linguistics Expert subject date April 2011 Weasel date April 2011 Comparativelinguistics originally comparative philology is a branch of historical linguistics that is concerned with comparing languages to establish their history historical relatedness. Genetic relationship linguistics Genetic relatedness implies a common origin or proto language , and comparativelinguistics aims to construct language .... Methods The fundamental technique of comparativelinguistics is to compare phonological systems, morphological systems, syntax and the lexicon of two or more languages using techniques such as the comparative ... comparativelinguistics . The characters used can be morphological or grammatical as well ..., part of comparativelinguistics Linguistic typology compares languages to classify them by their features .... However, typological arguments can be used in comparativelinguistics one reconstruction may be preferred ... language comparison Whereas comparativelinguistics studies the historical relationships of languages ... Comparative method Contrastive analysis Contrastive linguistics Glottochronology Historical linguistics ... . Raimo Anttila, Historical and ComparativeLinguistics Benjamins, 1989 ISBN 90 272 3557 0 Theodora ... Trask ed. , Dictionary of Historical and ComparativeLinguistics Fitzroy Dearborn, 2001 ISBN 1 57958 ... forms, comparative linguists prefix an asterisk to any form that is not found in surviving texts ... an earlier proto language. Although the proto languages reconstructed by the comparative method ... are derived from a very distant ancestor, and are thus more distantly related, the comparative ... ref In particular, attempting to relate two reconstructed proto languages by the comparative method ... uses lexical cognates like the comparative method but the latter uses only lexical similarity. The theoretical ... method of this type was the comparative method, which was developed over many years, culminating ... Language Classification by Numbers by April McMahon and Robert McMahon ref The comparative method ... more details
Infobox Journal cover File The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics.jpg editor Susi Wurmbrand , Henk van Riemsdijk discipline Germanic languages , theoretical linguistics abbreviation publisher Springer Netherlands Springer country Netherlands frequency Triannually history 1997 present openaccess website http www.springer.com journal 10828 link1 http www.springerlink.com content 1383 4924 link1 name Online access link2 link2 name JSTOR OCLC LCCN ISSN 1383 4924 eISSN 1572 8552 The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics is a Peer review peer reviewed academic journal covering theoretical linguistics theoretical linguistic research of the Germanic languages , published by Springer Netherlands . Its editor in chief editors in chief are Susi Wurmbrand University of Connecticut and Henk van Riemsdijk Tilburg University . DEFAULTSORT Journal Of Comparative Germanic Linguistics, The Category Linguistics journals Category English language journals Category Triannual journals Category Springer academic journals Category Publications established in 1997 journal stub ... more details
Quantitative comparativelinguistics is a branch of comparativelinguistics that applies mathematical models to the problem of classifying language relatedness. This includes the use of computational phylogenetics ... can be quantified and sometimes the proto languages can be approximately dated. A goal of comparative historical linguistics is to identify instances of genetic relatedness amongst languages. ref Harrison, On the limits of the comparative method, in Joseph and Janda, The Handbook of Historical Linguistics ... and Renfrew, 2006 ref This aspect is the most controversial part of quantitative comparativelinguistics ... or perhaps are even in conflict. ref Embleton, Statistics in Historical Linguistics, 1986 ... has been the comparative method . However this has a number of limitations. Not all linguistic material ... be tested. Probably the first published quantitative historical linguistics study was by Sapir ... Linguistics in 1986 which reviewed previous work and extended the glottochronological method. Dyen, Kruskal ... Society 82 5 ref In the mid 1990s a group at Pennsylvania University computerised the comparative ... to historical linguistics. In particular a group at the University of Auckland developed ... 426, 27 November 2003 ref A conference on Time depth in Historical Linguistics was held in August 1999 ... and Warnow, Language and Linguistics Compass 2 5 2008 ref An internal node represents a linguistic ... Journal of American Linguistics 21, 121 1955 ref A commonly used IE database is that by Dyen, Kruskal ... of Indo European trees Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 14 2007 ref The method does not assume ... Language and Linguistics Compass 2 5 2008 ref The aim is to make use of similarities across more than ... change over time in phonetics in Time depth in Historical Linguistics, Renfrew, McMahon and Trask ... from Mixe Zoquean, Journal of Quantitative Linguistics 13, 225 2006 ref compared Holm s original ... linguistics ... more details
