The International Day for Biological Diversity or World Biodiversity Day is a United Nations sanctioned International observances international day for the promotion of biodiversity issues. It is currently held on May 22. From its creation by the Second Committee of the United Nations General Assembly UN General Assembly in 1993 until 2000, it was held on December 29 to celebrate the day the Convention on Biological Diversity went into effect. In December 2000, the date was shifted to commemorate the adoption of the Convention on May 22, 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit , and partly to avoid the many other holidays that occur in late December. External links http www.cbd.int Convention on Biological Diversity http www.maweb.org en index.aspx the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Category Biodiversity Category Environmental awareness days Category United Nations days Biological Diversity, International Day for Category May observances Category December observances Category Recurring events established in 1993 UN stub environment stub ar es D a Internacional de la Diversidad Biol gica eo Monda Biodiverseca Tago fr Journ e internationale de la biodiversit hi hr Me unarodni dan biolo ke raznolikosti hu A biol giai sokf les g nemzetk zi napja ms Hari Biopelbagaian Antarabangsa ja ru zh ... more details
The Center for BiologicalDiversity CBD based in Tucson , Arizona , is a nonprofit membership organization with approximately 220,000 members and online activists, known for its work protecting endangered species through legal action and scientific petitions. The Center has offices and staff in Arizona , California , New Mexico , Oregon , Montana , Illinois , Minnesota , Alabama , Alaska , Vermont and Washington, D.C. It was founded in 1989 by Kieran Suckling , Peter Galvin, Todd Schulke, and Robin Silver. ref name about Background Given a small grant by the Fund for Wild Nature , the organization started in 1989 as a small group by the name of Greater Gila Biodiversity Project , with the objective to protect endangered species and critical habitat in the southwest. ref cite web url http www.fundwildnature.org index.php?option com content&view article&id 3&Itemid 4 title Success Stories publisher Fundwildnature.org date accessdate 2010 09 01 ref The organization later grew and became the Center for BiologicalDiversity. Kieran Suckling , Peter Galvin, and Todd Schulke founded the organization in response to what they perceived as a failure on the part of the United States Forest Service to protect the ecosystems in its charge. As surveyors in New Mexico, the three men discovered a rare Mexican Spotted Owl nest in an old growth tree , ref name about http www.biologicaldiversity.org about story index.html Our Story Center for BiologicalDiversity May 10, 2008 ref but the thrill ... for BiologicalDiversity. Initially, the CBD focused on issues specific to the Southwestern United States , but today its mission encompasses far reaching problems such as global threats to biologicaldiversity and climate change. The CBD employs a group of paid and pro bono attorneys to use litigation ... links http www.biologicaldiversity.org Center for BiologicalDiversity website http publicservice.evendon.com CenterBioDiv v DOIM.htm Center for BiologicalDiversity v Dept of the Interior 17Apr2009 DC ... more details
no footnotes date March 2011 Other uses BWC disambiguation Infobox Treaty name Biological Weapons Convention ... to the Biological Weapons Convention Complete List depositor language languages website wikisource Image BWC Participation.svg right 300px thumb Participation in the Biological Weapons Convention ... Col end The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production and Stockpiling of Bacteriological Biological and Toxin Weapons and on their Destruction usually referred to as the Biological Weapons Convention , abbreviation BWC , or Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention , abbreviation BTWC ... . Membership main List of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention The Biological Weapons ... and Biological Defense Policies and Programs Weapons of mass destruction Chemical Weapons Convention External links http www.unog.ch bwc The Biological Weapons Convention website http www.opbw.org Unofficial Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention website http www.worldinbalance.net intagreements ... convention conv.html Full Text of the Biological Weapons Convention http www.un.org disarmament WMD Bio BioSecondPageBWC.shtml UN s Biological Weapons Convention webpage http boudewijndejonge.googlepages.com ..., production, and stockpiling of Biological weapons biological and toxin weapons . However, the absence of any formal verification regime to monitor compliance has limited the effectiveness of the Convention ... it The scope of the Biological Weapons Covention s prohibition is defined in Article 1 the so called general purpose criterion . This includes all microbial and other biological agents or toxins and their means ... scientific and technological developments relevant to the Convention. It is not the objects themselves biological agents or toxins , but rather certain purposes for which they may be employed which are prohibited similar to Art.II, 1 in the Chemical Weapons Convention CWC . Permitted purposes under .... As stated in Article 1 of the BWC Each State Party to this Convention undertakes never in any ... more details
The Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions is a UNESCO Treaty convention and treaty adopted by the UNESCO General Conference on 20 October 2005. The treaty was jointly negotiated by the European Commission , on behalf of the European Community , and by the European Council , on behalf of the member states. The Convention s main objective is to take into account cultural diversity when developing other policies. The preamble emphasizes the need to incorporate culture as a strategic element in national and international development policies, as well as in international development cooperation, taking into account also the United Nations Millennium Declaration 2000 with its special emphasis on poverty eradication. Article 1 h of the Convention lists as one of the objectives to reaffirm the sovereign rights of States to maintain, adopt, and implement policies and measures that they deem appropriate for the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions on their territory. Article 3, concerning the scope of application, provides that the Convention shall apply to the policies and measures adopted by the Parties related to the protection and promotion of the diversity of cultural expressions. Article 6 provides that each Party may adopt measures for protecting diversity of cultural expressions in its territory within the framework of the Convention. Article 20 defines the relationship with other international treaties and specifies the linkage between these treaties in the case of overlap of rights and obligations. It also specifies the interpretation of the Convention in relation to other international treaties. See ... en ev.php URL ID 31038&URL DO DO TOPIC&URL SECTION 201.html Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions text & ratification status unesco.org http http www.unesco.org new en unesco themes 2005 convention the convention UNESCO website Category Human ... more details
Image BWC Participation.svg right 400px thumb Participation in the Biological Weapons Convention Col begin Col 2 legend 00aa00 Signed and ratified legend 008000 Acceded or succeeded legend 008080 Unrecognized state, abiding by treaty Col 2 legend eeee00 Only signed legend ff1111 Non signatory Col end The list of parties to the Biological Weapons Convention encompasses the states who have signed and ratified or acceded to the international agreement outlawing Biological warfare biological weapons . On 10 April 1972, the Biological Weapons Convention BWC , also known as the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention BTWC was opened for signature. The Netherlands became the first state to deposit the treaty that same day. The treaty coming into force came into force and closed for signature on 26 March 1975 with the deposit of ratification by 22 states. Since then, states that did not sign the treaty can now only accede to it. A total of 195 states may become members of the Chemical Weapons Convention, including all 192 United Nations member states , the Cook Islands , Holy See and Niue . As of July 2008, 163 states have ratified or acceded to the treaty, most recently the Cook Islands on 4 December 2008. The Republic of China Taiwan has also ratified the treaty, but is now unrecognized by the United Nations and is a party to the treaty only unofficially. Summary Ratified or Acceded 163 states and the Republic of China Signed only 13 states Non signatories 19 states Ratified or acceded states class wikitable sortable State Signed Deposited Method flagcountry Afghanistan dts link off 1972 Apr 10 L, M, W dts link off 1975 Mar 6 L Ratification flagcountry Albania dts link off 1992 ...?OpenDocument title Membership of the Biological Weapons Convention work United Nations Office at Geneva accessdate 2008 07 29 reflist DEFAULTSORT Biological Weapons Convention Category Arms control treaties Category Biological warfare Category Lists of parties to treaties ... more details
wiktionary diversity wikiquote Diversity may refer to the following In Science and Technology Biodiversity , the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Diversity Index , a statistic intended to assess the diversity of any population in which each member belongs to a unique group, type or species. Diversity scheme , a method for improving the reliability of a message signal by using multiple communications channels Antenna diversity , a method of wireless communication that use two or more antennas to improve the quality and reliability of the link In Sociology, Economics, Law and Politics Multiculturalism , or ethnic diversity, the acceptance of multiple ethnic cultures Diversity business , the business tactic which encourages diversity to better serve a heterogeneous customer base Diversity politics , the political and social policy of encouraging tolerance for people of different backgrounds Diversity jurisdiction , a concept under which U.S. federal courts can hear suits between parties from different states Diversification finance involves spreading investments Diversification marketing strategy is a corporate strategy to decrease market penetration Others Diversity dance troupe , an English dance troupe who won the third series of Britain s Got Talent Diversity training , the process of educating employees, students or volunteers to function in a diverse environment Pluralism disambiguation disambig de Diversit t ... more details
