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Encyclopedia results for Constrain

  1. The Bittersweet Constrain

    Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Bittersweet Constrain Type studio Artist Jill Tracy Cover JillTracy Constrain.jpg Released 2008 Genre Dark cabaret Length 61 27 Label Jill Tracy Reviews Last album Into the Land of Phantoms br 2002 This album The Bittersweet Constrain br 2008 Next album The Bittersweet Constrain is the fourth studio album by American dark cabaret artist Jill Tracy . Track listing tracklist all writing Jill Tracy title1 Haunted by the Thought of You length1 6 08 title2 Sell My Soul length2 4 33 title3 Room 19 length3 5 47 title4 The Water Flows So Slow length4 7 18 title5 I Can t Shake It length5 5 45 title6 Grey 11 length6 1 00 title7 In Between Shades length7 6 11 title8 Torture length8 5 55 title9 Where Shadows Fall length9 5 22 title10 The Somnambulist Waltz length10 2 45 title11 Petrified length11 4 27 title12 Treasure length12 6 12 total length 61 27 DEFAULTSORT Bittersweet Constrain Category 2008 albums 2000s album stub ...   more details



  1. File:JillTracy Constrain.jpg

    Summary album cover fur REQUIRED Article The Bittersweet Constrain Use Infobox HIGHLY RECOMMENDED Source woodstock.com ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Name The Bittersweet Constrain Artist Jill Tracy Label Graphic Artist Item Type Website Owner Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Portion Low resolution Purpose Replaceability other information Licensing Non free album cover ...   more details



  1. Kinematic coupling

    Expert subject Engineering date November 2008 Kinematic coupling describes fixture s designed to exactly kinematically constrain the part in question. A canonical example of a kinematic coupling consists of three radial v groves in one part that mate with three hemispheres in another, credited to Maxwell. Each hemisphere has two contact points for a total of six contact points, enough to constrain all six of the part s Degrees of freedom mechanics degrees of freedom . One alternative, favored by Kelvin, consists of three hemispheres on one part that fit respectively into a tetrahedral dent, a v groove, and a flat. Citation needed date July 2008 See also Kinematics Kinematic determinacy Precision engineering References reflist External links http pergatory.mit.edu perg research archive Culpepper kincouple.htm http pergatory.mit.edu kinematiccouplings Category Linkages mech engineering stub ...   more details



  1. Anabaritid

    Automatic taxobox taxon Anabaritidae fossil range fossil range Early Cambrian display children 1 The anabaritids or angustiochreids are enigmatic tubular, mineralizing organisms with a triradiate symmetry known from their Lower Cambrian fossils. They may have represented cnidaria, but their affinity within the Metazoa is difficult to constrain. ref cite doi 10.1017 S1477201909002715 ref reflist Category Fossils ...   more details



  1. XMD

    XMD is a classical molecular dynamics software designed to simulate problems related to materials science . The code was developed by Jon Rifkin of University of Connecticut and is being distributed under GNU General Public License . Source code is available in C and can be compiled using POSIX thread functions to take advantage of multi CPU computers. Key features Constant temperature simulations using velocity re scaling algorithm Constant pressure simulations using either Andersen s algorithm or a simple volume rescaling algorithm suitable for lattice constant versus temperature calculations Efficient system relaxation local minima algorithm Constrain selected atoms to remain fixed in space Constrain selected atoms to remain in a line or plane Apply a unique external force to individual atoms Tether selected atoms to their initial positions with springs of various spring constants Apply velocity damping coefficients to selected atoms Uses pair potential, Embedded Atom Method potentials Embedded atom model EAM , Tersoff s Silicon Carbide potential or Stillinger Weber Si potential. See also Molecular design software External links http xmd.sourceforge.net XMD Homepage Category Molecular dynamics software Category Free science software Category Free software programmed in C ...   more details



  1. Training (disambiguation)

    Training may refer to wiktionary training Eccentric Training Instructor led training Training , the teaching of knowledge, vocational or practical matters Dog training Sports training Training meteorology , a successive series of showers or thunderstorms moving repeatedly over the same area Training civil , refers to the use of structures built to constrain rivers Training , archaic, meaning to get on train s to transfer from one area of the continent to another mainly in the American Civil War Kiting video gaming Training Training MMORPG terminology disambig es Adiestramiento sk Tr ning ...   more details