. Structure The structure of a comparative in English consists normally of the Positive linguistics ...Other uses Wiktionarypar comparative In grammar , the comparative is the form of an adjective or adverb which denotes the degree or grade by which a person, thing, or other entity has a property or quality greater or less in extent than that of another, and is used in this context with a subordinating conjunction, such as than , as...as , etc. ref John Sinclair, ed. in chief 1987 Collins Cobuild English Language Dictionary , Collins ELT. ISBN 0 00 375021 3 for the definition subordinating conjunction ... conjunction to introduce the second element of a comparative sentence while the first element ... other two part comparative subordinating conjunctions may be used ref Tom McArthur 1992 The Oxford ... ly to the end of an adjective. In the comparative, more or less is added before the adverb, as in This sofa ..., the comparative of adjectives may be used interchangeably with the comparative of adverbs, with no change ... the old one . However, if the adjective has an irregular comparative, then the adverb must use it She writes better than I do or He threw the ball farther than his brother did. Null comparative The null comparative is a comparative in which the starting point for Comparison grammar comparison is not stated ... comparative is. In other cases the speaker or writer has been deliberately vague in this regard, for example ... may at first sight appear as a kind of null comparative , when as is usual, they are cited ... or adverbial constructs , so losing their comparative connotation. When referring to metropolitan ... versus the City of London , or Greater New York versus New York City , it is not part of the comparative in the grammatical sense this article describes. A comparative always compares something directly with something else. References reflist See also Comparative disambiguation Degree of comparison ... fa fr Comparatif io Komparativo is Mi stig simple Comparative fi Komparatiivi sv Komparativ ... more details
of languages through the comparative method . Often, the aim of historical linguistics is to classify ... of the Indo European language family . He began the study of comparativelinguistics , which would ... linguistics , Cognitive science , Comparativelinguistics , Computational linguistics , Concept Mining ...about the field of study the journal Linguistics journal linguisticsLinguistics is the scientific study of human language . ref Cite book title Linguistics An Introduction to Linguistic Theory last Fromkin ... 0631197117 page 3 ref ref cite book title Elements of General Linguistics last Martinet first Andr authorlink Andr Martinet others Tr. Elisabeth Palmer Studies in General Linguistics, vol. i. location London publisher Faber year 1960 page 15 ref ref Cite book title On Language and Linguistics first ... title Linguistics and ethnology journal Southwestern Journal of Anthropology volume 4 pages 140 47 year 1948 last Greenberg first Joseph authorlink Joseph Greenberg ref Linguistics can be broadly broken ... followed by the speakers or hearers of a language. It encompasses morphology linguistics morphology ... from these words , and phonology sound systems . Phonetics is a related branch of linguistics concerned .... The study of language Meaning linguistics meaning is concerned with how languages employ ... includes evolutionary linguistics , which considers the origins of language historical linguistics ... of texts and conversation s. Although linguistics is the scientific study of language, a number ... Literary theorists study the use of language in literature . Linguistics additionally draws on and informs ... of synchronic analysis linguistics synchronic analysis , however, this focus has shifted ref Cite ... States, ref A. Morpurgo Davies Hist. Linguistics 1998 4 I. 22. ref where it was never as popular ... the term linguistics is first attested in 1847. ref name etymonline linguist http www.etymonline.com ... language, applies within the field to someone who either studies linguistics or uses linguistic methodologies ... more details
Wiktionary Comparative TOCright Comparative is using comparison as a method of study, or founded on something using it. Comparative may refer to Language Comparative , in the English language, a form of adjective or adverb Comparative case , a grammatical case used in the Mari language Comparative Critical Studies , a literary journal Comparativelinguistics , a method used in the study of languages Comparative literature , a method used in the study of literature Comparative method , a technique used in the study of languages Quantitative comparativelinguistics , a computational technique used in the study of languages Social sciences Comparative education , a method used in the study of education Comparative Effectiveness , a term from health care intervention Comparative psychology , a method used in psychology Comparative sociology , a method used in sociology Historical comparative research , a technique of historical sociology Law of comparative judgment , a model of psychomeasurement and psychophysics Government and law American Journal of Comparative Law , a journal Comparative government , a method used in political science Comparative law , a method used in the study of law Comparative negligence , a partial legal defense Comparative politics , a method used in political science Comparative responsibility , a term from tort law Biology Comparative anatomy , a technique used in the study of anatomy Comparative biology , a technique of biology Comparative cognition , a branch of biology Comparative genomics , a method used in genetics Comparative genomic hybridization , a technique of genetics Comparative neuropsychology , a technique for studying the brain Comparative physiology , a technique used in physiology Integrative and Comparative Biology , a journal Museum of Comparative Zoology , at Harvard University Phylogenetic comparative methods , techniques used in the study of phylogeny Cultural studies Comparative cultural studies , the study of cultures from ... more details
