about the string operation of computer programming for concatenation of general lists Append ProgLangCompare In computer programming , string concatenation is the operation of joining two character string computer science character strings end to end. For example, the strings snow and ball may be concatenated to give snowball . In many programming language s, string concatenation is a binary operation binary infix operator . For example, the following Expression computer science expression uses the symbol as the concatenation operator to join 2 strings code Hello, World code , and has the value Hello, World . Concatenation of sets of strings In computer science , in particular in the theory of computation , the concatenation operation on strings is generalized to an operation on sets of strings as follows For two sets of strings S sub 1 sub and S sub 2 sub , the concatenation S sub 1 sub S sub 2 sub consists of all strings of the form vw where v is a string from S sub 1 sub and w is a string from S sub 2 sub . In this definition, the string vw is the ordinary concatenation of strings v and w as defined in the introductory section. In this context, sets of strings are often referred to as formal languages . Notice that we do not use an explicit operator symbol for representing the concatenation. Applications Audio telephony In programming for telephony, concatenation is used to provide dynamic audio feedback to a user. For example in a time of day speaking clock , concatenation ... . Programming for any kind of computerized public address system can also employ concatenation ... concatenated strings. When concatenation is desired in a report, it should be provided at the time ... string rather, the concatenation of the 7 fields should happen upon running the report. The reason for such principles ... Concatenatie no Konkatenering pl Konkatenacja pt Concatena o ru simple Concatenation sv Konkatenering tr Concatenation uk zh ... more details
wiktionary concatenationConcatenation may refer to Concatenation , a computer programming operation that joins strings together Concatenation mathematics , a mathematical operation that combines two vectors Concatenated SMS , a way of combining multiple SMS text messages sent to cellular phones Packet concatenation , a computer networking optimization that coalesces multiple packets under a single header. Cat Unix , a Unix command to write the contents of one or more files to the standard output Concatenation is the opening track of Swedish Tech Metal band Meshuggah s album Chaosphere . See also Catenation disambig ... more details
Packet concatenation is a computer networking optimization that coalesces multiple packet information technology packets under a single header. DEFAULTSORT Packet Concatenation Category Computer networking Category Packets information technology Compu network stub ... more details
In mathematics , concatenation is the joining of two numbers by their numerals. That is, the concatenation of 123 and 456 is 123456. Concatenation of numbers a and b is denoted a b . Relevant subjects in recreational mathematics include Smarandache Wellin number s, home prime s, and Champernowne s constant . The convention norm convention for sequence s at places such as the Online Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences is to have sequences of concatenations include as the first term a number prior to the actual act of concatenation. Therefore, care must be taken to ensure that parties discussing a topic agree either with this convention or with plain language. For example, the first term in the sequence of concatenations of increasing even numbers may be taken to be either 24, as would seem obviously correct, or simply 2, according to convention. Calculation The concatenation of numbers depends on the numeric radix base , which is often understood from context. Given the numbers p and q in base b , the concatenation p q is given by math p q p b l q q math where math l q lfloor log b q rfloor 1 math is the number of digits of q in base b , and math lfloor x rfloor math is the floor and ceiling functions floor function . Vector extension Unreferenced date June 2010 The concatenation of coordinate vector vectors can be understood in two distinct ways either as a generalization of the above operation for numbers or as a concatenation of lists. Given two vectors in math mathbb R n math , concatenation can be defined as math left begin array c a 1 a 2 vdots a n end array right left begin array c b 1 b 2 vdots b n end array right left begin array c a 1 b 1 a 2 b 2 vdots a n b n end array ... can be viewed in a certain way as sequence mathematics lists , concatenation may take on another meaning. In this case the concatenation of two lists a sub 1 sub , a sub 2 sub , ..., a sub n sub and b .... See also Concatenation Concatenated code References cite web title MathWorld Concatenation ... more details
