Computationalsemantics is the study of how to automate the process of constructing and reasoning with semantics meaning representations of natural language expressions. It consequently plays an important role in natural language processing and computational linguistics . Some traditional topics of interest are semantic analysis linguistics construction of meaning representation s, semantic underspecification , anaphora linguistics anaphora resolution, presupposition projection, and quantifier scope resolution. Methods employed usually draw from Formal semantics linguistics formal semantics or statistical semantics . Computationalsemantics has points of contact with the areas of lexical semantics word sense disambiguation and semantic role labeling , discourse semantics, knowledge representation and automated reasoning in particular, automated theorem proving . Since 1999 there has been an Association for Computational Linguistics ACL special interest group on computationalsemantics, SIGSEM. Further reading Blackburn, P., and Bos, J. 2005 , Representation and Inference for Natural Language A First Course in ComputationalSemantics , CSLI Publications. ISBN 1575864967. Bunt, H., and Muskens .... ISBN 1402001754. Eijck, J. van, and C. Unger 2010 ComputationalSemantics with Functional Programming. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978 0 521 75760 7 Wilks, Y., and Charniak, E. 1976 , ComputationalSemantics An Introduction to Artificial Intelligence and Natural Language Understanding , North ... Special Interest Group on ComputationalSemantics SIGSEM of the Association for Computational Linguistics ACL http let.uvt.nl research ti sigsem iwcs IWCS International Workshop on ComputationalSemantics endorsed by SIGSEM http staff.science.uva.nl mdr ICoS ICoS Inference in ComputationalSemantics endorsed by SIGSEM Category Computational linguistics Category Natural language processing Category Semantics it Semantica computazionale ... more details
name Cruse, D. 1986 Computationalsemantics main computationalsemanticsComputationalsemantics ... Asemic writing Colorless green ideas sleep furiously Computationalsemantics Discourse representation ...linguistics Semantics from Greek language Greek s mantik , neuter plural of s mantik s ref LSJ shmantiko ... denotata . Linguistic semantics is the study of meaning that is used by humans to express themselves through language. Other forms of semantics include the semantics of programming languages, formal logics, and semiotics . The word semantics itself denotes a range of ideas, from the popular to the highly ... formal inquiries, over a long period of time, most notably in the field of Formal semantics linguistics formal semantics . In linguistics , it is the study of interpretation of signs or symbols as used ... study of semantics intersects with many other fields of inquiry, including lexicology , syntax , pragmatics , etymology and others, although semantics is a well defined field in its own right, often with synthetic properties. ref Cruise, Alan Meaning and Language An introduction to Semantics and Pragmatics , Chapter 1, Oxford Textbooks in Linguistics, 2004 Kearns, Kate Semantics , Palgrave MacMillan 2000 Cruise, D. A. Lexical Semantics , Cambridge, MA, 1986. ref In philosophy of language , semantics ... , and semiotics . The formal study of semantics is therefore complex. Semantics contrasts with syntax ... 35 ref In international scientific vocabulary semantics is also called semasiology . Linguistics In linguistics , semantics is the subfield that is devoted to the study of meaning, as inherent at the levels ..., semantics has included the study of word sense sense and denotative reference , truth condition ... context, such as situation semantics 1980s truth value s are incomplete, they get assigned based ... Dynamic turn in semanticssemantics In Noam Chomsky Chomskian linguistics there was no mechanism ... and Brain Sciences, 22 4 , 1999 ref This view of semantics, as an innate finite meaning inherent ... more details
Infobox musical artist See Wikipedia WikiProject Musicians name The Semantics image caption image size background group or band alias Spence Powers Owsley, Parade origin Nashville, Tennessee , br United States genre Alternative rock br Power pop br Southern rock years active 1990&ndash 1996 label Sony ATV Music Publishing Sony Music Publishing br Geffen Records br Alfa International associated acts Owsley musician Owsley , Judson Spence , br Majosha , Ben Folds Five , br Amy Grant , Counting Crows website current members past members Owsley musician Will Owsley , Millard Powers , br Jody Spence , Zak Starkey The Semantics were a band from Nashville, Tennessee , formed by Jody Spence , Millard Powers and Owsley musician Will Owsley . Their music is generally regarded as power pop , combining elements of 70s pop music pop and southern rock . History Jody Spence and Owsley began writing songs after a couple of years of touring with Judson Spence , Jody s brother. Jody and Owsley soon got publishing contracts with Sony ATV Music Publishing Sony Music Publishing which were facilitated by Scott Siman in 1990. In 1991, Siman attended a show in North Carolina where a band called Majosha performed, which featured Ben Folds and Millard Powers. Not long after that, Siman brought Folds to Nashville and Powers later followed. Siman furnished a small demo studio that the Spence brothers, Owsley ... with The Semantics , was a name that Folds had suggested for the trio which they didn t use. Folds ... their name to The Semantics , the trio developed a buzz within the major labels which eventually ... last Damas first Jason url http www.allmusic.com artist the semantics p518736 title The Semantics publisher ... . http www.kathyszaksite.com semant.html Zak Starkey s work with The Semantics , Kathy s Zak Starkey ... and continued to pursue a career in music, while also paying tribute to The Semantics. In 1999 ... 21, 1996 , Alfa International Japan References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Semantics Category Musical groups ... more details
