for the logical concept Commonknowledge logic Commonknowledge is knowledge that is known by everyone or nearly everyone, usually with reference to the community in which the term is used. Commonknowledge need not concern one specific subject, e.g., science or history . Rather, commonknowledge can be about a broad range of subjects, including science, literature, history, entertainment etc. Often, commonknowledge doesn t need to be citation cited . Commonknowledge is distinct from general knowledge . The latter has been defined by differential psychologists as referring to culturally valued knowledge communicated by a range of non specialist media , and is considered an aspect of ability related to intelligence ref cite journal last Lynn first Richard coauthors Irwing, P. & Cammock, T. title Sex differences in general knowledge journal Intelligence year 2001 volume 30 pages 27 39 url http www.sciencedirect.com science article pii S0160289601000642 doi 10.1016 S0160 2896 01 00064 2 ref Therefore there are substantial individual differences in general knowledge as opposed to commonknowledge. The assertion that something is commonknowledge is sometimes associated with the fallacy ... to the question of distinguishing truth from fact in matters that have become commonknowledge . The scientific ... hearsay which may draw on facts someone believes to be commonknowledge . Conventional wisdom is a similar term, coined by economist John Kenneth Galbraith , referring to ostensibly pervasive knowledge or analysis. See also Commonknowledge logic Common sense Consensus reality Conventional wisdom Cyc , an attempt to capture common sense in a computer system Obliteration by incorporation Rule of thumb ... A Common and Common Sense Knowledge Base for Opinion Mining . Proceedings of ICDM11 R. Fagin, J. Y. Halpern, Y. Moses, and M. Y. Vardi. Reasoning about Knowledge , The MIT Press, 1995. ISBN 0 262 ... Reflist DEFAULTSORT CommonKnowledge Category Knowledge Epistemology stub it Conoscenza comune ru ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name CommonKnowledge EP Type ep Artist The Pride hip hop group The Pride Cover Released 1997 Recorded Genre hip hop Length Label Independent Producer Reviews Last album About Our Father s Business This album CommonKnowledge EP br 1997 Next album Something IV Nothing br 1997 The CommonKnowledge EP is an Extended play EP by Deepspace5 member group The Pride hip hop group the Pride . The song Noctambulists was not on the first release of the EP. It was soon added after to a re release. Track listing Agenda Intro This I Know Tectonics Travels 2x4 Tectonics the Reconstruction Noctambulists Category The Pride albums Category 1997 EPs 1990s hiphop album stub ... more details
for commonknowledge in general CommonknowledgeCommonknowledge is a special kind of knowledge for a group of wiktionary agent agent s. There is commonknowledge of p in a group of agents G when all ..., and all know that all know this, and so on it is commonknowledge that he is truthful, and thus it becomes commonknowledge that there is at least one islander who has blue eyes. The problem assuming all persons on the island are completely logical and that this too is commonknowledge, what is the eventual ..., the fact is not commonknowledge . For k 2, it is merely first order knowledge. Each ..., until the k th day arrives. The notion of commonknowledge therefore has a palpable effect ... already known to all becomes commonknowledge, the blue eyed people on this island eventually deduce their status, and leave. Formalization Modal logic syntactic characterization Commonknowledge ... n varphi math and defining math E G 0 varphi varphi math , we could then define commonknowledge with the axiom ... above defines commonknowledge as an infinite conjunction of formulas, hence not a well formed formula of the language. To overcome this difficulty, a fixed point definition of commonknowledge can be given. Intuitively, commonknowledge is thought of as the fixed point of the equation math E ... math E G psi wedge C G varphi math from which, in the limit, we can infer commonknowledge of math ... commonknowledge can be formalized using set theory this was the path taken by the Nobel ... E n 1 e E E n e math . Using this we can then define a commonknowledge function, math C e bigcap ... p . It is not difficult to see that the commonknowledge accessibility function math R G math ... P i math for all math i in G math , which is the finitary characterization of commonknowledge also given by Aumann in the 1976 article. Applications Commonknowledge was used by David Lewis in his pioneering game theoretical account of convention. In this sense, commonknowledge is a concept still ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Infobox VG title Expert CommonKnowledge image developer Expert Software, Inc. publisher Expert Software, Inc. designer Rosemary K. West engine version released 1992 genre Puzzle game Puzzle modes One to four players ratings platforms DOS media requirements input Computer keyboard Keyboard Expert CommonKnowledge is a trivia computer game released by Expert Software in 1992. It was designed and written by Rosemary K. West . The game is Text game text only , and allows you to play with up to 4 players at the same computer. Categories The game has 10 Categorization categories , players are asked 20 questions from each one. Literature Music & Arts History Grab Bag Entertainment and Sports Science & Computers Nature Mathematics Geography Vocabulary External links http www.rkwest.com Rosemary West s website Category 1992 video games Category DOS games Category Quiz video games Category Quiz games Activision stub puzzle videogame stub ... more details