Biocultural diversitydiversity of life in all its manifestations biology biological , culture cultural , and linguistics linguistic which are interrelated within a complex socio ecological adaptive system. ref http portal.unesco.org education en ev.php URL ID 18391&URL DO DO TOPIC&URL SECTION 201.html UNESCO web page on biocultural diversity ref See also Portal box Ecology Environment Sustainable Development Biocultural anthropology Biocultural evolution Conservation movement Cultural landscape Ecology Ecosystem Environmental protection Terralingua http www.terralingua.org bcdconservation Biocultural Diversity Conservation References Reflist External links http www.unesco.org mab doc iyb icbcd working doc.pdf UNESCO web page on biocultural diversity http www.terralingua.org Terralingua http www.terralingua.org bcdconservation Biocultural Diversity Conservation Category Biodiversity Category Anthropology environment stub anthropology stub ... more details
Image Sphenodon punctatus in Waikanae, New Zealand.jpg thumb widthpx The two species of Tuatara are separated from all other species by over 200 million years Phylogenetic diversity is a measure of biodiversity which incorporates taxonomic difference between species. It is defined and calculated as the sum of the lengths of the all the branches that are members of the corresponding minimum spanning path , ref DP Faith. 1992. Conservation evaluation and phylogenetic diversity. Biological Conservation 61 1 10 ref in which branch is a segment of a cladogram , and the minimum spanning path is the mimimum distance between the two nodes. This definition is distinct from earlier measures which attempted to incorporate phylogenetic diversity into conservation planning, such as the measure of taxic diversity introduced by Vane Wright, Humphries, and William. ref Vane Wright, R. I., Humphries, C. J. & Williams, P. H. 1991. 1991 . What to protect systematics and the agony of choice. Biological Conservation, 55, 235 54. ref The concept of phylogenetic diversity has been rapidly adopted in conservation planning, with programs such as the Zoological Society of London s EDGE of Existence programme focused on evolutionary distinct species. Similarly, the World Wide Fund for Nature WWF s Global 200 also includes unusual evolutionary phenomena in their criteria for selecting target ecoregion s. Some studies have indicated that alpha diversity is a good proxy for phylogenetic diversity, so suggesting that term has little use ref Rodrigues, A. S. L. & Gaston, K. J. 2002. Maximising phylogenetic diversity in the selection of networks of conservation areas. Biol. Conserv. 105, 103 111 ref , but a study in the Cape Floristic Region showed that using phylogenetic diversity led to selection of different conservation priorities than using species richness. It also demonstrated that PD led to greater preservation of feature diversity than species richness alone ref Forest, F. et al. 2007. Pre ... more details
Alpha diversitydiversity is the biodiversity within a particular area, community or ecosystem , and is usually expressed as the species richness of the area. This can be measured by counting the number of taxon taxa distinct groups of organisms within the ecosystem eg. families , genus genera , species . However, such estimates of species richness are strongly influenced by sample size, so a number of statistical techniques can be used to correct for sample size to get comparable values. Simpson s Diversity Index main Simpson index math D 1 frac sum i 1 S n i n i 1 N N 1 math Where S is the number ... actually found in the less sampled region Examples Alpha diversity has been measured both in extant ... biodiversity because if it is used correctly, diversity can be measured independently of the fossil ... diversity of Triassic tetrapod families found that recovery after the Permo Triassic extinction event ... Society Biological doi 10.1098 rspb.2007.1370 volume 275 pages 759 65 format PDF pmid 18198148 ..., trilobite alpha diversity was comparable to those of the Late Cambrian communities Adrain et al. 2000 Other measures of diversity Alternative ways to measure biodiversity include ref cite journal last Whittaker first R.H. year 1972 title Evolution and measurement of species diversity journal ... Taxonomy IAPT jstor 1218190 ref Beta diversity species diversity between ecosystems this involves comparing the number of taxa that are unique to each of the ecosystems Gamma diversity taxonomic diversity of a region with several ecosystems Phylogenetic diversity or Omega diversity . The differences or diversity between taxa Global biodiversity Global diversity overall biodiversity of Earth Diversity may not be congruent at all taxonomic levels and diversity patterns may vary depending on the type of diversity measured, as seen in the example to the left. See also Diversity index refimprove ... geo faculty heywood geog358 Diversity Biodiversity.htm An explanation of many specific biodiversity ... more details