in Classics, Modern Languages, and Linguistics accessdate Dec 18, 2011 ref The terms Comparative Literature ...nofootnotes date November 2010 Comparative literature sometimes abbreviated Comp. lit. is an academic ... al groups. While most frequently practiced with works of different languages, comparative literature ..., comparative literature programs within universities may be designed by scholars drawn from several such departments. This eclecticism has led critics from within and without to charge that Comparative ... data that shows comparative literature graduates to be hired at similar or higher rates than their peers .... Comparative Literature is the more widely used term in the United States, with many universities having Comparative Literature departments or Comparative Literature programs. Comparative literature ..., history, architecture, sociology, politics, etc. . Defined most broadly, comparative literature is the study of literature without borders. Scholarship in Comparative Literature include, for example .... ref citation last Lernout first Geert authorlink Geert Lernout date 2006 title Comparative Literature in the Low Countries url http muse.jhu.edu journals comparative critical studies v003 3.1lernout.html journal Comparative Critical Studies volume 3 issue 1 pages 37 46 publisher British Comparative ... really want to do with my life . ref What scholars in Comparative Literature share is a desire to study .... The discipline of Comparative Literature has scholarly associations such as the http www.ailc icla.org site ICLA International Comparative Literature Association and comparative literature associations exists in many countries for a list of such see http www.bcla.org index.htm BCLA British Comparative Literature Association for the US, see http www.acla.org ACLA American Comparative Literature Association . There are many learned journals that publish scholarship in Comparative Literature see Selected Comparative Literature and Comparative Humanities Journals ref citation url http docs.lib.purdue.edu ... more details
Comparative analysis is type of analysis used in various of sciences and in different modifications Criminology and forensics Comparative contextual analysis criminology Comparative bullet lead analysis forensics Sociology Qualitative comparative analysis Economics Organizations Centre for the Comparative Analysis of Law and Economics, Economics of Law, Economics of Institutions See also Comparative disambiguation disambig bg ... more details
About the comparative method in linguistics other kinds of comparative methods Comparative disambiguation ... languages based on the comparative method. Here the family tree has been rendered as a Venn diagram without overlapping subareas. The Wave model linguistics wave model allows overlapping regions. In linguistics , the comparative method is a technique for studying the development of languages ... task. Limitations Problems with the history of historical linguistics The limitations of the comparative ..., and of comparativelinguistics in general, is the Neogrammarian s fundamental assumption that sound ... Comparativelinguistics Proto language Lexicostatistics Swadesh list References div class references ... Inheritance Problems in ComparativeLinguistics location Oxford publisher Oxford University Press editor ... linguistic systems, and to confirm or refute hypothesized relationships between languages. The comparative ... , Sergei Starostin Starostin , Allan Bomhard Bomhard li ul Demonstrating genetic relationship The comparative ... modern descendants. Two languages are genetic linguistics genetic ally related if they descended from ... name Driem George van Driem http www.eastling.org paper Driem.pdf The genesis of polyphyletic linguistics ... ssix harvnb Szemer nyi 1996 p 6 . ref But the origin of modern historical linguistics is often traced ... Persian might be added to the same family. blockquote The comparative method developed out of attempts ... Fairy Tales in Deutsche Grammatik published 1819 37 in four volumes made use of the comparative method ... when he identified a pattern now known as Verner s law , the first sound law based on comparative ... within the same word, such as the neighbouring phonemes and the position of the Stress linguistics ... . ref harvnb Szemer nyi 1996 p 21 . ref This idea is fundamental to the modern comparative method ... to application of the comparative method to reconstruct Proto Indo European language Proto Indo European ... family. Linguists working with other families soon followed suit, and the comparative method ... more details
orphan date July 2011 Comparative Embryology is the branch of embryology that compares and contrasts embryo s of different species. See also Embryology References Empty section date September 2011 External links http wiki.medpedia.com Comparative Embryology Medpedia Article Category Embryology biology stub ... more details
File Mythology.png thumb right 280px Various myths Mythology Comparative mythology is the comparison ... Littleton 32 Littleton, p. 32 ref Comparative mythology has served a variety of academic purposes ... C. Scott Littleton defines comparative mythology as the systematic comparison of myths and mythic ... mythology follow a comparative approach as the scholar of religion Robert Segal notes, by definition ..., Theorizing About Myth , p. 148 ref Comparative approaches to mythology held great popularity among ... is Joseph Campbell s theory of the monomyth , which is discussed below. Approaches to comparative mythology Comparative mythologists come from various fields, including folklorist folklore , anthropology , history , linguistics , and religious studies , and they have used a variety of methods to compare myths. These are some important approaches to comparative mythology. Linguistic Some scholars look ... psychology Jungian archetypes Some mythological parallels Comparative mythology has uncovered ... Descent to the underworld Jesus Christ and comparative mythology The structure of hero stories A number ... structure. ref Taylor, p. 118 19 ref Some comparative mythologists look for similarities only among ... structure. ref Campbell, The Hero with a Thousand Faces , passim ref Because of its extremely comparative ... in Comparative religion . References Reflist 3 Sources Campbell, Joseph The Hero with a Thousand ... Jacobson. New York Basic Books, 1963. Littleton, C. The New Comparative Mythology An Anthropological .... Bibliography in Progress of Texts on Myths & Comparative Mythology . 