In computer science , operational semantics is a way to give meaning to computer program s in a mathematically rigorous way. Operational semantics are classified into two categories structural operational semantics or small step semantics formally describe how the individual steps of a computation take place in a computer based system. By opposition natural semantics or big step semantics describe how the overall results of the executions are obtained. Other approaches to providing a formal semantics of programming languages include axiomatic semantics and denotational semantics . The operational semantics for a programming language describes how a valid program is interpreted as sequences of computational ... since the semantics may not specify exactly what sequence of operations arrives at that value. The concept of operational semantics was used for the first time in defining the semantics of Algol ... The first use of the term operational semantics in its present meaning is attributed to Dana Scott plotkin04 Plotkin04 . What follows is a quote from Scott s seminal paper on formal semantics, in which he mentions the operational aspects of semantics. blockquote It is all very well to aim for a more abstract and a cleaner approach to semantics, but if the plan is to be any good, the operational ... of operational semantics was the use of the lambda calculus to define the semantics of LISP by Cite ... introduced the structural operational semantics, Robert Hieb and Matthias Felleisen the reduction ... Kahn the natural semantics. Structural operational semantics Structural operational semantics also called structured operational semantics or small step semantics was introduced by Gordon Plotkin in plotkin81 Plotkin81 as a logical means to defining operational semantics. The basic idea ... a structural, i.e., syntax oriented and inductive definition inductive , view on operational semantics .... For a simple example, we consider part of the semantics of a simple programming language proper ... more details
Frame semantics can refer to Kripke semanticssemantics for modal logics Frame semantics linguistics linguistic theory developed by Charles J. Fillmore disambig ... more details
Seme , the smallest unit of meaning recognized in semantics , refers to a single characteristic of a sememe . These characteristics are defined according to the differences between sememes. The term was introduced by Eric Buyssens in the 1930s and developed by Bernard Pottier in the 1960s. It is the result produced when determining the minimal elements of meaning, which enables one to describe word s multilingually. Such elements provide a bridge to component analysis and the initial work of ontologies . See also Memetics Mimicry Semetic Rings Further reading http www.limsi.fr Individu jps research weakaliens doc 03.R 4.wap.func.oct03.pdf Functional Approach to Semantic Heterogeneity http www.google.com search?as q 22ontological semantics and the study of meaning in linguistics 22&hl en&num 100&btnG Google Search&as epq &as oq &as eq &lr lang en&cr &as ft i&as filetype &as qdr all&as nlo &as nhi &as occt any&as dt i&as sitesearch &as rights &safe images Ontological Semantics and the Study of Meaning in Linguistics, Philosophy and Computational Linguistics Category Semantic units ling stub ar be x old de Sem Linguistik et Seem fr S me gl Semema it sema ru ... more details
linguistics Statistical semantics is the study of how the statistical patterns of human word usage can ... The term Statistical Semantics was first used by Warren Weaver Weaver 1955 in his well known paper ... . Delavenay 1960 defined Statistical Semantics as Statistical study of meanings of words and their frequency ... contribution to Statistical Semantics. An early success in the field was Latent semantic analysis Latent Semantic Analysis . Applications of statistical semantics Research in Statistical Semantics has resulted in a wide variety of algorithms that use the Distributional Hypothesis to discover many aspects of semantics , by applying statistical techniques to Text corpus large corpora ... and Littman, 2003 Related fields Statistical Semantics focuses on the meanings of common words ..., document collections, or named entities names of people, places, and organizations . Statistical Semantics is a subfield of computationalsemantics , which is in turn a subfield of computational linguistics and natural language processing . Many of the applications of Statistical Semantics listed ... of Statistical Semantics. One advantage of