notability date March 2011 Unreferenced date December 2009 Green politics sidebar The prerogative to respect diversity , often said to begin with biodiversity of non human life, is basic to some 20th century studies such as cultural ecology , Queer studies , and anthropological linguistics . In various forms it is promoted by many political movement s, most notably feminism , gay rights , green politics and the anti globalization movement . However it means somewhat different things in each of these. To some, diversity means bio diversity and the existence of several distinct races and cultures. To others, diversity means the mixing and reunification of races and cultures into one, as per the melting pot idea. Prescriptions to respect non biological diversity are common in community based economics , i.e. no one policy for all regions, especially all ecoregion s diversity training that is designed to encourage people to be aware of how different people perceive the world and how an awareness of this can enhance efficiency of an organisation consensus decision making support Criticism The term and ideology is often criticized for multiple reasons. These reasons include the opinion that the tenet advocates black power , xenocentrism and misandry female chauvinism , focused too much on the victim status of people who are not male or White people Caucasian , belief that the concept threatens sovereignty or even cultural diversity in itself , and inhibits free speech . Some believe diversity is a meaningless buzzword used by those who espouse political correctness , or even a misleading word to support the creation of a one world government with a one world government one world culture . See also Political correctness Racism Left right politics Left right paradigm DEFAULTSORT Respect Diversity Category Green politics Category Political correctness ... more details
Cite web title National Biological Information Infrastructure work Introduction to Genetic Diversity ...Genetic diversity , the level of biodiversity , refers to the total number of Genetics genetic characteristics ... the tendency of genetic characteristics to vary. Genetic diversity serves as a way for populations ... includes several hypotheses and theories regarding genetic diversity. The neutral theory of evolution proposes that diversity is the result of the accumulation of neutral substitutions. Disruptive selection .... Importance of genetic diversity There are many different ways to measure genetic diversity. The modern causes for the loss of animal genetic diversity have also been studied and identified. ref ... 2003 title Socioeconomic causes of loss of animal genetic diversity analysis and assessment url journal ... Science Foundation found that genetic diversity and biodiversity are dependent upon each other that diversity within a species is necessary to maintain diversity among species, and vice versa. According ... http www.enn.com animals article 23391 Study Loss Of Genetic Diversity Threatens Species Diversity ref The interdependence between genetic and biologicaldiversity is delicate. Changes in biologicaldiversity lead to changes in the environment, leading to adaptation of the remaining species. Changes in genetic diversity, such as in loss of species, leads to a loss of biologicaldiversity. ref name U.S. Geological Survey Survival and adaptation Genetic diversity plays a very important role in survival .... A species that has a large degree of genetic diversity among its population will have more variations from which to choose the most fit alleles. Increase in genetic diversity is also essential for a species ..., and offspring often deal with similar problems to those of inbreeding . ref Genetic Diversity. National Biological Information Infrastructure. NBII. 16 Mar. 2008 www.nbii.gov ref The vulnerability of a population to certain types of disease s can also increase with reduction in genetic diversity ... more details
001429 142919e.pdf UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions ...Cultural diversity is the variety of human societies or culture s in a specific region, or in the world ... to be essential to the long term survival of life on earth, it can be argued that cultural diversity ... Declaration on Cultural Diversity that ...cultural diversity is as necessary for humankind ... 