A compiledlanguage is a programming language whose programming language implementation implementation s are typically compiler s translators which generate machine code from source code , and not interpreter computing interpreter s step by step executors of source code , where no translation takes place . The term is somewhat vague in principle any language can be implemented with a compiler or with an interpreter. A combination of both solutions is also increasingly common a compiler can translate the source code into some intermediate form often called byte code bytecode , which is then passed to an interpreter which executes it. A program translated by a compiler tends to be much faster than an interpreter executing the same program even a 10 1 ratio is not uncommon. The mixed solution s efficiency is typically somewhere in between. The downsides of the compiler solution are the longer ... interpreted language s. Languages Some languages that are commonly considered to be compiled Ada programming language Ada ALGOL Algol 60 Algol 68 SMALL BASIC programming language BASIC C programming language C C Objective C D programming language D CLEO COBOL Cobra programming language from Cobra Language LLC Cobra Common Lisp Delphi programming language Delphi Eiffel programming language Eiffel Sather Ubercode Factor programming language Factor Forth programming language Forth Fortran Haskell programming language Haskell Go programming language Go IBM RPG Java programming language Java JOVIAL LabVIEW Lisp programming language Lisp Lush programming language Lush ML programming language ML Standard ML Alice programming language Alice Objective Caml OCaml Modula 2 Modula 3 Open URQ Pascal programming language Pascal Scheme programming language Scheme Visual Basic Visual Foxpro ... computing interpreted language External links dmoz Computers Programming Languages CompiledCompiled Languages Programming language prog lang stub Category Programming language classification ... more details
Unreferenced date May 2009 Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Remixes Compiled Type compilation Artist Telefon Tel Aviv Cover Remixes Compiled.jpg Alt Released 30 April 2007 Recorded Genre Length Label Hefty Records Hefty Producer Charles Cooper Last album This album Next album Remixes Compiled is a 2007 compilation of remixes done by musical duo Telefon Tel Aviv . Tracklisting Even Deeper Telefon Tel Aviv Remix Nine Inch Nails All Around Telefon Tel Aviv Remix Bebel Gilberto Got Me Lost Driving in LA Telefon Tel Aviv Remix John Hughes musician John Hughes Komponent Telefon Tel Aviv Remix Apparat musician Apparat BBQ Plate Last Supper Mix Ammoncontact Green Green Grass Telefon Tel Aviv Remix The American Analog Set Genuine Display Telefon Tel Aviv Remix Midwest Product Stolen Moments Telefon Tel Aviv Remix Oliver Nelson from Impulsive Revolutionary Jazz Reworked Time Is Running Out Telefon Tel Aviv Remix Phil Ranelin Fading Away Telefon Tel Aviv Remix Nitrada Asleep on the Wing Telefon Tel Aviv Remix Marc Hellner Knock Me Down Girl Telefon Tel Aviv Remix Slicker Category Telefon Tel Aviv albums Category 2007 remix albums 2000s techno album stub it Remixes Compiled ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2007 For the USA radio station, see WMLC . In networking for mobile devices , WMLC is a format for the efficient transmission of WML web pages over Wireless Application Protocol WAP . Its primary purpose is to compress or rather tokenise a WML page for transport over low bandwidth internet connections such as GPRS 2G . WMLC is apparently synonymous with Wireless Application Protocol Binary XML WBXML . Description WMLC is most efficient for pages that contain frequently repeated strings of characters. Commonly used phrases such as www. and nowiki http www. nowiki are tokenised and replaced with a single byte just before transmission and then re inserted at the destination. WMLC has an added advantage that the data can be progressively decoded unlike some compression algorithms that require all of the data to be available before decompression begins. As soon as the first few bytes of WMLC data are available, the WAP browser can start creating the page, this means the user can see the page being constructed as it is downloaded. Content type is application vnd.wap.wmlc ref http www.iana.org assignments media types application vnd wap wmlc ref . References Reflist Category Internet protocols ... more details
Infobox file format name Microsoft Compiled HTML Help icon logo screenshot caption extension .chm mime application x chm type code uniform type magic owner Microsoft released 1997 latest release version latest release date genre container for contained by extended from extended to Microsoft Reader .lit standard No url Microsoft Compiled HTML Help is a proprietary format for online help files, developed by Microsoft and first released in 1997 as a successor to the Microsoft WinHelp format. It was first introduced with the release of Windows 98 , and is still supported and distributed through Windows XP , Windows Vista Vista and Windows 7 platforms. ref Cite book last Karp first David title Windows Xp in a Nutshell publisher O Reilly location Sebastopol year 2005 isbn 9780596009007 ref ref Cite book last Wang first Wallace title Steal This File Sharing Book publisher