  1. Mentalist Postulate

    Orphan date December 2009 The Mentalist Postulate is the thesis that Meaning linguistic meaning in natural language is an information structure that is mentally encoded by human beings . It is a basic premise of some branches of cognitive semantics . Semantic theories implicitly or explicitly incorporating the Mentalist Postulate include Force Dynamics and Conceptual Semantics . Two implications of the Mentalist Postulate are first, that research on the nature of mental representation s can serve to constrain or enrich semantic theories and secondly, that results of semantic theories bear directly on the nature of human conceptualization . ref cite book title Meaning and mental representations chapter Conceptual Semantics authorlink Ray Jackendoff last Jackendoff first Ray editor Umberto Eco , Marco Santambrogio, Patrizia Violi page 81 97 year 1988 publisher Indiana University Press isbn 9780253337245 ref References reflist Ling stub Category Linguistics ...   more details



  1. Trust anchor

    In cryptography , a trust anchor is an authoritative entity represented via a public key and associated data. It is used in the context of public key infrastructure s, X.509 digital certificates and DNSSEC . When there is a chain of trust , usually the top entity to be trusted becomes the trust anchor, it can be for example a root certificate certification authority CA . The public key of the trust anchor is used to verify digital signatures and the associated data. Furthermore, the public key is used to constrain the types of information for which the trust anchor is authoritative. A relying party uses trust anchors to determine if a digitally signed object is valid by verifying a digital signature using the trust anchor s public key, and by enforcing the constraints expressed in the associated data for the trust anchor. References http ietfreport.isoc.org Internet Society ISOC Public Key Infrastructure X.509 pkix Internet Drafts Category Key management ...   more details



  1. Scwm

    Image Scwm constraints.png thumb Screenshot showing the constraints manager in action. Scwm or Scheme Constraints Window Manager is a X window manager window manager for the X Window System . Its main features are dynamic configurability and programmability via a language based on GNU Guile and the embedded arithmetic Cassowary constraint solver . The primary developers were Greg Badros and Maciej Stachowiak . The constraint solver is used to constrain window behavior. For example, one can constrain two windows to have equal height, or to force the distance between two windows to be constant. In real time, the Cassowary constraint solver re solves the system of equalities and inequalities and applies the new mathematical solution to the on screen layout, animating windows to their new positions. Other features include flexible GUI driven customization and per window decoration settings per window themes . Scwm, like many window managers, began from Fvwm , another highly configurable window manager. ref To create SCWM, Stachowiak started with the source code for Robert Nation s FVWM window manager and gradually replaced the original home grown configuration language with Guile. pg 93 of Blandy 1997 ref . Scwm development has been stagnant since 2000 when Badros completed his Ph.D. at the University of Washington the last updates to the Concurrent Versions System CVS repository have focused on maintaining compatibility with Guile 1.8.x. References references Guile An Interpreter Core for Complete Applications by Jim Blandy, pg 87 104 of Handbook of Programming Languages, Volume IV Functional and Logic Programming Languages , ed. Peter H. Salus . 1998 1st edition , Macmillian Technical Publishing ISBN 1 57870 011 6 External links Portal Free software http scwm.sourceforge.net Official website Category Free X window managers unix stub ...   more details



  1. Invariant

    Wiktionarypar invariant invariance Invariant and invariance may have several meanings, among which are Computer science Invariant computer science , an expression programming expression whose value doesn t change during execution computers program execution A datatype type in Method overriding programming overriding that is neither covariance and contravariance computer science covariant nor contravariant Class invariant , invariants used to constrain objects of a class Other uses Invariant mathematics , something unaltered by a transformation mathematics transformation , for example taking a homotopy group functor on the Category topology category of topological space s. Then, homeomorphic spaces have isomorphic fundamental group . See topological invariant . Invariant music Invariant physics , meaning that something does not change under a transformation, such as from one Frame of reference reference frame to another Writer invariant , property of a text which is similar in all texts of a given author, and different in texts of different authors. Invariance journal Invariance a French Communist journal Oxford University Invariant Society The Invariant Society , the Oxford student mathematics society. disambig cv cs Invariant de Invarianz fr Invariance it Invarianza nl Invariant pl Niezmiennik ru sk Invariant ...   more details