11 12 09. Purdue University ... Press An introduction to comparative mythology Doniger, Wendy, Splitting the Difference Gender and Myth in Ancient Greece and India Jordan Lectures in Comparative Religion, 1996 1997 School of Oriental .... Charlottesville University Press of Virginia Jaan Puhvel Puhvel, Jaan , Comparative Mythology. 1987 ... Comparative Mythology Category Anthropology of religion Category Comparative mythology Category ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Sociology Comparative sociology generally refers to sociological analysis that involves comparison of social processes between nation states , or across different types of society for example capitalism capitalist and socialist . There are two main approaches to comparative sociology some seek similarity across different countries and cultures whereas others seek variance. For example, structural Marxists have attempted to use comparative methods to discover the general processes that underlie apparently different social orderings in different societies. The danger of this approach is that the different social contexts are overlooked in the search for supposed universal structures. One sociologist who employed comparative methods to understand variance was Max Weber, whose studies attempted to show how differences between cultures explained the different social orderings that had emerged see for example The Protestant Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism and Sociology of Religion . There is some debate within sociology regarding whether the label of comparative is suitable. Emile Durkheim argued in The Rules of Sociological Method 1895 that all sociological research was in fact comparative since social phenomenon are always held to be typical, representative or unique, all of which imply some sort of comparison. In this sense, all sociological analysis is comparative and it has been suggested that what is normally referred to as comparative research, may be more appropriately called cross national research . See also Portal Sociology Historical comparative research Historical institutionalism Historical sociology Structuration Theory DEFAULTSORT Comparative Sociology Category Subfields of sociology fa ja zh ... more details
Comparative Theology is a branch of Christian theology which study the religion religious diversity and its comparison, as well as theological reflection upon it. ref name Clooney Francis X. Clooney. 2010. Comparative Theology Deep Learning Across Religious Borders . Southern Gate John Wiley & Sons. ref Comparative Theology requires the introduction and learning of other religious traditions directly through shared experience. ref name Clooney Comparative Theology arose as impact of the Tripolar Typology Theology of Religions tripolar typology in the Theology of religions Theology of Religions discourse, that caught up in arguments about the benefits of the models of theology of religions. ref name Knitter Paul F. Kintter. 2005. Introducing to Theologies of Religions. Maryknoll, NY Orbis Books. ref Comparative Theology offers to look at other religions from its point of view and tradition . ref name Knitter Comparative Theology is introduced by Francis X. Clooney and James L. Fredericks . ref name Knitter Reference reflist Category Theology Category Religion and science Category Christian terms id Teologi komparatif ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Comparative biology is a multidisciplinary approach to understanding organismic diversity biodiversity that uses natural variation and disparity to elucidate phylogenetic history. Comparative biologists attempt to understand the diversity and complexity of life at all levels from genes, to anatomy, to behavior and the critical role of organisms in ecosystems. Integrating these specific research areas is the objective of comparative biology, a field that not only promises to give us a broader, more meaningful understanding of life on Earth, but also provides a foundation for our effort to secure a sustainable environmental future. An improved knowledge of life in all its complexity is key to dealing with the especially urgent challenges of today that come with the loss of species due to the destruction or disruption of natural habitats via human mediated processes such as global warming . Comparative biology encompasses Evolutionary Biology , Systematics , Neontology , Paleontology , Ethology , Anthropology , and Biogeography as well as historical approaches to Developmental biology , Genomics , Physiology , Ecology and many other areas of the biological sciences. Whereas much of biology tends to focus on a single exemplar organism or a small subset of model organisms, comparative biology is a cross lineage approach to understanding the phylogenetic history and interactions among individuals or higher taxa . The comparative approach also has numerous applications in human health, genetics , biomedicine , and conservation biology . Comparative biological relationships are usually presented on a phylogenetic tree or cladogram to differentiate those features with single origins Homology biology Homology from those with multiple origins Homoplasy . See also Cladistics Comparative Anatomy Evolution Evolutionary Biology Systematics Bioinformatics Neontology Paleontology Phylogenetics Genomics DEFAULTSORT Comparative Biology Category Evolutionary ... more details