No Starch location City year 2004 isbn 9781593270506 ref HTML Help files are made with Help authoring tool s. Microsoft ships the http www.microsoft.com downloads details.aspx?familyid 00535334 c8a6 452f 9aa0 d597d16580cc&displaylang en Help Workshop with supported versions of Microsoft Windows and makes the tool available as a free download. There are also a number of third party Help authoring tools available. The Microsoft Reader .LIT file format is basically a modification of the HTML Help CHM format. CHM files are sometimes ... Microsoft Assistance Markup Language in the Windows Vista operating system. History class wikitable ... chm chmformat.html . On Windows computers, this Help file can be compiler compiled using ... Explorer DEFAULTSORT Microsoft Compiled Html Help Category Internet Explorer Category Technical communication Category Online help de CHM Dateiformat es Microsoft Compiled HTML Help fr Microsoft Compressed HTML it Microsoft Compressed HTML Help ja Microsoft Compiled HTML Help pl HTML Help pt CHM ru HTMLHelp sr CHM uk Compiled HTML vi CHM nh d ng t p tin zh Microsoft HTML Help ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2007 Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Compiled Fragments 1997 2003 Type compilation Artist Envy band Envy Commented out because image was deleted Cover Envy Compiled Fragments.jpg Genre Hardcore punk Hardcore br Screamo br Post rock Label Sonzai Records br Temporary Residence Limited Length 1 03 55 Producer Recorded Released November 7, 2005 Sonzai br February 19, 2008 Temporary Residence Limited Reviews Last album A Dead Sinking Story br 2003 This album Compiled Fragments 1997 2003 br 2005 Next album Insomniac Doze br 2006 Compiled Fragments 1997 2003 is an album by Envy band Envy . It was released in Japan in 2005 by Sonzai Records and is going to be released on February 19, 2008 on Temporary Residence Limited . It contains tracks from their splits with Yaphet Kotto This Machine Kills 3 way cd. The 10 with Iscariote, the split 7 with This Machine Kills, the split 7 with Endeavor, the No Fate comp, and the split 7 with Sixpence. Also contains an unreleased track and two live tracks. Track listing A Far Off Reason 6 18 An Adventure of Silence and Purpose 6 06 Invisible Understanding 8 02 Chacun des tes Pas 4 45 A Red Wound Picture 3 24 Cape of Despair 2 37 This Self Crusaders 2 35 Trembled 2 02 Guilt 3 05 Castle of Lies 3 29 Connected Voice Unreleased Track 7 11 Awaken Eyes Live 6 49 Go Mad and Mark Live 7 32 Envy Category 2005 compilation albums Category Envy albums 2000s punk album stub es Compiled fragments 1997 2003 ... more details
Expert subject Law date November 2008 The Michigan Compiled Laws MCL is the official codification of statutes for the state of Michigan ref http www.lib.umich.edu govdocs michlaw.html Michigan Laws, Regulations, and Court Decisions Bot generated title ref . Versions and history An unannotated edition of the MCL is published by the state of Michigan in print and online ref http www.legislature.mi.gov mileg.aspx?page MCLBasicSearch Michigan Legislature Bot generated title ref . Unofficial, annotated versions are published by both Thomson West and LexisNexis . The Thomson West publication is Michigan Compiled Laws Annotated MCLA the LexisNexis version is the Michigan Compiled Laws Service MCLS . Until the year 2000, an alternate codification known as the Michigan Statutes Annotated MSA , which differed from the MCL in both its organization and numbering system, was also in use. Until the discontinuation of the MSA by LexisNexis, Michigan Court Rules required citation to both the MCL and MSA in all court filings. References references Category United States state legal codes Category Michigan statutes ... more details
Portable Compiled Format PCF is a bitmap font format used by Xserver in its core font system, and have been used for decades. PCF fonts are usually installed, by default, on most Unix based operating systems, and are used in terminals such as xterm . PCF fonts replaced Glyph Bitmap Distribution Format BDF due to a slight efficiency increase, however most applications have moved on to scalable font s. ref name X11 docs http www.x.org releases X11R7.5 doc fonts fonts.html Fonts in X11R7.5 ref See also Glyph Bitmap Distribution Format Server Normal Format References references http fontforge.sourceforge.net pcf format.html Typography terms Category Font formats Compu stub ... more details
On Language was a regular column in the weekly New York Times Magazine on the English language discussing popular etymology , new or unusual usages, and other language related topics. The inaugural column was published on February 18, 1979 and it was a regular popular feature. Many of the columns were collected in books. Columnist and journalist William Safire was one of the most frequent contributors from the inception of the column until Safire s death in 2009. He wrote the inaugural On Language column in 1979. ref http www.nytimes.com 2009 10 11 magazine 11FOB onlanguage t.html New York Times On Language The Maven, Nevermore about Safire s legacy ref starting it with the greeting How do you do. This is a new column about language. In more than 30 years, he contributed more than 1300 installments to the column. Safire was succeeded by Ben Zimmer , who wrote the column until