corpus based algorithms is that they are typically ... language processing Computational linguistics Web mining Semantic similarity Co occurrence Text corpus ..., and Dumais, S.T. 1983 . Statistical semantics Analysis of the potential performance of keyword information ... from large text corpora. In Proceedings of the Fourteenth International Conference on Computational ... American Chapter of Association of Computational Linguistics Conference 2003 HLT NAACL 2003 , pages ... of semantic relations. Computational Linguistics , 32 3 , 379 416. http www.citebase.org abstract ... Translation of Languages , Cambridge, MA MIT Press. ISBN 0 8371 8434 7 DEFAULTSORT Statistical Semantics Category Artificial intelligence applications Category Computational linguistics Category Information retrieval Category Semantics Category Statistical natural language processing Category Fields ... more details
. Understanding understanding syntactic semantics and computational cognition. Philosophical Perspectives ...For semantics in general Semantics Distinguish Generative semantics General semantics is a program begun ... Institute of General Semantics location Lakeville, CT year 1974 pages 5 , 54 ref Polish American ... 978 0 9700664 0 4 ref 1879&ndash 1950 fully launched the program as general semantics when he self published ... Semantics. General semantics is not generalized semantics . Misunderstandings traceable to the program ... A Biography . p. 17. ref The sourcebook for general semantics, Science and Sanity presents general semantics as both a theoretical and a practical system whose adoption can reliably alter human behavior in the direction of greater sanity. Its author asserted that general semantics training ... ref harv title Science and Sanity An Introduction to Non Aristotelian Systems and General Semantics edition 5th publisher Institute of General Semantics location Brooklyn, NY year 1994 isbn 0 937298 ..., etc.&mdash have ignored general semantics or discarded it as trivial or confused. citation needed ... assembled elements of general semantics into a package suitable for incorporation into mainstream communications curricula. The Institute of General Semantics , which Korzybski and co workers founded ... an Electro Colloidal Non Aristotelian Point of View. General Semantics Bulletin, Autumn&ndash Winter 1950&ndash 51, Numbers Four & Five. Institute of General Semantics, Lakeville, CT. pp. 9&ndash 10 ... Approaches at One Point in Time and in All Time . General Semantics Bulletin, 1986, Number 52. Institute of General Semantics, Englewood, NJ. pp. 43&ndash 44. Wright, professor of biology at the University ... Korzybski, p. 172. ref General semantics postulates that most people identify, or fail to differentiate ... Semantics Silent and Verbal Levels diagram, circa 1946 ref name image1 By making it a mental habit to find and keep one s bearings among the ordered stages, general semantics training seeks to sharpen ... more details
semantics is more concrete or closer to the computational intuitions. The following properties ...In computer science , denotational semantics initially known as mathematical semantics or Scott Strachey semantics is an approach to formalizing the meanings of programming language s by constructing mathematical .... Other approaches to providing a formal semantics of programming languages include axiomatic semantics and operational semantics . Broadly speaking, denotational semantics is concerned with finding mathematical ... semantics of the Actor model event diagram scenarios , or by games between the environment and the system these are all general examples of domains. An important tenet of denotational semantics is that semantics ... semantics originated in the work of Christopher Strachey and Dana Scott in the late 1960s. ref ... and Scott, denotational semantics provided the denotation meaning of a computer program as a function ... a mathematical semantics for computer languages Oxford Programming Research Group Technical ... semantics for aspects of programming languages such as sequentiality, Denotational semantics Denotational semantics of concurrency concurrency , non determinism and local state. Denotational semantics have been developed for modern programming languages that use capabilities like Concurrent ... ML Design, Application and Semantics in Springer Verlag , Lecture Notes in Computer Science , Vol ... . ref Simon Peyton Jones , Alastair Reid, Fergus Henderson, Tony Hoare , and Simon Marlow. A semantics .... ref The semantics of these languages is compositional in that the denotation of a phrase depends on the denotations ... applicative expression f E1,E2 is defined in terms of semantics of its subphrases f, E1 and E2. In a modern ... of the other one. The sections below describe special cases of the semantics of these modern programming languages. Denotations of recursive programs A denotational semantics is given to a program ... bound math bigsqcup i in mathbb N F i . math Denotational semantics of non deterministic programs ... more details