  1. Academy Gardens, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

    Unreferenced date December 2009 Academy Gardens is a neighborhood located in the Northeast Philadelphia The Northeast section of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Philadelphia , Pennsylvania , United States . It is located on the eastern side of the Far Northeast. Its approximate boundaries are Pennypack Park , Grant Avenue, the John F. Byrne Golf Course, and Holme Avenue. Originally farm land, it was part of the holdings of Thomas Holme , surveyor for Pennsylvania s founder, William Penn . Academy Gardens was settled in earnest by veterans of World War II during the dramatic expansion of the Northeast. Many of the homes were inexpensive starter homes that were largely unfinished to constrain cost. These homes have been extensively remodeled over the years and now largely belie their humble origins. Penn Academy and Crispin Gardens are the local youth sports organizations. There is little industry but a fair amount of retail trade in the neighborhood, mainly along Willits Road and Holme Avenue. Former prominent residents include Thomas Holme and William J. McBride Jr., now Lord William of the Principality of Sealand. NEPhila Coord 40.0617779 74.9962809 display title Philadelphia stub Category Neighborhoods in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania ...   more details



  1. Jill Tracy

    , selections from the Nosferatu score. Jill Tracy released her fourth album, The Bittersweet Constrain ... The Bittersweet Constrain is Haunted by the Thought of You. Discography Albums Quintessentially Unreal 1996 Diabolical Streak 1999 Into the Land of Phantoms 2002 The Bittersweet Constrain 2008 BENEATH The Bittersweet Constrain 2011 Compilations Meantime on Market Street, Best of Caf du Nord live 2000 ...   more details



  1. Macroeconomic regulation and control

    Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Macroeconomic regulation and control zh s t p H nggu n ti ok ng often abbrevicated Macro control zh s t p H ngti o refers to the use of direct government intervention by the central government of the People s Republic of China to cool down the overheated economy . The policy was first introduced in 1993 by Zhu Rongji , Premier of the People s Republic of China and Governor of the People s Bank of China at the time. His policies included collective measures to constrain monetary policy , suppress real estate and stock market s, control inflation , lower supplies of raw material s and reduce domestic consumption . The purpose was to achieve a so called soft landing economics soft landing of an economy that was growing too fast. As all these measures can vastly affect the economy and political stability, macro control has become a hot topic to economic and political observers of the People s Republic of China. See also Economy of the People s Republic of China Mixed economy Socialist economics Economic regulation Economic interventionism Economic integration Economy of the People s Republic of China DEFAULTSORT Macroeconomic Regulation And Control Category Economic development in China China stub Econ stub zh ...   more details



  1. Compulsor

    In Ancient Roman law enforcement, a compulsor was an Officer armed forces officer under the Roman Empire Roman Emperors , dispatched from court into the provinces, to force the payment of taxes, etc., which had not been paid within the time prescribed. The procedure is briefly summarized in Codex Theodosianus i.14.1, omnia tributa exigere suscipere postremo conpellere iubemus. Egyptian documents also afford a good deal of illustration, as explained in Matthias Gelzer s Studien zur byzantinischen Verwaltung gyptens , 42 sqq. These were charged with so many exactions, under color of their office, that Honorius emperor Honorius dismissed them by law in 412 . The laws of the Visigoths mention military compulsors which were officers among the Goths, whose business was to oblige the tardy soldiers to go into the fight, to run an attack, etc. Cassian of Imola Cassian mentions a kind of monastic compulsors , whose business was to declare the hours of canonical office, and to make sure the monks went to church at those hours. The word is Latin , formed of the verb compellere , to oblige constrain . References 1728 Bury, J.B. History of the Later Roman Empire . Vol 1, Ch 2. Macmillan & Co., Ltd. 1923. Category Ancient Roman titles Category Roman law Category Military ranks of ancient Rome Category Goths ...   more details



  1. Oblique correction

    In particle physics , an oblique correction refers to a particular type of Renormalization radiative correction to the electroweak sector of the Standard Model. Oblique corrections are defined in four fermion scattering processes, SubatomicParticle Antielectron     SubatomicParticle Electron     SubatomicParticle quark     SubatomicParticle Antiquark at the CERN LEP collider. There are three classes of radiative corrections to these processes vacuum polarization corrections, vertex function vertex corrections , and box corrections. The vacuum polarization corrections are referred to as oblique corrections, since they only affect the mixing and propagation of the gauge bosons and they do not depend on which type of fermions appear in the initial or final states. The vertex and box corrections, which depend on the identity of the initial and final state fermions, are called nonoblique correction s. Any new particles charged under the electroweak gauge group s can contribute to oblique corrections. Therefore, the oblique corrections can be used to constrain possible new physics beyond the Standard Model . To affect the nonoblique corrections, on the other hand, the new particles must couple directly to the external fermions. The oblique corrections are usually parameterized in terms of the Peskin Takeuchi parameter s S, T, and U. References J.L. Hewett, The Standard Model and Why We Believe It , http arxiv.org abs hep ph 9810316 arXiv hep ph 9810316 , lectures given at Theoretical Advanced Study Institute TASI 97 . Category Particle physics particle stub ...   more details