its final edition on February 25, 2011. ref http www.nytimes.com 2011 02 27 magazine 27fob onlanguage t.html New York Times On Language The Future Tense ref About the cancellation of the column, the incoming editor of New York Times Magazine Hugo Lindgren explained this and other changes to the magazine It is mine now. I m in charge. We re going to be doing some significant redesign work, and have a newish magazine by the end of January. The big thing is, I want to create a kind of new identity for the front of the book section. That doesn t mean that everything s being tossed out. We re looking at everything and evaluating what sort of fits. ref http nymag.com daily intel 2010 11 new times magazine editor hugo.html New York Magazine New Times Magazine Editor Hugo Lindgren on His Plans Big Subjects, More T, and the End of The Way We Live Now ref References Reflist External links http topics.nytimes.com topics features magazine columns on language index.html A collection of On Language columns published in The New York Times DEFAULTSORT On Language Category English language Category The New York ... more details
About the properties of language in general other uses Language disambiguation File Cuneiform script2.jpg thumb 250px Cuneiform is one of the first known forms of written language , but spoken language is believed to predate writing by tens of thousands of years at least. Language may refer either to the specifically ... instance of such a system of complex communication. The scientific study of language in any ... today are the most salient examples, but natural language s can also be based on visual rather than auditive stimuli, for example in sign language s and written language . Code s and other kinds of constructed language artificially constructed communication systems such as those used for programming language computer programming can also be called languages. A language in this sense is a system ... lingua , language, tongue. This metaphoric relation between language and the tongue exists in many ... title language encyclopedia The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language edition ..., language refers to the cognitive faculty that enables humans to learn and use systems of complex communication. The human language faculty is thought to be fundamentally different from and of much higher complexity than those of other species. Human language is highly complex in that it is based on a set ... utterances from a finite number of elements. Language is thought to have originated when early ... is thought to have coincided with an increase in brain volume. Language is neurolinguistics processed ... s area Wernicke s area s. Humans language acquisition acquire language through social interaction .... The use of language has become deeply entrenched in human culture and, apart from being used to communicate ... language can also be used to describe the set of rules that makes this possible, or the set of utterances ... sequences of words. Languages language change evolve and diversify over time, and the history of their evolution ... of languages that descend from a common ancestor is known as a language family . The languages that are most ... more details
Infobox Language name Are states Papua New Guinea region Milne Bay Province , tip of Cape Vogel speakers 1,230 familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Western Oceanic languages Western fam5 Papuan Tip languages Papuan Tip fam6 Kilivila Nuclear Papuan Tip fam7 Are Taupota languages Are Taupota fam8 Are languages Are iso2 map iso3 mwc The Are language is an Austronesian languages Austronesian language of the eastern Papua New Guinea n mainland spoken by about 1,230 people. External links ethnologue code mwc Category Nuclear Papuan Tip languages Category Languages of Papua New Guinea PapuaNewGuinea stub au lang stub fr Are langue hr Are jezik is Are ... more details
Infobox Language name Then states CHN region Pingtang County , southern Guizhou speakers 15,000 1999 familycolor Kradai fam1 Tai Kadai languages Tai Kadai fam2 Kam Sui languages Kam Sui iso3 tct The Then language zh also spelled T en and Ten is a Kam Sui language spoken in Pingtang County , southern Guizhou . References Reflist Bo, Wenze. 1997. Yanghuang yu yan jiu A Study of Yanghuang Then . Beijing Zhong yang min zu da xue chu ban she. External links http language.psy.auckland.ac.nz austronesian language.php?id 719 Then word list from the Austronesian Basic Vocabulary Database tk lang stub Category Languages of China Category Tai Kadai languages Category Tonal languages fr T en ... more details