Comparative education is a fully established academic field of study that examines education in one country ... country, or countries. Programs and courses in comparative education are offered in many universities throughout the world, and relevant studies are regularly published in scholarly journals such as Comparative ... Studies , International Journal of Educational Development , Comparative Education Review , and Current Issues in Comparative Education . The field of comparative education is supported by many projects ... According to Harold J Noah 1985 , and Dr.Farooq Joubish 2009 , comparative education has four .... To establish generalized statements about education that are valid in more than one country. Comparative ... explicitly comparative macroanalysis of massive data sets. Rationale for the Field Many important educational questions can best be examined from an international comparative perspective. For example ... of the 50 states. Comparative education draws on the experience of countries such as Japan and France ... certification. Critics of comparative education refer to it as Policy Borrowing. Disciplinary Identity Comparative education is closely allied to, and may overlap with, international education , international development education , and comparative sociology . Comparative and International Education Society The Comparative and International Education Society CIES was founded in 1956 to foster ... the international study of educational ideas, systems, and practices. See also World Council for Comparative Education Societies International Society for Comparative Adult Education Comparative Education Review Comparative research Influential Scholars Don Adams Bob Adamson Robin Alexander Philip .... Other Resources Altbach, Philip G. Comparative Higher Education Knowledge, the University, and Development. Greenwich, CT Ablex Pub. Corp.,1998. Comparative Education Research Approaches and Methods ... Issues in Education Comparative Perspectives. Edited by Robert F. Arnove, Philip G. Altbach, and Gail ... more details
Comparative law is the study of differences and similarities between the law of different countries. More ... where no explicit comparison is undertaken. The importance of comparative law has increased enormously ... of modern comparative law is generally attributed to Europe in the eighteenth century. However ... comparative method. In Russian legal history , for instance, comparative method dates back to the sixteenth ... of comparative law. His comparative approach is obvious in the following excerpt from Chapter ... them in their entirety. Yet another excerpt where Montesqieu s comparative approach is evident is the following ... institutions and the same political law. Birth as a discipline in the U.S. Comparative law in the US ... became professor of comparative law at Cornell Law School helping to spread the discipline throughout the US. Purpose Comparative law is an academic study of separate legal systems, each one ... combine into a system. Several disciplines have developed as separate branches of comparative law, including comparative constitutional law , comparative administrative law , comparative Civil ... obligations , comparative commercial law in the sense of Companies law business organisations and trade , and comparative criminal law . Studies of these specific areas may be viewed as micro or macro comparative legal analysis, i.e. detailed comparisons of two countries, or broad ranging studies of several countries. Comparative civil law studies, for instance, show how the law of private ... purposes of comparative law are to attain a deeper knowledge of the legal systems in effect ..., of a smaller or larger scale cf. for instance, the UNIDROIT initiative Importance Comparative law ... and misinterpretation. In this globalising world, comparative law is important for it provides a platform ... world. Furthermore, comparative law helps in broadening horizons for law reformers and legislators .... Relationship with other legal subjects Comparative law is different from the fields of general jurisprudence ... more details
neuropsychology Comparative Neuropsychology refers to an approach used for understanding human brain functions. It involves the direct evaluation of clinical neurological populations by employing experimental methods originally developed for use with nonhuman animals. Over many decades of animal research, methods were perfected to study the effects of well defined brain lesion s on specific behaviors, and later the tasks were modified for human use. Generally the modifications involve changing the reward from food to money, but standard administration of the tasks in humans still involves minimal instructions, thus necessitating a degree of procedural memory procedural learning in human and nonhuman animals alike. Currently, comparative neuropsychology is used with neurological patients to link specific deficits with localized areas of the brain. The comparative neuropsychological approach employs simple tasks that can be mastered without relying upon language skills. Precisely because these simple paradigms do not require linguistic strategies for solution, they are especially useful for working with patients whose language skills are compromised, or whose cognitive skills may be minimal. Comparative neuropsychology contrasts with the traditional approach of using tasks that rely upon linguistic skills, and that were designed to study human cognition. Because important ambiguities about its heuristic value had not been addressed empirically, only recently has comparative neuropsychology become popular for implementation with brain damage brain damaged patients. Within the past decade, comparative neuropsychology has had prevalent use as a framework for comparing and contrasting the performances of disparate neurobehavioral populations on similar tasks. See also comparative psychology experimental psychology neuropathology neuroscience psychology References Oscar Berman ... Contributions from Comparative Neuropsychology. In A. Tr ster Ed. , Memory in neurodegenerative ... more details