  1. Handwritten Address Interpretation

    Orphan date November 2010 New unreviewed article source ArticleWizard date November 2010 HandWritten Address Interpretation A software system developed at Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition CEDAR , the Center of Excellence for Document Analysis and Recognition, of the State University of New York . Known as HWAI, it was first deployed by the United States Postal Service through its contractor Lockheed Martin in Tampa, Florida during the holiday December season in 1997. Initially 10 of the handwritten mail was successfully sorted and the project was considered a success. This was due to the large volume of mail that the US Postal Service processes and the cost of labor involved. The key to the success was the discovery of a heuristic by researchers Sargur Srihari and Jonathan Hull that the street number and ZIP code could be relatively easily recognized, because they only consist of numerals, which could then be used to constrain the possible street. Subsequent improvements to HWAI led to a 45 sort rate with a 2 error rate. Today more than 95 of the handwritten mail is sorted automatically. Versions of HWAI were developed for Australia Post and Royal Mail UK Royal Mail . References See Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http www.cedar.buffalo.edu CEDAR Categories Category Postal system ...   more details



  1. EChO

    refimprove date March 2011 Wikify date March 2011 EChO This is an information page about the Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory EChO Space mission concept. It has been selected for further studies as part of the Cosmic Vision roadmap of the European Space Agency . The Exoplanet Characterisation Observatory EChO will be the first dedicated mission to investigate exoplanetary atmospheres, addressing the suitability of those planets for life and placing our Solar System in context. EChO will provide high resolution, multi wavelength spectroscopic observations. It will measure the atmospheric composition, temperature and albedo of a representative sample of known exoplanets, constrain models of their internal structure and improve our understanding of how planets form and evolve. It will orbit around the L2 Lagrange point, 1.5 million km from Earth in the anti sunward direction. References See http en.wikipedia.org wiki Wikipedia Footnotes on how to create references using ref ref tags which will then appear here automatically Reflist External links http www.echo spacemission.eu www.echo spacemission.eu http sci.esa.int science e www object index.cfm?fobjectid 48467 ESA Announcement Article Categories Uncategorized date March 2011 ...   more details



  1. Service Modeling Language

    in two ways XML Schema W3C XML Schema documents constrain the structure and content of the XML ... as well. SML also defines a set of extensions to XML Schema W3C XML Schema to constrain references, and identity constraints key, unique, ... that apply to sets of documents. Rule documents constrain ...   more details



  1. Polybaric melting

    with a basalt would constrain the residual mantle geology mantle mineral assemblage, temperature , and pressure ... melting experiments failed to fully constrain underlying processes, necessitating the use of polybaric ...   more details



  1. Savoy knot

    Infobox Heraldic knot knot Savoy knot image Savoy knot.png image caption badge Savoy badge.png badge caption The Savoy badge heraldry badge . family House of Savoy region Savoy notes The first to bear the knot is said to have been Thomas I, Count of Savoy , in the 13th century. ref cite book title A Dictionary of Mottoes last Pine first Leslie GIlbert authorlink coauthors year 1983 publisher Routledge location isbn pages 223 url ref The Savoy knot , a type of decorative knot , is a heraldic knot used primarily in Italian heraldry. It is most notable for its appearance on the badge heraldry heraldic badge of the House of Savoy , where it is accompanied by the motto Stringe ma non costringe , It tightens, but does not constrain . ref cite book title Knots, Ties and Splices A Handbook for Seafarers, Travellers and All Who Use Cordage, with Historical, Heraldic and Practical Notes last Burgess first Joseph Tom authorlink coauthors year 1884 publisher G. Routledge and Sons location Oxford isbn pages 12 url ref In shape, it is comparable to a figure eight . When used outside of heraldry as a real knot , it is known as a figure eight knot ropes figure eight knot . The Savoy knot can also be seen on the Alfa Romeo automobile badge which is basically the emblem of the city of Milan, Italy. See also List of knots References reflist Heraldic knot Category Decorative knots Category Heraldic charges ...   more details