of interpreted compiled In the early days of computing, language design was heavily influenced by the decision to use compiling or interpreting as a mode of execution. For example, some compiled ... Interpreted or compiled. Forth programming language Forth traditionally threaded code threaded interpreted ... interpreted, modern versions compiled R programming language REXX Ruby programming language ... code . Java programming language Java frequently translated to bytecode , but can also be compiled ... language Pike Python programming language Python Visual FoxPro See also Compiledlanguage Managed ...Interpreted language is a programming language in which Computer program program s are indirectly executed interpreted by an interpreter program. This can be contrasted with a compiledlanguage which is converted into machine code and then directly executed by the host CPU . Theoretically, any language may be compiler compiled or interpreted, so this designation is applied purely because of common implementation practice and not some essential property of a language. Indeed, for some programming languages, there is little performance difference between an interpretive or compiled based approach ..., including Lisp programming language Lisp , Pascal programming language Pascal , C programming language C , BASIC , and Python programming language Python . While Java programming language Java is translated ... machine code. The Microsoft .NET languages compile to Common Intermediate Language CIL which is often then compiled into native machine code however there is a virtual machine able to interpret CIL. Many Lisp implementations can freely mix interpreted and compiled code. These implementations also ... with each other. Initially, interpreted languages were compiled line by line that is, each line was compiled ... by a bytecode interpreter. Examples include Python programming language Python , and Java programming language Java . Similarly, Ruby programming language Ruby uses an abstract syntax tree ... more details
Infobox Language name Susquehannock nativename familycolor Blue states Northeastern United States extinct fam1 Iroquoian languages fam2 fam3 fam4 iso2 iso3 portal Language Susquehannock is an extinct language that once was spoken by Indigenous peoples of the Americas Native Americans . It is a part of the Iroquoian languages Iroquoian language family . Little of the Susquehannock language has been preserved. The only ref http www.pequotmuseum.org uploaded images CC2DB15E FC71 4988 BC3D 4481CE33CA70 languagesnew.pdf 1 ref source is a Vocabula Mahakuassica compiled by the Swedish missionary Johannes Campanius during the 1640s . Campanius s vocabulary contains only about 100 words, but it is sufficient to show that Susquehannock was a northern Iroquoian language closely related to those of the Iroquois Five Nations . Notes reflist References A Vocabulary of Susquehannock , Thomas Campanius Holm, Evolution Publishing & Manufacturing, August 1996. External links http www.native languages.org susquehannock words.htm Native languages.org br Template Languages of Pennsylvania Template Languages of Maryland Category Iroquoian languages Category Indigenous languages of the North American eastern woodlands Category Extinct languages of North America Category First Nations languages in Canada Category Languages of the United States Category Algonquian loanwords NorthAm native stub na lang stub fr Susquehannock langue ... more details
Infobox Language name Nanticoke familycolor Algic states United States region Delaware , Maryland speakers extinct fam1 Algic languages Algic fam2 Algonquian languages Algonquian fam3 Eastern Algonquian languages Eastern iso3 nnt Nanticoke is an extinct Algonquian languages Algonquian language formerly spoken in Delaware and Maryland , United States . ref Raymond G. Gordon, Jr, ed. 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World . 15th edition. Dallas Summer Institute of Linguistics. ref The same language was spoken by several neighboring tribes, including the Nanticoke Indian Tribe Nanticoke , which constituted the paramount chiefdom the Choptank people Choptank , the Assateague people Assateague , and probably also the Piscataway tribe Piscataway and the Doeg tribe Doeg . Nanticoke is sometimes considered a dialect of the Delaware languages Delaware language , but its vocabulary was quite distinct. This is shown in a few brief glossaries, which are all that survive of the language. One is a 146 word list compiled by Moravian missionary John Heckewelder in 1785, from his interview with a Nanticoke chief then living in Canada . The other is a list of 300 words obtained in 1792 by William Vans Murray , then a US Representative at the behest of Thomas Jefferson . He compiled the list from a Nanticoke speaker in Dorchester County, Maryland , part of the historic homeland. See also Piscataway language Notes Reflist External links http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code nnt Ethnologue entry for Nanticoke http www.evolpub.com interactiveALR database CustomLexicon.html Custom lexicon The Interactive ALR includes all known Nanticoke data na lang stub Template Languages of Maryland Category Eastern Algonquian languages Category Indigenous languages of the Americas Category Languages of the United States Category Extinct languages of North America pms Lenga nanticoke pt L ngua nanticoke ... more details