127160m.pdf UNESCO Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity , 2001 ref This position is rejected ... accounts of human nature , the importance of cultural diversity for survival may be an un testable ... diversity it is also unethical to promote all religious practices simply because they contribute to cultural diversity. Particularly, there are some practices that are recognized by the WHO and UN as unethical ... to support social changes that some observers would consider detrimental to cultural diversity by seeking ... New Guinea. Citation needed date April 2009 Cultural diversity is tricky to quantify, but a good ... in the world s cultural diversity. Research carried out in the 1990s by David Crystal Honorary ... any such decline. Cultural heritage The Universal Declaration on Cultural Diversity adopted by UNESCO in 2001 is regarded as a legal instrument recognizing for the first time, cultural diversity as common ... from respect for human dignity. citation needed date October 2010 There is also the Convention ... for cultural diversity and human creativity. citation needed date October 2010 Cultural diversity was also ... see multiculturalism . In addition to language, diversity can also include religious or traditional practice. Defense The defense of cultural diversity can take several meanings A balance to be achieved thus, the idea of defense of cultural diversity through the promotion of actions in favor of cultural ... by the European Union in its Declaration on Cultural Diversity. In this context, the objective is to defend ... in the early 1990s in Europe, into a layer of human rights. Cultural uniformity Cultural diversity ... more details
Gamma diversitydiversity is a measure of biodiversity . It refers to the total species richness over a large area or region. It is the product of the diversity of component ecosystems and the diversity between component ecosystems. According to Whittaker 1972 , gamma diversity is the richness in species of a range of habitats in a geographic area e.g.,a landscape, an island and it is consequent on the alpha diversity of the individual communities and the range of differentiation or beta diversity among them. Like alpha diversity, it is a quality which simply has magnitude, not direction and can be represented by a single number a scalar . Gamma diversity can be expressed in terms of the species richness of component communities as follows math gamma S 1 S 2 c math where, S sub 1 sub the total number of species recorded in the first community, S sub 2 sub the total number of species recorded in the second community, and c the number of species common to both communities. The internal relationship between alpha, beta and gamma diversity can be represented as math beta gamma alpha math See also Diversity index Alpha diversity Beta diversity Global biodiversity References reflist refbegin Whittaker, R. H. 1972 . Evolution and Measurement of Species Diversity . Taxon , 21 2 3 , 213 251. Henderson, P.A. 2003 . Practical Methods in Ecology . Blackwell Publishing, United Kingdom. refend Category Measurement of biodiversity ecology stub de Gamma Diversit t ... more details
Functional diversity is a politically and socially correct term for special needs , disability , impairment and handicap , which began to be used in Spain in scientific writing, at the initiative of those directly affected, in 2005. ref cite paper title Functional diversity, a new term in the struggle for dignity in the diversity of the human being author Javier Roma ach and Manuel Lobato work Independent Living Forum Spain &mdash May 2005 format PDF url http www.leeds.ac.uk disability studies archiveuk zavier Functional 20Diversity 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 fv 20Roma F1ach.pdf ref This term is intended to replace other ones with pejorative semantics. It proposes a shift towards non negative, non disparaging and non patronizing terms. The formal justification of the term can be found in the book El Modelo de la Diversidad by Agustina Palacios and Javier Roma ach, 2007, ISBN 978 84 964 7440. Examples of usage people with functional diversity instead of people with special needs physical functional diversity mobility functional diversity , person who uses a wheelchair , wheelchair user motor functional diversity dexterity functional diversity visual functional diversity , people who use screen readers as their primary means of accessing a computer people with a visual processing functional diversity auditory functional diversity mental functional diversity intellectual functional diversity cognitive functional diversity organic functional diversity circumstantial and or temporary functional diversity person with a functional diversity persons without functional diversity rather than normal or healthy people without functional diversity , typically developing children References reflist Further reading cite journal journal Disabil Rehabil. date 2007 Oct 30&ndash Nov 15 volume 29 issue 20&ndash 21 pages 1625&ndash 1633 title Constructive Functional Diversity a new paradigm beyond disability and impairment. author Patston P. pmid 17896220 doi 10.1080 09638280701618778 ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Transmit diversity is radio communication using signals that originate from two or more independent sources that have been modulation modulated with identical information bearing signals and that may vary in their Transmission telecommunications transmission characteristics at any given instant. It can help overcome the effects of fading , outages, and Electronic circuit circuit failures. When