  1. Timeline of knowledge about the interstellar and intergalactic medium

    Unreferenced date December 2009 Timeline of the interstellar medium and intergalactic medium 1848  William Parsons, 3rd Earl of Rosse Lord Rosse studies Messier object M1 and names it the Crab Nebula 1864  William Huggins studies the optical spectrum spectrum of the Orion Nebula and shows that it is a cloud of gas 1927  Ira Sprague Bowen Ira Bowen explains unidentified spectral line s from space as forbidden line forbidden transition line s 1930  Robert Julius Trumpler Robert Trumpler discovers absorption by interstellar dust by comparing the angular sizes and brightnesses of globular cluster s 1944  Hendrik C. van de Hulst Hendrik van de Hulst predicts the 21 cm line 21 cm hyperfine line of neutral interstellar hydrogen 1951  H.I. Ewen and Edward Mills Purcell Edward Purcell observe the 21  cm hyperfine line of neutral interstellar hydrogen 1956  Lyman Spitzer predicts Coronal cloud coronal gas around the Milky Way 1965  James Gunn astronomer James Gunn and Bruce Peterson use observations of the relatively low absorption of the blue component of the Lyman alpha line from 3C9 to strongly constrain the density and ionization state of the intergalactic medium 1969  Lewis Snyder , David Buhl , Benjamin Michael Zuckerman Ben Zuckerman , and Patrick Palmer find interstellar formaldehyde 1970  Arno Allan Penzias Arno Penzias and Robert Woodrow Wilson Robert Wilson find interstellar carbon monoxide 1970  George Robert Carruthers George Carruthers observes molecular hydrogen in space 1977  Christopher McKee and Jeremiah P. Ostriker Jeremiah Ostriker propose a three component theory of the interstellar medium 1990  Foreground contamination data from the COBE spacecraft provides the first all sky map of the ISM in microwave bands. DEFAULTSORT Timeline Of Knowledge About The Interstellar And Intergalactic Medium Category Astronomy timelines Interstellar and intergalactic medium Category Astrochemistry Astronomy stub ...   more details



  1. Cathy de Monchaux

    Cathy de Monchaux born 1960 is a United Kingdom British sculpture sculptor . de Monchaux was born in London . She studied first at the Camberwell School of Art 1980 1983 , and later at Goldsmiths College in London 1985 1987 . ref cite web url http www.artnet.com artist 11978 cathy de monchaux.html title Cathy de Monchaux work artnet year 2008 accessdate 2008 07 29 ref Her sculpture s use materials such as glass , paper , metal and leather . They frequently juxtapose seductive soft elements, often with strongly sexual overtones, with harder materials, often spikey or in some way appearing to constrain the softer parts, resulting in work which is both sensual and threatening. de Monchaux s work from the early 1990s often achieves this effect by the combination of red velvet and steel in simple and strong constructions, but later works have tended to move towards lighter colours, and a more ornamental approach. de Monchaux was shortlisted for the Turner Prize in 1998. She currently lives in London and is a part time teacher at the Slade School of Art . However, she has exhibited in the United States almost as much, if not more, as she has in England . References reflist External links http www.tate.org.uk servlet ArtistWorks?cgroupid 999999961&artistid 2354&page 1 Works in the Tate Collection http www.sculpture.org.uk artists CathyDeMonchaux Cathy de Monchaux at sculpture.org.uk http www.sculpture.org.uk portfolio CathyDeMonchaux Portfolio Persondata Metadata see Wikipedia Persondata . NAME Monchaux, Cathy De ALTERNATIVE NAMES SHORT DESCRIPTION DATE OF BIRTH 1960 PLACE OF BIRTH DATE OF DEATH PLACE OF DEATH DEFAULTSORT Monchaux, Cathy De Category 1960 births Category Living people Category British sculptors Category Contemporary sculptors Category 20th century sculptors Category 21st century sculptors Category Alumni of Goldsmiths, University of London Category Alumni of Camberwell College of Arts ...   more details