An anti language is the language of a social group which develops as a means of preventing people from outside the group understanding it. It may use the same vocabulary and grammar, but in an unorthodox fashion. Examples of anti languages include cockney rhyming slang , CB slang , the grypsera of Poland Polish prisons and thieves cant . ref citation url http books.google.co.uk books?id Ju4NAAAAQAAJ&pg PA93 title An introduction to language and society author Martin Montgomery chapter Language and subcultures Anti language ref Analysis The concept was studied by the linguist M. A. K. Halliday who used the term for the lingua franca of an anti society which is set up within another society, as a conscious alternative to it, and which indicates linguistic accomplishments of the users in action. According to Halliday, metaphorical modes of expression are the norm . ref Halliday 1975 pp. 570 ref He compiled a list of criteria for an anti language. An anti society is a society which is set up within another society as a conscious alternative to it. Like the early records of the languages of exotic cultures, the information usually comes to us in the form of word lists. The simplest form taken by an anti language is that of new words for old it is a language relexicalised The principal is that of same grammar, different vocabulary. Effective communication depends on exchanging meanings which are inaccessible to the layperson. The anti language is not just an optional extra, it is the fundamental element in the existence of the second life phenomenon. The most important vehicle of reality maintenance is conversation. All who employ this same form of communication are reality maintaining others. The anti language is a vehicle of resocialisation. There is continuity between language and anti language. See also Cryptolect Notes refs References refbegin Halliday, M. A. K. 1975 Anti Languages . American Anthropologist 78 3 pp. 570&mdash 584 refend language stub Category Sociolinguistics ... more details
Notability date February 2011 Infobox programming language name A logo File Aplus logo.jpg paradigm array programming array year 1988 designer Arthur Whitney computer scientist Arthur Whitney developer Morgan Stanley latest release version 4.20 2 latest release date November 2006 typing dynamic typing dynamic , strong typing strong implementations A dialects influenced by APL programming language APL influenced K programming language K A is an array programming language , which is derived from the programming language A programming language A , a dialect of APL programming language APL with aggressive extensions. Arthur Whitney computer scientist Arthur Whitney developed the A portion of A , while other developers at Morgan Stanley extended it, adding a graphical user interface and other language features. A was designed for numerically intensive applications, especially those found in financial applications. A runs on many Unix variants, including Linux . A is a high level, interactive, interpreted language . A provides an extended set of functions and operators, a graphical user interface with automatic synchronization of widgets and variables, asynchronous execution of functions associated with variables and events, dynamic loading of user compiled subroutines, and other features. A newer graphical user interface has not yet been ported to all supported platforms. The A language implements the following changes to the APL language an A function may have up to nine formal parameters A code statements are separated by semicolons, so a single statement may be broken up into two or more physical lines The explicit result of a function or operator is the result of the last statement .... Arthur Whitney computer scientist Arthur Whitney went on to create the K programming language K language , a proprietary array language. Like J programming language J , K omits the APL character ... Category APL programming language family Category Array programming languages Category Data centric ... more details
to revive the language, and compiled a database of Moriori words. ref name TeAra5 cite web url http ...Infobox Language name Moriori nativename states New Zealand region Polynesia speakers unknown familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Polynesian languages Polynesian fam5 Nuclear Polynesian languages Nuclear Polynesian fam6 Eastern Polynesian languages Eastern Polynesian fam7 Tahitic languages Tahitic fam8 Nuclear Tahitic fam9 Maori language Maori script Latin alphabet Latin iso1 iso2b iso2t iso3 need confirmation whether iso3 code mok is for this Moriori language or the other as indicated at http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code mok Moriori is an extinct language extinct ref name Ethnologue cite web url http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code mri title Maori A language of New Zealand accessdate 2007 03 27 work 2005. Ethnologue Languages of the World, Fifteenth edition ref Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian language most closely related to Maori language New Zealand M ori . It is the native language of the Moriori , the indigenous people of the Chatham Islands Rekohu in Moriori , which are east of New Zealand and under its sovereignty. The Moriori 1835 invasion from Taranaki invasion from Taranaki had a heavy impact on Moriori population, culture and language, with only 101 Moriori remaining ... accessdate 2009 02 07 ref and few speaking the language by the 1870s. ref name King Cite document last ..., compiled a short vocabulary of Moriori words, with their equivalents in M ori and English. The vocabulary was published as an appendix of Michael King s Moriori A People Rediscovered . The language ..., Sarah. A Grammar of the Moriori language . Clark, R. 1994 . Moriori and Maori The Linguistic Evidence ... Tahitic languages Category Endangered Austronesian languages Category Language articles without language code bg el es Idioma moriori fr Moriori mk ... more details