using diversity transmission and reception, the amount of received signal improvement depends on the independence of the fading characteristics of the signal as well as circuit outages and failures. See also Antenna diversityDiversity gain Diversity scheme Dynamic Single Frequency Networks DSFN Macro diversity Multiple input multiple output communications MIMO Single frequency networks SFN Space time block coding based transmit diversity STTD Soft handover DEFAULTSORT Transmit Diversity Category Radio resource management Wireless stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2008 Notability Notability date December 2008 Diversity Coding is a particular technique for antenna diversity and is implemented by Space time code space time coding . Category Radio resource management wireless stub ... more details
In wireless communications, diversity gain is the increase in signal to interference ratio due to some diversity scheme , or how much the transmission power can be reduced when a diversity scheme is introduced, without a performance loss. Diversity gain is usually expressed in decibel , and sometimes as a power ratio. An example is soft handoff gain. For selection combining N signals are received, and the strongest signal is selected. When the N signals are independent and Rayleigh distributed, the expected diversity gain has been shown to be math sum k 1 N frac 1 k math , expressed as a power ratio. ref D.G. Brennan, Linear diversity combining techniques, Proc. IRE , vol.47, no.1, pp.1075 1102, June 1959 ref See also Array gain Diversity combining References references Category radio resource management Wireless stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image BlueMarble 2001 2002.jpg thumb right 300px alt Two views of the Earth from space. The Earth has many diverse ecosystems and ecosystem diversity. These are NASA composite images of the Earth 2001 left , 2002 right , titled The Blue Marble . seealso Ecosystem Biome Ecosystem diversity refers to the diversity of a place at the level of ecosystem s. The term differs from biodiversity , which refers to variation in species rather than ecosystems. Ecosystem diversity can also refer to the variety of ecosystems present in a biosphere, the variety of species and ecological processes that occur in different physical settings. Examples Some examples of ecosystems that are rich in diversity are Refbegin 3 Deserts Forests Large marine ecosystem s Marine ecosystem s Old growth forest s Rainforest s Refend See also Portal box Environment Ecology Earth sciences Sustainable development Refbegin 2 Bioregion Ecology Evolutionary biology Genetic diversity Nature Natural environment Species diversity Sustainable development Refend modelling ecosystems expanded other DEFAULTSORT Ecosystem Diversity Category Biodiversity Category Systems ecology Ecology stub es Diversidad ecol gica sl Ekosistemska diverziteta zh ... more details
notability date March 2011 Radio station name Diversity FM frequency 103.5 MHz area Lancaster format Community owner YMCA website http www.diversityfm.co.uk Diversity FM Diversity FM is a Community radio in the United Kingdom community radio station based in City of Lancaster Lancaster , north Lancashire , which covers the Lancaster and Morecambe district. It broadcasts a mixture of live and pre recorded shows and music playlisting 24 7 on 103.5FM and via the Internet . External links http www.diversityfm.co.uk Official Website http www.diversityfm.co.uk listen Listen Live http www.facebook.com diversityfm Diversity FM on Facebook Categories Category Community radio stations in the United Kingdom Category Radio stations in Lancashire ... more details
configured for space diversity In telecommunications , a diversity scheme refers to a method for improving ... channels with different characteristics. Diversity plays an important role in combatting fading and co .... Diversity techniques may exploit the multipath propagation , resulting in a diversity gain , often measured in decibels . The following classes of diversity schemes can be identified Time diversity .... Frequency diversity The signal is transmitted using several frequency channels or spread over ... or DS CDMA . Space diversity The signal is transmitted over several different propagation paths. In the case ... of wireless transmission, it can be achieved by antenna diversity using multiple transmitter antennas transmit diversity and or multiple receiving antennas reception diversity . In the latter case, a diversity ... macrodiversity or site diversity . If the antennas are at a distance in the order of one ... diversity Multiple versions of a signal are transmitted and received via antennas with different polarization. A diversity combining technique is applied on the receiver side. Multiuser diversity Multiuser diversity is obtained by opportunistic user scheduling at either the transmitter or the receiver ... quality information to the transmitter with the limited level of resolution. Cooperative diversity Achieves antenna diversity gain by using the cooperation of distributed antennas belonging to each node. See also Space time coding STC Antenna diversity Macrodiversity Diversity combining Aperture synthesis Cooperative diversity Channel access method Fresnel zone Tropospheric scatter External links http www.radioblvd.com DiversityDD1.html Diversity reception Background information of the development of Diversity reception devices. http www.antenna theory.com arrays diversity.php Antenna Diversity Tutorial www.Antenna Theory.com Category Antennas radio category radio resource management ... APM0205.pdf for an example of field measured benefits of reception diversity 2 in mobile handsets ... more details