Cleanup date November 2007 Virtual concatenation VCAT is an inverse multiplexing technique creating a large capacity payload container distributed over multiple smaller capacity TDM signals. These signals may be transported or routed independently. Virtual concatenation has been defined for SONET SDH , Optical Transport Network OTN and Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy PDH path signals. Alternate SONET SDH concatenation techniques are contiguous concatenation and arbitrary concatenation . Variable bit data streaming Virtual concatenation is considered the primary enhancement to voice optimized SONET SDH, in order to support the transport of variable bit data streams. Other recent SONET SDH enhancements include LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme LCAS , and the Generic Framing Procedure GFP . In conjunction with LCAS and GFP, Virtual Concatenation gives the advantage of splitting the required bandwidth equally among a set number of sub paths called Virtual Tributary Virtual Tributaries VT . The Virtual Concatenation is specified in ITU T Recommendations G.707 2007 ref ITU T G.707 Y.1322 01 07 , Network node interface for the synchronous digital hierarchy SDH , 2007 ref and G.783 2006 ref ITU T G.783 03 06 , Characteristics of synchronous digital hierarchy SDH equipment functional blocks, 2006 ref . A diagram showing the routing methodology that contrasts contiguous concatenation and virtual concatenation is shown in Fig. 1 below. Image with unknown copyright status removed Image VirtualConcatenation.JPG Virtual Concatenation is used to split Sonet SDH bandwidth up into right ... network. At each level, payloads are a concatenation of lower order payloads. So, for example ... network. Virtual Concatenation Group Several Virtual Tributaries, form part of a Virtual Concatenation ... the traffic. The Virtual Concatenation protocol performs its content delivery through a process ... and more quickly than contiguous concatenation. However, it creates differential delay whereby each ... more details
Range Concatenation Grammar RCG is a grammar formalism developed by Pierre Boullier ref name boullier1998 Boullier, Pierre. 1998. Proposal for a Natural Language Processing Syntactic Backbone. In Research Report No 3342 , INRIA. Rocquencourt, France. ref in 1998 as an attempt to characterize a number of phenomena of natural language, such as Chinese numbers and German word order scrambling, which are outside the bounds of the Mildly context sensitive language s. ref name boullier1999 Pierre Boullier. 1999. Chinese Numbers, MIX, Scrambling, and Range Concatenation Grammars. In Proceedings of EACL, pages 53 60, Bergen, Norway. ref From a theoretical point of view, any language that can be parsed in polynomial time belongs to the subset of RCG called Positive range concatenation grammars, and reciprocally. Though intended as a variant on Groenink s Literal movement grammar s, RCGs treat the grammatical process more as a proof than as a production. Whereas LMGs produce a terminal string from a start predicate, RCGs aim to reduce a start predicate which predicates of a terminal string to the empty string, which constitutes a proof of the terminal strings membership in the language. Description Formal definition A Positive Range Concatenation Grammar PRCG is a tuple math G N, T, V, S, P math , where math N math , math T math and math V math are disjoint finite sets of respectively predicate names , terminal symbols and variable names . Each predicate name has an associated arity given by the function math dim N rightarrow mathbb N setminus 0 math . math S in N math is the start predicate name and verify math dim S 1 math . math P math is a finite set of clauses of the form math psi 0 rightarrow psi 1 ldots psi m math , where the math psi i math are predicates of the form math ... . A Negative Range Concatenation Grammar NRCG is defined like a PRCG, but with the addition that some ... 1, ldots, alpha dim A i math . Such predicates are called negative predicates . A Range Concatenation ... more details
Summary User Physis Made with GIMP and by own hands Illustration of the axiomatization of notion concatenation Unambiguity axiom Licensing GFDL self with disclaimers migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot ... more details
Summary User Physis I made it with GIMP and my hands An illustration for the axiomatization of notion concatenation Unabiguity axiom see at Tarski Licensing GFDL self with disclaimers migration relicense Copy to Wikimedia Commons bot Fbot ... more details
Language equations are mathematical statements that resemble equation numerical equations , but the variables assume values of formal languages rather than numbers. Instead of arithmetic operations in numerical equations, the variables are joined by language operations. Among the most common operations on two languages A and B are the set union A B , the set intersection A B , and the Concatenation Concatenation of sets of strings concatenation A B . Finally, as an operation taking a single operand , the set A sup sup denotes the Kleene star of the language A . Therefore language equations can be used to represent formal grammar s, since the languages generated by the grammar must be the solution of a system of language equations. See also Boolean grammar Arden s Rule External links http www.math.utu.fi dlt2007 tale Workshop on Theory and Applications of Language Equations TALE 2007 http users.utu.fi aleokh boolean language equations.html Language equations Category Formal languages Category Equations settheory stub comp sci theory stub ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2007 ITU T Recommendation G.7043 Virtual concatenation of plesiochronous digital hierarchy PDH signals enhances the frame structures of Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy PDH signals of 1544, 2048 and 44 736 kbit s, as defined in ITU T Recommendation G.704 , and the octet structured 34 368 kbit s, as defined in ITU T Recommendation G.832 to support virtual concatenation . Specifically, frame structures of the same type may be virtually concatenated together to form larger transport entities containers . This virtual concatenation supports the Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme LCAS specified in ITU T Recommendation G.7042 Y.1305. External links http www.itu.int rec T REC G.7043 en ITU T Recommendation G.7043 DEFAULTSORT G.7043 Category ITU T recommendations ... more details