Infobox Language name Holikachuk states United States region Alaska lower Yukon River , Innoko River speakers 12 iso1 iso2 ath iso3 hoi familycolor Den Yeniseian fam2 Na Den languages Na Den fam3 Athabaskan Eyak fam4 Athabaskan languages Athabaskan fam5 Northern Athabaskan languages Northern Athabaskan script Latin Northern Athabaskan variant About the Holikachuk language other things called Holikachuk Holikachuk disambiguation Holikachuk Holikachuk is a highly endangered Athabaskan languages Athabaskan language formerly spoken at the village of Holikachuk, Alaska Holikachuk Hiyeghelinhdi on the Innoko River in central Alaska . In 1962 residents of Holikachuk relocated to Grayling, Alaska Grayling on the lower Yukon River . Holikachuk is intermediate between the Deg Xinag language Deg Xinag and Koyukon language Koyukon languages, linguistically closer to Koyukon but socially much closer to Deg Xinag. Though it was recognized by scholars as a distinct language as early as the 1840s, it was only definitively identified in the 1970s. ref Krauss, Michael E. 1973. Na Dene. Linguistics in North America, ed. by T.A. Sebeok, 903 78. Current Trends in Linguistics 10 . The Hague Mouton. ref Of about 180 Holikachuk people, only about 5 spoke the language in 2007. ref Krauss, Michael E. 2007. Native languages of Alaska. In The Vanishing Voices of the Pacific Rim, ed. by Osahito Miyaoko, Osamu Sakiyama, and Michael E. Krauss. Oxford Oxford University Press ref James Kari compiled a short dictionary of Holikachuk in 1978, but Holikachuk remains one of the least documented Alaska Native languages. ref Kari, James. 1978. Holikachuk Noun Dictionary Preliminary . Fairbanks Alaska Native Language Center. http www.eric.ed.gov ERICWebPortal custom portlets recordDetails detailmini.jsp? nfpb true& &ERICExtSearch SearchValue 0 ED172528&ERICExtSearch SearchType 0 no&accno ED172528 ERIC ED172528 ... Athabascan . Alaska Native Language Center. Retrieved on 2007 03 14. Languages of Alaska Category ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 The Klickitat language is spoken by the Klickitat Tribe of the Pacific Northwest . It belongs to the Sahaptian languages Sahaptian division of the Shapwailutan linguistic family. Category Languages of the United States Category Sahaptian languages Klickitat Category Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau Category Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast Further reading Jacobs, Melville. 1929 . Northwest Sahaptin Texts, 1. University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 2 6 175 244. Seattle University of Washington Press. Jacobs, Melville. 1931 . A Sketch of Northern Sahaptin Grammar. University of Washington Publications in Anthropology 4 2 85 292. Seattle University of Washington Press. Jacobs, Melville. 1934 . Northwest Sahaptin Texts. English language only. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology 19, Part 1. New York Columbia University Press. Jacobs, Melville. 1937 . Northwest Sahaptin Texts. Sahaptin language only. Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology 19, Part 2. New York Columbia University Press. Rude, Noel. 1988 . Pronominal prefixes in Klikitat Sahaptin. In Papers from the 1988 Hokan Penutian Languages Workshop Held at the University of Oregon, June 16 18, 1988 , compiled by Scott DeLancey, pp. 181 197. Eugene, Oregon University of Oregon Papers in Linguistics. Rude, Noel. 1994 . Direct, inverse and passive in Northwest Sahaptin. In Voice and Inversion , ed. by T. Giv n. Typological Studies in Language, Vol. 28 101 119. Amsterdam John Benjamins. na lang stub ... more details
Refimprove date July 2009 An object language is a language which is the object of study in various fields including logic , linguistics , mathematics and theoretical computer science . The language being used to talk about an object language is called a metalanguage . An object language may be a formal language formal or natural language natural language. Types of object language Formal languages Mathematical ... of other languages. In mathematical logic, the object language is usually a formal language . The language which a metalanguage is used to describe is the object language. It is called that because that language is the object under discussion using the metalanguage. For instance, someone who says In French, you say Bonjour to greet someone uses English language English as a metalanguage to describe the object language French language French . Computer languages There are two ways the term object language can be used in computing a language which is the object of formal specification, and a language ... language Computer languages are object languages of the metalanguage in which their specification is written. In computer science this is referred to as the specification language . Backus Naur ..., but it is considered an implementation instead. Many programming language implementation s are not strictly ... is to allow a programmer to use source language whose use may still require extensive training , and have that language translated into object code which the computer can immediately use. The compiling ... language in this context means something akin to the object of what the programmer is trying to achieve . If the source language and object languages are viewed as formal logical languages, what the compiler does is interpret the source into the target language this is different from the computer science use of interpreted language meaning one which is not compiled . Object language should also not be confused with object oriented language , which is a type of computer programming language which ... more details