  1. Bandolier

    otheruses Unreferenced date March 2009 File Pancho Villa bandolier crop.jpg thumb right Mexican Revolution ary General Pancho Villa wearing two bandoliers. Wikisource1911Enc A bandolier or a bandoleer is a pocketed belt clothing belt for holding ammunition . It was usually slung over the chest. In its original form, it was common issue to soldier s from the 16th to 18th centuries. This was very useful for quickly reloading a musket . A somewhat different form of the bandolier came into use in the 20th century when it accompanied modern cartridge weaponry cartridge s and hand grenades . Bandoliers are now rare due to the prohibitive size of modern Magazine firearm magazines . They are, however, still commonly used with shotguns, as individual 12 gauge shells can easily be stored in traditionally designed bandoliers. In fact, some aftermarket shotgun slings are designed in a similar fashion to bandoliers, albeit with a far more limited capacity than true bandoliers. The bandolier was used to keep ammunition off a soldier s hips, as carrying too much weight on the hips can constrain movement and cause difficulty in retrieving the ammunition. In World War I and World War II , bandoliers were issued primarily to Rifleman riflemen . They were made of cloth, stitched into pockets which held clip ammunition clips of rifle ammunition. Today, bandoliers are commonly used to carry multiple M203 rounds. In civilian use, bandoliers are often worn by hunters and recreational shooters using shotguns . Bandoliers made from spent or dummy rounds are often used in fashion, sometimes in heavy metal music heavy metal and punk subculture s. See also Baldric Category Ammunition Category Military uniforms Category Belts ammo stub ca Canana de Bandelier es Canana fr Ceinture munitions io Bandoliero it Bandoliera ko pl Bandolier pt Cartucheira ru ...   more details



  1. Seismic moment

    Seismic moment is a quantity used by earthquake seismologist s to measure the size of an earthquake. The scalar seismic moment math M 0 math is defined by the equation math M 0 mu AD math , where math mu math is the shear modulus of the rocks involved in the earthquake in dyne cm sup 2 sup math A math is the area of the rupture along the Fault geology geologic fault where the earthquake occurred in cm sup 2 sup , and math D math is the average displacement on math A math in cm . The seismic moment of an earthquake is typically estimated using whatever information is available to constrain its factors. For modern earthquakes, moment is usually estimated from ground motion recordings of earthquakes known as seismogram s. For earthquakes that occurred in times before modern instruments were available, moment may be estimated from geologic estimates of the size of the fault rupture and the displacement. Seismic moment is the basis of the moment magnitude scale introduced by Hiroo Kanamori , which is often used to compare the size of different earthquakes and is especially useful for comparing the sizes of especially large great earthquakes. See also Richter magnitude scale Moment magnitude scale References Cite book last Aki first Keiti coauthors Richards, Paul G. year 2002 title Quantitative seismology edition 2nd ed. publisher University Science Books isbn 0 935702 96 2 Cite book last Fowler first C. M. R. year 1990 title The solid earth location Cambridge, UK publisher Cambridge University Press isbn 0 521 38590 3 Category Seismology measurement de Seismisches Moment eu Momentu sismiko fr Moment sismique it Momento sismico he nl Seismisch moment pt Momento s smico ru vi M men a ch n zh ...   more details



  1. Rock's law

    Rock s law , named for Arthur Rock , says that the cost of a semiconductor chip fabrication plant doubles every four years. As of 2003, the price had already reached about 3 billion US dollars. Rock s Law can be seen as the economic flipside to Moore s Law the latter is a direct consequence of the ongoing growth of the capital intensive semiconductor industry&mdash innovative and popular products mean more profits, meaning more capital available to invest in ever higher levels of integrated circuits large scale integration , which in turn leads to creation of even more innovative products. The semiconductor industry has always been extremely capital intensive, with very low unit manufacturing costs. Thus, the ultimate limits to growth of the industry will constrain the maximum amount of capital that can be invested in new products at some point, Rock s Law will collide with Moore s Law. It has been suggested that fabrication plant costs have not increased as quickly as predicted by Rock s Law indeed plateauing in the late 1990s ref name ieee http www.spectrum.ieee.org print 3752 Rock s Law Fails to Hold ref and also that the fabrication plant cost per transistor which has shown a pronounced downward trend ref name ieee may be more relevant as a constraint on Moore s Law. See also Semiconductor device fabrication Fabless semiconductor company Semiconductor consolidation References references External links CNET http news.com.com Semi survival 2009 1001 3 981418.html Soaring costs of chipmaking recast industry Category Adages Category Computing culture Category Electronic design Category Exponentials Category Computer industry Category Rules of thumb fr Loi de Rock pl Prawo Rocka ...   more details




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