Comparative research is a research methodology in the social science s that aims to make comparisons across different country countries or culture s. A major problem in comparative research is that the data ... of comparative research began is a matter of debate. Karl Deutsch has suggested we have been using ... Most authors are more conservative in their estimate of how long comparative research has been with us ... comparing things counts as comparative research. Textbooks on this form of study were beginning ... Clasen 2004 ref ref Antal, Dierkes & Weiler 1987 13 ref There are numerous reasons that comparative ... to be easily spread. ref yen 2004 276 ref Comparative research defined Comparative research, simply .... When it comes to method, the majority agreement is that there is no methodology peculiar to comparative ... approach is good for the flexibility it offers, yet comparative programs do have a case to answer ... methods far more common than others in comparative studies, however. Quantitative analysis is much more frequently pursued than qualitative, and this is seen in the majority of comparative studies ... Esping Andersen 1990 ref ref name Clasen The general method of comparing things is the same for comparative .... If one is able to sufficiently distinguish two cases, comparative research conclusions ... widespread in comparative research, undoubtedly in part because of the cost of obtaining primary ... century, comparative research does not tend to investigate grand theories , such as Marxism . It instead ..., and regime legacy. ref name Esping Here, Esping Andersen is using comparative research he takes many ... based on his findings. Comparative research can take many forms. Two key factors are space and time .... The historical comparative research involves comparing different time frames. The two main choices ... When it comes to subject matter of comparative inquiries, many contend there is none unique to it. This may indeed be true, but a brief perusal of comparative endeavours reveals there are some topics ... more details
Comparative cognition is the comparative study of the mechanisms and origins of cognition in various species . From a biological point of view, work is being done on the brains of Drosophila melanogaster fruit flies that should yield techniques precise enough to allow an understanding of the workings of the human brain on a scale appreciative of individual groups of neurons rather than the more regional scale previously used. Similarly, gene activity in the human brain is better understood through examination of the brains of mice by the Seattle based Allen Institute for Brain Science see link below , yielding the freely available Allen Brain Atlas . This type of study is related to comparative cognition, but better classified as one of comparative genomics . Increasing emphasis in psychology and ethology on the biological aspects of perception and behavior is bridging the gap between genomics and behavioral analysis . See also Cognitive science Animal cognition Animal communication Evolutionary psychology External links http www.pbs.org wnet nature animalmind Nature Inside the Animal Mind http www.sciencedaily.com releases 2006 10 061030183310.htm Article on Empathy in Elephants http www.apa.org releases baboonthought.html APA article on Abstract Thinking in Baboons http www.apa.org monitor mar03 food.html APA article on Short Term Memory in Honeybees http www.psych.ualberta.ca research ccb.php University of Alberta s Comparative Cognition and Behavior Page http www.psychol.cam.ac.uk ccl Comparative Cognition Lab at Cambridge University http www.pigeon.psy.tufts.edu ccs default.htm The Comparative Cognition Society http www.alleninstitute.org Allen Institute for Brain Science animal cognition Category Cognition Category Evolutionary biology ... more details
Comparative advertising is an advertisement in which a particular product, or service, specifically mentions ... naming it. Comparative advertising , also known as knocking copy , is loosely defined as advertising ... is oblivious to the audience. ref T.E. Barry & R.L. Tremblay, Comparative advertising ... Trade Commission FTC defined comparative advertising as advertisement that compares alternative ... suggested that comparative advertising refers to advertising which include reference to a competitor ... in M.A. Murphy, Legal aspects of comparative advertising and a strategy for its use , Queensland University of Technology law journal, Vol. 12, 1996, pp. 41 59. ref Comparative advertisements could be either indirectly or directly comparative, positive or negative, and seeks to associate or differenetiate the two competing brands . ref B. Mills, Comparative advertising should it be allowed ... apply differing views regarding the laws on comparative advertising. History The earliest case concerning