Infobox Language name Yugambeh region Queensland , Australia speakers ? iso2 aus iso3 yub familycolor Australian fam1 Pama Nyungan languages Pama Nyungan fam2 Yuin Kuric languages Yuin Kuric ref name Ruhlen Merritt Ruhlen, A Guide to the World s Languages Classification , Stanford University Press, 1991, p 363, ISBN 0804718946. ref fam2 Yugambal languages Yugambal Ethnologue Bundjalungic languages Bundjalungic AIATSIS script Latin alphabet Yugambeh many other names see below is an Australian Aboriginal languages Australian aboriginal language spoken by the Yugambeh Bundjalung people living on the South East Queensland coast between the Logan River and the Tweed River, New South Wales Tweed River including South Stradbroke Island . ref http www.yugambeh.com Yugambeh Museum web site introduction web site by the Kombumerri Aboriginal Corporation for Culture ref Yugambeh is one of some dozen or two dozen dialects of the Bandjalang language . Among the differences in Yugambeh is that yugambeh or yugam is the word for no . The Yugambeh people use this to identify their language those who say yugambeh for no . ref Macquarie Aboriginal Words , Macquarie University , 1994, paperback ISBN 0 949757 79 9, chapter 1 ref There were no Yugambeh People, a linguists attempt to describe a Language chain based on the word for No or Nothing has been misconstrued to describe a People that never existed. The Badjal Lang dialect chain is the Yugambeh dialect chain. Yugambeh was the word for No, None or Nothing from the Logan River to the Clarence. ref Edward Curr, The Australian Race 1886. http www1.aiatsis.gov.au exhibitions e access r book curr pdfs m0033929 a.pdf ref Names Yugambeh may also be referred ... reading Dictionary of Yugambeh Including Neighbouring Dialects , compiled by Margaret Sharpe, Pacific ...?code yub Ethnologue report for language code yub http www.slq.qld.gov.au find virtualbooks ... book read in Yugambeh language by Axel Best. From the State Library of Queensland virtual book collection ... more details
Infobox Language name Mota states Vanuatu region Mota island Mota island speakers 750 ref http alex.francois.free.fr AlexFrancois Torba languages map.htm Linguistic map of north Vanuatu, showing range of Mota ref familycolor Austronesian fam2 Malayo Polynesian languages Malayo Polynesian fam3 Oceanic languages Oceanic fam4 Southern Oceanic languages Southern Oceanic fam5 Vanuatu fam6 Northern Vanuatu languages Northern Vanuatu fam7 East Vanuatu languages East Vanuatu iso2 map iso3 mtt Mota is an Oceanic languages Oceanic language spoken by about 750 people on Mota island Mota island , in the Banks Islands of Vanuatu . History During the period 1840 1940, Mota was used as a missionary lingua franca throughout areas of Oceania included in the Melanesian Mission , an Anglican missionary agency. Mota was used on Norfolk Island , in religious education on other islands with different vernacular languages, it served as the language of liturgical prayers, hymns, and some other religious purposes. Robert Henry Codrington compiled the first dictionary of Mota 1896 , and worked with George Sarawia and others to produce a large number of early publications in this language. Phonology Mota has 5 phoneme phonemic vowels, i e a o u . ref Harvcoltxt Fran ois 2005 pp 445, 460 . ref Notes reflist References citation doi last Codrington first Robert H. last2 Palmer first2 Jim year 1896 title A Dictionary of the Language of Mota, Sugarloaf Island, Banks Islands, with a short grammar and index city London publisher Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge url http www.archive.org details dictionaryoflang00codruoft citation doi last Fran ois first Alexandre year 2005 title Unraveling the history of the vowels of seventeen northern Vanuatu languages journal Oceanic Linguistics volume 44 issue 2 pages 443 504 url http alex.francois.free.fr data AlexFrancois VowelsNorthernVanuatu OL44 2.pdf ... www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code mtt Ethnologue page DEFAULTSORT Mota Language Category Languages ... more details
Image Language Report 2003.JPG thumb 150px right the language report OUP, 2003 The Language Report or, strictly, the language report was an account of the state and use of the English language published by the Oxford University Press OUP in 2003. It was compiled by lexicographer Susie Dent , best known ... publication until 2007. The 2003 report The first Language Report , described by the OUP as a frontline account of what we re saying and how we re saying it ref The Language Report 2003 , sleeve ... come about, the language of the Internet and of text messaging noting, for example, that on St Valentine St Valentine s Day 2003, more text messages than cards were sent , language relating to particular ... 