VCAT is an acronym for Volontaire Civil l Aide Technique , a French foreign agency Victorian Civil and Administrative Tribunal , an agency of the Government of Victoria Virtual concatenation is a network standard that allows the use of non consecutive timeslots in SONET SDH. Virtual Catalog an on line digital catalog with page turning capabilities provided by Technologo.com disambig ... more details
RCG may refer to The Radio Church of God, now the Worldwide Church of God Ripcord Consulting Guild RCG, a Business Support Services Company in India Radio Crne Gore , a radio station in Montenegro Range concatenation grammars Range Concatenation Grammar , a type of formal grammar Revolutionary Communist Group , the name of several political parties Politics of Cambodia Royal Cambodian Government RCG Holdings Limited lse2 RCG , hkex2 802 , a biometrics and RFID solution provider in Hong Kong Responsible Conduct of Gambling certificate required for working in clubs with pokies in NSW Australia Return on Capital Gain dab ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Workhaven is a North America n term which is a concatenation of the words work, as in employment , and wiktionary haven haven , as in harbor or retreat. It is often used to indicate either the home working environment home office or the ideal job. The term workhaven has traditionally been synonymous with home workers not to be confused with homework . More recently, workhaven has become associated with the popular job seekers website of the same name WorkHaven . External links http www.workhaven.com WorkHaven Category Employment job stub ... more details
Multiple issues context May 2011 expert subject Genetics date May 2011 Daisy chaining DNA is the concatenation of Genomic library genomic libraries that are pooled and PCR amplification PCR amplified before DNA sequencing sequencing . This reduces specificity and can be avoided by the use of blocking adapters for next generation sequencing projects. External links http www.nature.com nmeth journal v7 n2 full nmeth.1419.html B41 DEFAULTSORT Daisy Chaining Dna Category DNA Category Genetics genetics stub ... more details
Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme or LCAS is a method to dynamically increase or decrease the Bandwidth computing bandwidth of Virtual concatenation virtual concatenated containers. The LCAS Communications protocol protocol is specified in ITU T G.7042. It allows on demand increase or decrease of the bandwidth of the virtual concatenated group in a hitless manner. This brings bandwidth on demand capability for data clients like Ethernet when mapped into TDM containers. LCAS is also able to temporarily remove failed members from the virtual concatenation group. A failed member will automatically cause a decrease of the bandwidth and after repair the bandwidth will increase again in a hitless fashion. Together with diverse routing this provides survivability of data traffic without requiring excess protection bandwidth allocation. External links http www.vitesse.com technologies files 4 LCAS Benefits.pdf Benefits and Implementation of Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme LCAS in Ethernet over SONET SDH Networking Tech stub Category ITU T recommendations Category SONET Category Multiplexing es Link Capacity Adjusment Scheme it Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In telecommunication s, a pulse link repeater PLR is a device that interfaces concatenated E and M signaling paths. A PLR converts a Ground electricity ground , received from the E lead of one signal path, to 48 Vdc, which is applied to the M lead of the concatenated signal path. In many commercial carrier wave carrier systems, the channel bank cards or modules have a PLR option that permits the direct concatenation of E&M Signalling telecommunication signaling paths, without the need for separate PLR equipment. References FS1037C Category Telecommunications equipment ... more details
VTG or Vtg may refer to VTG AG , european rolling stock leasing company Vitellogenin VTG a type of protein Variable Turbine Geometry VTG , see Variable geometry turbocharger Virtual tributary groups VTG , terminology in computer networking, see Virtual concatenation and Virtual container no idea what the correct link is Thoracic gas volume VTG , a term used in Body plethysmography Xenoestrogens stimulate vitellogenin Vtg , see Xenoestrogen Vita Group Limited s code on the Australian Securities Exchange ASX VTG post 2008 name of australian mobile communications retailer Fone Zone See also VTG 32, a type of video timer produced by FOR A disambig de VTG ... more details
term to refer to this, while concatenation is referred to by unambiguous terms such as Spanned ... with Port Multiplier support, or else it will only recognize the first physical disk. Concatenation SPAN, BIG Main Spanned volume Image JBOD.svg thumb 200px Diagram of a SPAN BIG JBOD setup. Concatenation ... redundancy. As the name implies, disks are merely Concatenation concatenated together, end to beginning ... the words span or big , not as acronyms . Concatenation may be thought of as the inverse of disk ... drives, concatenation uses two or more physical drives to create one logical drive. In that it consists of an array of independent disks, it can be thought of as a distant relative of RAID. Concatenation ... the disks otherwise operate as described above. Concatenation is one of the uses of the Logical ... features of concatenation by providing data redundancy through software a shared folder can be marked ... more details