comparative advertising dates back to 1910 in United States Saxlehner v Wagner ref 16 US 375, 30 S.Ct. 298, 54 L.ED 525 1910 ref . ref B. Mills, Comparative advertising should it be allowed? , European Intellectual Property Review, Vol. 17, No. 9, 1995, pp. 417 430. ref Prior to the 1970s, comparative advertising was deemed unfeasible due to related risks. For instance, comparative advertising ... advertising ref F. Beard, Comparative advertising wars an historical analysis of their causes and consequences ... and public policy implications for the future of comparative advertising a look at U Haul v Jartran ... have shown that while comparative advertisements had increased since 1960, the relative amount of comparative advertising is still small ref D.W. Jackson Jr., S.W. Brown & R.R. Harmon, Comparative magazine ... Related to Comparative Advertising United Kingdom In the UK, most of the use of competitor s registered trademark in a comparative advertisement was an infringement of the registration up till the end ... more details
Politics Comparative politics is a subfield of political science , characterized by an empiricism empirical approach based on the The comparative method comparative method . Arend Lijphart argues that comparative ... Arend year 1971 title Comparative politics and the comparative method journal American Political ..., comparative politics is not defined by the object of its study, but rather by the method it applies ... a slightly different definition, arguing that comparative politics is defined by a combination of a substantive ... Dieter publisher Oxford University Press location Oxford year 1996 pages 309 335 chapter Comparative ... year 1991 title Comparing forms of comparative analysis journal Political Studies volume 39 issue ... fields of study, comparative politics may be referred to by other names, such as for example comparative government the comparative study of forms of government or comparative foreign policy comparing ..., especially in the United States, the term comparative politics is used to refer to the politics ..., J. 2002 1995 Comparative Methods , in Marsh, D. and G. Stoker ed. Theory and Methods in Political ... Ingrid authorlink Ingrid van Biezen coauthors Caramani, Daniele year 2006 title Non comparative politics ... journal 118602277 abstract?CRETRY 1&SRETRY 0 doi 10.1111 j.1467 9256.2006.00248.x ref The comparative method The comparative method is together with the experiment experimental method , the statistics ... variables are held constant. ref Lijphart, A. 1971 , cit., p. 683 ref In particular, the comparative ... methods share the same logic as the comparative method they all imply a comparison between cases ... to comparison according to the comparative method. ref Lijphart, A. 1971 , cit., p. 691 ref Comparative strategies Several different strategies can be used in comparative research. ref http poli.haifa.ac.il ... and the Most Different Systems Design in Comparative Research. International Journal of Social Research ... and tries to figure out why the outcomes between them are similar in the end. When using MDSD as a comparative ... more details
About the study the experimental drum and bass band Comparative Anatomy band Refimprove date December 2009 Comparative anatomy is the study of similarities and differences in the anatomy of organism s. It is closely ... Image Comparative Anatomy.jpg thumb 200px This picture shows two species, the Common Bottlenose Dolphin ... in their environment despite their lack of common ancestry. Comparative anatomy has long served ... structures. Comparative anatomy supports Darwin s theory of descent with modification, also known as evolution. A common example of comparative anatomy is the similar bone structures in forelimbs of cats ... major concepts of comparative anatomy are homology biology Homologous structures structures body parts ... of birds to the skeletons of humans. His research led to what is referred to as modern comparative ... compar anat.shtml title Comparative Anatomy Andreas Vesalius accessdate 2011 02 17 last Caldwell first Roy year 2006 publisher University of California Museum of Paleontology quote Comparative Anatomy ... as the founder of comparative anatomy. He is credited with determining that marine mammals ... Zootomia democritaea , one of the first works of comparative anatomy. In the 18th and 19th century ... Darwin s work on evolution . An example of a 20th century comparative anatomist is Victor Negus , who ... DNA sequencing , comparative anatomy together with embryology were the primary tools for understanding phylogeny , as exemplified by the work of Alfred Romer . Today comparative anatomy is still taught ... February isbn cite web url http evolution.berkeley.edu evosite history compar anat.shtml title Comparative ... of California Museum of Paleontology quote Comparative Anatomy, pre 1800s External links DEFAULTSORT Comparative Anatomy Category Comparative anatomy ar ca Anatomia comparativa cs ... gl Anatom a comparada id Anatomi perbandingan ia Anatomia comparative it Anatomia comparata ka ... comparada ru simple Comparative anatomy th zh ... more details