7 Image Language Report 2006.JPG thumb 200px right Susie Dent and The Language Report of 2006 Succeeding reports, which drew on the work of Oxford s language monitoring programme, concentrated on developments ... , who died in June 2005 The like, Language Report for real 2006 the title shown on the front cover, though with just The Language Report on the spine and inside ref The 2006 edition was the first to capitalise .... There was no Language Report in 2008, but Dent produced a volume entitled Words of the Year that was published ... . The wider context The Language Report was one of the more successful attempts to disseminate trends ... in format, had been the Oxford Dictionary of New Words , compiled in Sara Tulloch in 1992, while Bill Bryson s Mother Tongue The English Language 1990 and Made in America 1994 provided, from ... 2000, quarterly updates of Oxford s revision work had appeared on line ref The Language Report 2007 . See http www.oed.com ref . Good versus bad English The Language Report first appeared at a time ..., overblown, clich ridden language ref John Humphrys 2004 Lost for Words ref and Kennedy saw as the undermining of the symbolic importance of language for example, in the field of health, talking about ... golden age in our language s history, nor a monolithic, unified English ref fanboys and overdogs ... more details
Infobox journal title Language Problems and Language Planning cover File Language Problems and Language Planning.png editor Humphrey Tonkin discipline Linguistics peer reviewed language Multilingual former names abbreviation publisher John Benjamins Publishing Company country Netherlands frequency Triannually history 1977 present openaccess license impact impact year website http www.benjamins.com cgi bin t seriesview.cgi?series LPLP link1 link1 name link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC 67125214 LCCN CODEN ISSN 0272 2690 eISSN 1569 9889 boxwidth Language Problems and Language Planning is a peer review peer reviewed linguistics linguistic academic journal published by John Benjamins Publishing Company in cooperation with the Center for Research and Documentation on World Language Problems . Its core topics are issues of language policy as well as economic and sociological aspects of linguistics. The journal has existed in its present form since 1977. A predecessor journal, called La monda lingvo problemo The world language problem in Esperanto , had appeared since 1969 at Mouton , and been edited by Victor Sadler 1969 1972 and Richard E. Wood 1973 1976 . While many articles are in English, the journal is open for articles written in any language. ref cite web url http www.benjamins.com cgi bin show html.cgi?file jbp series LPLP guidelines.html&back overview title Instructions to Contributors accessdate 2011 01 05 publisher John Benjamins Publishing Company ref The journal is listed in several scientific indexes. The present editor in chief is Humphrey Tonkin University of Hartford . References Reflist External links Official 1 http www.benjamins.com cgi bin t seriesview.cgi?series LPLP http dok.esperantic.org ced lplp.htm Its page at Esperantic Studies Foundation http www.benjamins.com ... journals Category Publications established in 1977 cv Language Problems and Language Planning eo Language Problems and Language Planning ... more details
Infobox Language name Jurchen region Southwest Manchuria Northeastern China extinct c. 17th century familycolor Altaic fam1 Altaic languages Altaic fam2 Tungusic languages Tungusic fam3 Southern Tungusic ... script iso3 juc Jurchen language Chinese N zh n Y is an extinct language. It was spoken by Jurchen ... Southwestern Tungusic languages Tungusic language. ref http www.ethnologue.com show language.asp?code juc Ethnologue Jurchen language ref Writing main Jurchen script File Shaigino Jurchen paizi.png right ... . A Jurchen script writing system for Jurchen language was developed in 1119 by Wanyan Xiyin . A number ... Ming Dynasty Jurchen dictionaries The two most extensive resources on the Jurchen language available ... study of the Jurchen language possible. This dictionary contained translation of Chinese words ... Kane 1989 pp. 90 95. ref The vocabulary lists compiled by the Bureau of Interpreters became first ... Both dictionaries record very similar forms of the language, which can be considered a late form or Jurchen, or an early form of Manchu language Manchu . ref name kane99 According to modern researchers, both dictionaries were compiled by the two Bureaus staff not very competent in Jurchen. They compilers of the two dictionaries were apparently not well familiar with the grammar of the language the language ... in Jurchen script , some important information on the Jurchen language is provided by the Jurchen words ... 41 ref The list of 125 Jurchen words in Jin Guoyu Jie Explanation of the national language , an appendix ... Jurchen language inscriptions, the overwhelming majority of primary documentary sources on the Jurchen ... Aguda using Pinyin or Wan yen A ku ta using the Wade Giles system . Descendant The Manchu language is descended from the Jurchen language. Literature Herbert Franke , Denis Twitchett , Alien Regimes ... 23 3. References commonscat Jurchen language Reflist list of writing systems DEFAULTSORT Jurchen Language Category Agglutinative languages Category Tungusic languages Category Extinct languages of Asia ... more details
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