science , computational linguistics , artificial intelligence and the formal semantics of programming ...Game semantics lang de dialogische Logik is an approach to Formal semantics logic formal semantics that grounds the concepts of truth or validity on game theory game theoretic concepts, such as the existence ... of Obligationes . In the late 1950s Paul Lorenzen was the first to introduce a game semantics for logic ... game semantics have been studied in logic. Shahid Rahman Lille and collaborators developed ..., L. Ong, H. Prakken, G. Sandu D. Walton, and J. Woods who placed game semantics in the center of new ... The simplest application of game semantics is to propositional logic . Each formula of this language ... players. More generally, game semantics may be applied to predicate logic the new rules allow ... logic, denotational semantics, linear logic, logical pluralism The primary motivation for Lorenzen and Kuno Lorenz was to find a game theoretic their term was dialogical Dialogische Logik semantics ... Bot generated title ref was the first to point out connections between game semantics and linear logic ... game semantics, the authors mentioned above have solved the long standing problem of defining a fully ... . Consequently, game semantics has led to fully abstract semantic models for a variety of programming ... ref Quantifiers Foundational considerations of game semantics have been more emphasised by Jaakko ... semantics. To get around this problem, the quantifiers were given a game theoretic meaning. Specifically ... a compositional semantics and proved it equivalent to game semantics for IF logics. Foundational ... logic . Journal of Symbolic Logic 59 1994 543 574. A. Blass, A game semantics for linear logic . Annals ... LICS.2009.26 Applications of Game Semantics From Program Analysis to Hardware Synthesis . 2009 24th ... arxiv.org abs cs.LO 0507045 In the beginning was game semantics . In Ondrej Majer, Ahti Veikko ... japaridz CL gsoll.html Game Semantics or Linear Logic? http plato.stanford.edu entries logic ... more details
split date December 2011 unreferenced date January 2012 Applied semantics is the study and application of semantics which have many uses, e.g. advertising, text analysis, web traffic of search engines, web page rankings, and the indexation of words. Applied Semantics is also the name of a company that produces software applications for the online advertising, domain name, and enterprise information management markets. Applied Semantics was acquired by Google in April 2003 for 102M. fact date January 2012 See also AdSense Category Semantics linguistics stub ... more details
Regular semantics is a computing term which describes the guarantees provided by a data register shared by several processors in a parallel machine or in a Computer network network of computers working together. Regular semantics are defined for a variable with a single writer but multiple readers. These semantics are stronger than safe semantics but weaker than atomic semantics they guarantee that there is a total order to the write operations which is consistent with real time computing real time and that read operations return either the value of the last completed write or that of one of the writes which are concurrent with the read. See also Atomic semantics Safe semantics References Lamport, Leslie On Interprocess Communication http research.microsoft.com en us um people lamport pubs interprocess.pdf 1986 DEFAULTSORT Regular Semantics Category Concurrency control Comp sci stub ... more details
Atomic Semantics is a term which describes the guarantees provided by a data register shared by several central processing unit processors in a parallel machine or in a network of computers working together. Atomic semantics are defined for a variable with a single writer but multiple readers. These semantics are very strong they guarantee that the read and write operations to the variable behave exactly as if they happened instantaneously in some point in time which is within the actual time where the operation took place. References Atomic semantics are defined formally in Lamport s On Interprocess Communication Distributed Computing 1, 2 1986 , 77 101. Also appeared as SRC Research Report 8 . See also Regular semantics Safe semantics DEFAULTSORT Atomic Semantics Category Concurrency control ... more details
Cleanup context Action semantics is a framework for the formal specification of formal semantics of programming languages semantics of programming languages invented by David Watt computer scientist David Watt and Peter D. Mosses . It is a mixture of denotational semantics denotational , operational semantics operational and algebraic semantics . Action Semantics aims to be pragmatic. Action Semantic Descriptions ASDs are designed to scale up to handle realistic programming languages. This is aided by the extensibility and modifiability of ASDs. This helps to ensure that extensions and changes do not require too many changes in the description. This is in contrast to the typical case when extending denotational or operational semantics, which may require reformulation of the entire description. The Action Semantics framework was originally developed at the University of Aarhus and the University of Glasgow . Groups and individuals around the world have since contributed further to the approach. Category Formal specification languages prog lang stub Category Articles lacking sources from June 2009 Category All articles lacking sources Category Programming language semantics ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2006 Semantics Logical positivism asserts that structural semantics is the study of relationships between the meanings of terms within a sentence, and how meaning can be composed from smaller elements. However, some critical theorists suggest that meaning is only divided into smaller structural units via its regulation in concrete social interactions outside of these interactions language may become meaningless. See also Prototype Semantics Cognitive Semantics Cognitive Linguistics Principle of compositionality Ferdinand de Saussure Category Logical positivism DEFAULTSORT Structural Semantics Ling stub bn nl Structuralistische semantiek pt Sem ntica estrutural ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Axiomatic semantics is an approach based on mathematical logic to proving the correctness of computer programs . It is closely related to Hoare logic . Axiomatic semantics define the meaning of a command in a program by describing its effect on assertions about the program state. The assertions are logical statements predicates with variables, where the variables define the state of the program. See also Algebraic semantics in terms of algebras Denotational semantics by translation of the program into another language Operational semantics in terms of the state of the computation Formal semantics of programming languages overview Predicate transformer semantics describes the meaning of a program fragment as the function transforming a postcondition to the precondition needed to establish it. DEFAULTSORT Axiomatic Semantics Category Formal specification languages Category Logic in computer science Category Programming language semantics Formalmethods stub de Axiomatische Semantik el fr S mantique axiomatique hr Aksiomatska semantika ja pt Sem ntica axiom tica uk ... more details
Expert verify Lexical semantics date May 2008 linguistics Lexical semantics is a subfield of linguistics linguistic semantics . It is the study of how and what the words of a language denote Pustejovsky, 1995 . Words may either be taken to denote things in the world, or concept s, depending on the particular approach to lexical semantics. The units of meaning in lexical semantics are lexical unit s, which a speaker can continually add to throughout their life, learning new word s and their meanings. By contrast, one can only easily learn the grammatical rules of one s native language during a critical period when one is young. Lexical semantics covers theories of the classification and decomposition of word meaning, the differences and similarities in lexical semantic structure between different languages, and the relationship of word meaning to Sentence linguistics sentence meaning and syntax . One question that lexical semantics explores is whether the meaning of a lexical unit is established by looking at its neighbourhood in the semantic net by looking at the other words it occurs with in natural sentences , or if the meaning is already locally contained in the lexical unit. Another topic that is explored is the mapping of words to concepts. As tools, lexical relations defined as patterns of association that exist between lexical items in a language ref http www.sil.org linguistics ... ?view usa&ci 9780198700319 Dirk Geeraerts, Theories of Lexical Semantics, OUP 2010 ... Lexical semantics http dingo.sbs.arizona.edu hharley courses 522 522Spring1999 LexSemBiblio.html Bibliography of linguistics papers dealing with lexical semantics http www.eskimo.com ram lexical semantics.html The Lexical Semantics of a Machine Translation Interlingua by Rick Morneau Lexical Semantics ..., James , The Generative Lexicon , 1995, MIT Press presents a theory of lexical semantics. DEFAULTSORT Lexical Semantics Category Lexical semantics Category Semantics Ling stub ar bn ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 In computer science , concurrency semantics is a way to give meaning to concurrent systems in a mathematically rigorous way. Concurrency semantics is often based on mathematical theories of concurrency such as various process calculi , the actor model , or Petri net s. DEFAULTSORT Concurrency Semantics Category Concurrency Category Formal methods Comp sci stub ... more details
Infobox Journal cover File Journal of Semantics.gif editor Bart Geurts discipline Linguistic semantics abbreviation publisher Oxford University Press country United Kingdom frequency Quarterly history 1982 present openaccess website http jos.oxfordjournals.org link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC LCCN ISSN 0167 5133 eISSN 1477 4593 The Journal of Semantics is a leading international peer review ed journal of linguistic semanticssemantics of natural languages published by Oxford University Press . Its current editor is Philippe Schlenker Institut Jean Nicod and New York University . The journal is available online with subscription via OxfordJournals . Category Linguistics journals Category Semantics Category Publications established in 1982 Category English language journals Category Oxford University Press academic journals ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Confusing date May 2008 In computing and computer networking , safe semantics describes the guarantees provided by a Processor register data register shared by several