multiple issues orphan May 2010 refimprove March 2010 context March 2010 In theoretical computer science , Arden s rule , also known as Arden s lemma , is a mathematical statement about a certain form of language equation s. Background A formal language formal language is nothing else then a set of strings. Such sets can be specified by means of some language equation , which in turn is based on operations on languages. Language equations are mathematical statements that resemble numerical equations, but the variables assume values of formal languages rather than numbers. Among the most common operations on two languages A and B are the set union A B , and their Concatenation Concatenation of sets of strings concatenation A B . Finally, as an operation taking a single operand , the set A sup sup denotes the Kleene star of the language A . Statement of Arden s rule Arden s rule states that the set A sup sup B is the smallest language that is a solution for X in the linear equation X A X B where X , A , B are sets of strings. Moreover, if the set A does not contain the empty word, then this solution is unique. ref name Arden s Rule cite web url http www.encyclopedia.com doc 1O11 Ardensrule.html title Arden s Rule last Daintith first John year 2004 accessdate 10 March 2010 ref ref name Sutner cite web url http www.cs.cmu.edu cdm pdf KleeneAlg.pdf title Algebra of Regular Languages last Sutner first Klaus accessdate 15 Feb 2011 ref See also Regular expression Nondeterministic finite automaton Notes reflist References Arden, D. N. 1960 . Delayed logic and finite state machines, Theory of Computing Machine Design , pp. 1 35, University of Michigan Press, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. John E. Hopcroft and Jeffrey D. Ullman, Introduction to Automata Theory, Languages, and Computation , Addison Wesley Publishing, Reading Massachusetts, 1979. ISBN 0 201 029880 X. Chapter 2 Finite Automata and Regular Expressions. Category Formal languages de Lemma von Arden fr Lemme d Arden Langu ... more details
L math equals the concatenation of L with math L math . In contrast, math L math can be written as math ... if the set L under consideration contains the empty word. Generalization Strings form a monoid with concatenation ... more details
Ethernet over PDH or EoPDH is one of many techniques that provided Ethernet connectivity over non Ethernet networks. Specifically, EoPDH is a standardized methodology for transporting native Ethernet frames over the existing telecommunications copper infrastructure by leveraging the established Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy PDH transport technology. EoPDH is one of several Ethernet transport technologies that enables Telephone company Telecommunication Service Providers to offer Carrier Ethernet services. Also commonly used as a means of connecting businesses to a Metro Ethernet network. EoPDH is based on a collection of technologies and standards that allow telecommunications telephone company Carriers to make use of their extensive networks of legacy PDH and SONET SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy equipment to provide new Ethernet services. In addition, the collection of EoPDH standards provide for interoperability and the gradual migration of Carriers to Ethernet networks. General Description EoPDH is a standardized methodology for transporting native Ethernet frames over Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy PDH links such as Digital Signal 1 T1 , E carrier E1 , or Digital Signal 3 DS3 . The technologies used in EoPDH include Generic Framing Procedure GFP frame Encapsulation networking encapsulation , Ethernet Mapping, virtual concatenation Virtual Concatenation , LCAS Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme , and Management Messaging http www.rad.com RADCnt MediaServer 21878 EthOAM WP.pdf OAM . Common practices in EoPDH equipment also include the tagging of traffic for separation into virtual networks, prioritization of user traffic, and a broad range of higher layer applications such as Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol DHCP servers and HTML user interfaces. Related Standards Standards from the ITU T ITU T G.7041 Generic Framing Procedure ITU T G.7042 Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme ITU T G.7043 Virtual concatenation of plesiochronous digital hierarchy PDH signals ITU ... more details
Cascading is based on the concatenation of several classifiers, using all information collected from the output from a given classifier as additional information for the next classifier in the cascade. Unlike voting or stacking ensembles, which are multiexpert systems, cascading is a multistage one. See also Boosting Bootstrap aggregating References Notations J. Gama and P. Brazdil. Cascade Generalization. Machine Learning, 41 3 315 343, 2000. http citeseerx.ist.psu.edu viewdoc summary?doi 10.1.1.46.635 J. Minguill n. On Cascading Small Decision Trees. PhD dissertation. Universitat Aut noma de Barcelona, 2002. http www.tesisenxarxa.net TESIS UAB AVAILABLE TDX 1209102 150635 jma1de1.pdf H. Zhao and S. Ram. Constrained Cascade Generalization of Decision Trees. IEEE Transactions on Knowledge and Data Engineering, 16 6 727 739, 2004. Category Classification algorithms Category Ensemble learning ... more details
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