Species diversity is an index that incorporates the number of species in an area and also their Relative species abundance relative abundance . It is a more comprehensive value than species richness . ref name SDI http www.countrysideinfo.co.uk simpsons.htm Simpson s Diversity Index Retrieved 13 March 2010. ref The most common index of species diversity is a family of equations called Simpson index Simpson s Diversity Index . ref Edward H. Simpson 1949 http www.wku.edu smithch biogeog SIMP1949.htm Measurement of diversity Nature journal Nature 163 688. ref Here is one such example ref name SDI D n N sup 2 sup Where n is the total number of organisms of a particular species and N is the total number of organisms of all species. D is the value of diversity. It can range between 0 and 1, where 0 is infinite diversity, and 1 is the least diverse an ecosystem can possibly be i.e. only one species present . Humans have a huge effect on species diversity the main reasons are Habitat destruction Destruction , modification and Habitat fragmentation fragmentation of habitat Introduced species Introduction of exotic species Overharvesting Global climate change See also Portal box Environment Ecology Earth sciences Sustainable development genetic diversity ecosystem diversity biodiversity clear Notes Reflist modelling ecosystems expanded other DEFAULTSORT Species Diversity Category Ecological metrics Category Habitat ecology terminology Category Environmental terminology biosci stub ... more details
Refimprove date October 2010 In the political arena, the term diversity or diverse is used to describe political entities neighborhoods, student bodies, etc with members who have identifiable differences in their backgrounds or lifestyles. The term describes differences in racial or ethnic group ethnic classifications , age, gender , religion , philosophy, disability physical abilities , socioeconomic background, sexual orientation , gender identity , intelligence , mental health , physical health , Genetics genetic attributes, behavior , attractiveness , or other identifying features. In measuring human diversity, a diversity index measures the probability that any two residents, chosen at random, would be of different ethnicities. If all residents are of the same ethnic group it s zero. If half are from one group and half from another it s .50. ref http projects.latimes.com mapping la neighborhoods diversity neighborhood list Mapping L.A.., Los Angeles Times website ref Ideology Main New Left Multiculturalism Political creed s which support the idea that diversity is valuable and desirable hold that recognizing and promoting these diverse cultures may aid communication between people of different backgrounds and lifestyles, leading to greater knowledge, understanding, and peaceful coexistence. Citation needed date August 2007 For example, Respect for Diversity is one of the six principles of the Global Greens Charter , a manifesto subscribed to by Green party Green parties from all over the world. In contrast to diversity, some political creeds promote cultural assimilation as the process to lead to these ends. Use in American academia This use of diversity in this sense also extends to American academia , where in an attempt to create a diverse student body typically ... . See also wikiquote Diversity Identity politics Policy Affirmative action Affirmative action in the United States Racial quota Mining for Diversity Widening participation References Reflist ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Site diversity is a technique to limit the effect of rain fade in satellite communications , mainly in the Ka band . The downlink transmissions of satellites cover very large areas, that will have different weather. The site diversity technique consists of linking two or more ground stations receiving the same signal this way, if the signal is heavily attenuated in one area, another ground stations can compensate it. These intense rain areas, for example supercell s, often have a horizontal length of no more than a few kilometres putting the ground stations at a sufficient distance the possibility of rain fade in the downlink signal will be reduced. The configuration works when the attenuation is not great at the two stations simultaneously. This is usually a valid assumption. Site diversity systems have been known to minimize disruption of service by major satellite carriers. See also Diversity scheme Diversity combining DEFAULTSORT Site Diversity Category Satellite television Comm stub zh ... more details
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