Central processing unit processors in a Parallel computing parallel machine or in a network of computers working together. Safe semantics are defined formally in Lamport s On Interprocess Communication , published in Distributed Computing 1, 2 1986 , 77 101. This also appeared as SRC Research Report 8. Safe semantics are defined for a variable with a single writer but multiple readers. These semantics are weak they only guarantee that there is a total ordering of the writes and that a read which is not concurrent with any write will return the latest value. If a write is concurrent with the read then any value can be returned for example, if a variable had value 5 and was being changed to 6 during the read, the read function could return 8 . huh? The only exception is that values which could not be held by the variable must not be returned for example, if the variable can hold values between 0 and 255 then the read function must never return 257. See also Regular semantics Atomic semantics DEFAULTSORT Safe Semantics Category Concurrency control ... more details
Goguen author2 Grant Malcolm title Algebraic semantics of imperative programs year 1996 publisher MIT Press isbn 9780262071727 DEFAULTSORT Algebraic Semantics Category Programming language semantics ... more details
Context date October 2009 Glue semantics , or simply Glue Dalrymple et al. 1993 Dalrymple 1999, 2001 is a linguistic theory of semantic composition and the syntax semantics interface which assumes that meaning composition is constrained by a set of instructions stated within a formal logic, Linear logic . These instructions, called meaning constructors , state how the meanings of the parts of a sentence can be combined to provide the meaning of the sentence. Glue was developed as a theory of the syntax semantics interface within the linguistic theory of Lexical functional grammar , and most work within Glue has been conducted within that framework. LFG Glue assumes that the syntactic structure that is most relevant for meaning assembly is the functional structure, a structure which represents abstract syntactic predicate argument structure and relations like subject and object. In this setting, a meaning constructor for an intransitive verb states that the verb combines with the meaning of its subject to produce a meaning for the sentence. This is similar in some respects to the view of the syntax semantics interface assumed within categorial grammar , except that abstract syntactic ... grammar , and Tree adjoining grammar . Glue is a theory of the syntax semantics interface which is compatible not only with various syntactic frameworks, but also with different theories of semantics ... Semantics analyses include versions of Discourse Representation Theory , Intensional logic , First ... semantics via constraints . In Proceedings of the Sixth Meeting of the European ACL pp. 97 105 . University of Utrecht. Dalrymple, Mary Ed. . 1999 . Semantics and syntax in Lexical Functional Grammar ... Functional Grammar, No. 42 in Syntax and Semantics Series. New York Academic Press. ISBN 0126135347 External links http users.ox.ac.uk lina1301 GlueBibliography.htm Glue Semantics Bibliography Category Semantics nl Lijmsemantiek ... more details
In computer science , having value semantics also value type semantics or copy by value semantics means for an object that only its value counts, not its identity. ref cite web accessdate 2011 06 17 location http www.velocityreviews.com publisher velocity reviews title Some Basic QUESTIONS quote The important consideration for value semantics is that only the value of an object is significant, not its identity. So you can copy it copy constructor or assignment as much as you like, and any copy can be used in place of the original with no change. url http www.velocityreviews.com forums t677086 some basic questions.html ref ref cite web accessdate 2011 06 17 author Daniel Elstner location http mail.gnome.org publisher GTK & GNOME Mailing Lists title Re extending Gdk Region quote What are value semantics? ... It s an ad hoc shorthand for value type semantics , or copy by value semantics . url http mail.gnome.org archives gtkmm list 2009 May msg00107.html ref The concept in software design, like in the Standard Template Library for C to some extend. If the concept is fully applied, value semantics implies immutability of the object. ref cite web accessdate 2011 06 17 location http www.velocityreviews.com publisher velocity reviews title Some Basic QUESTIONS quote An object represents an immutable value vs. an object represents a system with a mutable state. ... Not necessarily, at least not in C . I do like the idea that an object with value semantics can only be modified by the assignment operators, but this is far from the general case std string, for example, clearly has value semantics, despite a large number of mutator functions. One can argue that this is a design error, but if so, it s still one we have to live with. url http www.velocityreviews.com forums t677086 some basic questions.html ref The concepts that are used to explain this concept are extensionality , definiteness ... semantics is that only the value of an object is significant, not its identity. So you can copy it copy ... more details
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