Comparative physiology is a List of academic disciplines subdiscipline of physiology that studies and exploits ... courses that cover comparative aspects of animal physiology. According to Prosser, Comparative Physiology ... 1 pages 5 12 doi 10.1002 jez.1401940102 pmid 1104756 ref , a founder of modern comparative physiology, outlined a broad agenda for comparative physiology in his 1950 edited volume see summary and discussion ... Mangum first C. P. coauthors and P. W. Hochachka year 1998 title New directions in comparative physiology ..., and hormone balance, comparative physiology uses, in addition, species or animal type as a variable ... Prospects for comparative physiology and biochemistry url journal Journal of Experimental Zoology issn volume 194 pmid 1194870 issue 1 pages 345 348 doi 10.1002 jez.1401940122 ref Comparative physiologists ... 420941 pmid 15286910 ref Similarly, comparative physiologists have been attracted to unusual organisms ... temperature changes. Funding In the United States, research in comparative physiology is funded by both ... WP NOT DIR A number of scientific societies feature sections on comparative physiology ... Australian & New Zealand Society for Comparative Physiology & Biochemistry http www.csz scz.ca Canadian Society of Zoologists http wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp jscpb index e.html Japanese Society for Comparative Physiology and Biochemistry http sicb.org Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology Society ... comparative physiology, serving on the faculty at Duke University for many years and training a large ... C. Stephens 1925 2003 was a well known invertebrate comparative physiologist, serving on the faculty ... articles in comparative animal physiology Wikipedia is not a directory WP NOT DIR http ajpregu.physiology.org American Journal of Physiology Regulatory, Integrative and Comparative Physiology ... description Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Integrative and Comparative Biology Journal of Comparative Physiology http jeb.biologists.org Journal of Experimental Biology http www.journals.uchicago.edu ... more details
Comparative history is the comparison of different societies which existed during the same time period or shared similar cultural conditions. The comparative history of societies emerged as an important ... comparative history, as exemplified by Alexis de Tocqueville , Karl Marx , and Max Weber . In the first half of the 20th century, a large reading public followed the comparative histories of Oswald ... ref Toynbee 1934 61 ref . Since the 1950s, however, comparative history has faded from the public ... Stephen Kalberg, Max Weber s Comparative Historical Sociology University of Arizona Press, 1994 ref ... comparative studies that cover wide swaths of the world over many centuries. ref William ... and religious topics treated in comparative fashion by looking at both sides of the Atlantic. Religious ... stimulated numerous studies of comparative history especially regarding ideas ref Robert Palmer, Age ... Wim Klooster, Revolutions in the Atlantic World A Comparative History 2009 ref Modernization models .... ref Cyril Edwin Black, ed. The Modernization of Japan and Russia a comparative study 1975 ref ref Cyril Edwin Black, The dynamics of modernization a study in comparative history 1966 ref ref Gilbert ..., Chinese Studies in History Spring 2009, Vol. 42 3 pp 7 24 in EBSCO ref . Comparative politics The field of comparative history often overlaps with the subdivision of political science known as comparative politics . ref Doyle 1986 ref ref Meritt and Rokkan, 1986 ref This includes transnational ... and generals to do more comparative analysis. ref Robert M. Citino, Military Histories Old and New ... of slavery in comparative perspective, ranging from the ancient world to the 19th century, has attracted ... economists who show occasional interest in comparative data analysis. However more traditional research ... thinking the Comparative Study of Commercial Institutions in Premodern Europe, Journal of Interdisciplinary ... ref Pitirim A. Sorokin, Social and Cultural Dynamics 4 vol 1932 ref , scholars in comparative ... more details
Otheruses Negligence disambiguation Tort law Comparative negligence , or non absolute contributory negligence outside of the United States , is a partial legal defense that reduces the amount of damages that a plaintiff can recover in a negligence based claim based upon the degree to which the plaintiff s own negligence contributed to cause the injury. When the defense is asserted, the fact finder, usually a jury, must decide the degree to which the plaintiff s negligence versus the combined negligence of all other relevant actors contributed to cause the plaintiff s damages. It is a modification of the doctrine of contributory negligence which disallows any recovery by a plaintiff whose negligence contributed, even minimally, to causing the damages. Explanation Prior to the late 1960s, however, only a few states had adopted this system. When comparative negligence was adopted, three main versions were used. The first was called pure comparative negligence. A plaintiff who was, say, 90 to blame for an accident could recover 10 of his losses. Of course, if the defendant suffered injuries in such a case, he she could counter claim and recover 90 of his her losses from the other party. The second and third versions are lumped together in what is called modified comparative negligence. One variant allows plaintiffs to recover only if the plaintiff s negligence is not greater than the defendant s viz., the plaintiff s negligence must not be more than 50 of the combined negligence of both parties . The other variant allows plaintiffs to recover only if the plaintiff s negligence is not as great ... negligence . The apparently minor difference between the two modified forms of comparative negligence ... , Virginia , and Washington, D.C. continue to use contributory negligence as well. Neither comparative ... by a plaintiff. For practical reasons, a plaintiff who faces the defense of comparative negligence ... also Uniform Comparative Fault Act Li v. Yellow Cab Co. of California External links http www.mwl ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