. Gossip and rumors are common examples. As to value of writing, the extent of human knowledge ...other uses File Efez Celsus Library 5 RB.jpg thumb upright Personification of knowledge Greek language Greek , Episteme in Celsus Library in Ephesus , Turkey. Knowledge is a familiarity with someone ... view entry m en us1261368 m en us1261368 ref In philosophy , the study of knowledge is called epistemology , and the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as justified true belief . However no single agreed upon definition of knowledge exists, and there are numerous theories to explain it. Knowledge ..., association and reasoning while knowledge is also said to be related to the capacity of acknowledgment ... University Press, 2002 , 238 266. ref Theories of knowledge File Knowledge Reid Highsmith.jpeg thumb left Robert Reid painter Robert Reid , Knowledge 1896 . Thomas Jefferson Building , Washington ... possible by the notion that philosophy s core was theory of knowledge, a theory distinct from the sciences because it was their foundation Without this idea of a theory of knowledge, it is hard to imagine ... of Nature blockquote The definition of knowledge is a matter of on going debate among philosopher ... definitions of knowledgeknowledge as nothing but perception, knowledge as true judgment, and, finally, knowledge as a true judgment with an account. Each of these definitions is shown to be unsatisfactory ... to be considered knowledge it must be theory of justification justified , truth true , and belief ... that knowledge tracks the truth and Simon Blackburn Simon Blackburn s additional requirement ..., or failure have knowledge. Richard Kirkham suggests that our definition of knowledge requires that the evidence ... to the way knowledge is used in natural languages. He saw knowledge as a case of a family resemblance . Following this idea, knowledge has been reconstructed as a cluster concept that points out relevant ... and the flow of knowledge , in Hrachovec, H. Pichler, A. Hg. Philosophy of the Information Society ... more details
About a computer users group Common disambiguation Common Primary sources date March 2009 infobox Organization name COMMON image CommonLogo.PNG image border size 250px caption The logo of the organization ... to lead Common iSeries user group conference Search 400, September 13, 2006 ref language English ... 11 num volunteers 1,000 budget website http www.common.org www.common.org remarks COMMON is the largest ... experience. Financial problems The Late 2000s recession had a severe effect on COMMON activities. IT professionals ... in COMMON changing from two conferences per year to one. ref Morgan, Timothy Prickett http www.itjungle.com ... 27, 2008 ref Attendance at COMMON s technical events, which increased throughout the 1980s and 1990s ... iseries common board reveals financial situation at meeting of members COMMON board reveals financial situation at meeting of members IT Knowledge Exchange, April 30, 2009 ref Member Resources COMMON s Annual Meeting and Exposition, the premier IBM System i educational and networking ... Business Technology magazine website Events COMMON s 2008 Annual Meeting and Exposition ref COMMON ... 2008 directions index.html Common.org about COMMON directions 2008 ref COMMON Focus, three days of educational ... Common.org about COMMON focus 2008 ref One day Seminars on leading edge topics, held in partnership with Local User Groups throughout North America. ref http www.common.org seminars Common.org COMMON Seminars ref Web based Education, including Webcast s. ref http www.common.org webcasts Common Webcast info ref and Webinar s. ref http www.common.org webinars index.html Common Webinar info ref Networking and membership directory of all COMMON members. COMMON.CONNECT , the bi monthly professional journal of COMMON. COMMON Connector , the monthly e newsletter from COMMON. IBM Certification discounts. COMMON Online Networking community through iSociety. ref name IBMiSociety COMMON Career Center ... www.itjungle.com tfh tfh042406 story07.html Common User Group Starts Midrange Career Center IT Jungle ... more details
wiktionary common uncommon Common may refer to COMMON , the largest association of users of mid range IBM computers Common horse , a British Thoroughbred racehorse Common liturgy , a part of certain Christian liturgy Commoner , someone does not hold a title of peerage Common land , land which other people have certain traditional rights graze livestock or collect firewood Lingua franca or common language, shared by speakers of different mother tongues Vernacular , the common but not scientific name of a plant or animal Massachusetts The Common , a nickname of the Commonwealth of Massachusetts COMMON, a Fortran statement a translation of tum ah , a biblical term for ritual impurity, used by some common English translations of the bible Dol Common, a character in The Alchemist play The Alchemist play by Ben Jonson People Common entertainer born 1972 , American hip hop artist, actor and poet Boston Common , a central public park in Boston, Massachusetts. See also lookfrom Common Commons disambiguation Come On disambiguation Common good disambig no Common pt Common desambigua o ... more details
Zero knowledge may mean Zero knowledge proof , a concept from cryptography, an interactive method for one party to prove to another that a usually mathematical statement is true, without revealing anything other than the veracity of the statement Non interactive zero knowledge proof , a common random string shared between the prover and the verifier is enough to achieve computational zero knowledge without requiring interaction Zero knowledge password proof , an interactive method for one party the prover to prove to another party the verifier that it knows a value of a password disambig ... more details
more footnotes date January 2011 Body of Knowledge BOK or BoK is a term used to represent the complete ... professional association . While the term body of knowledge is also used to describe the document that defines that knowledge the body of knowledge itself is more than simply a collection of terms ... Domain ontologies and upper ontologies ontology for a specific domain . Examples of Bodies of Knowledge The following are examples of Bodies of Knowledge from professional organisations Civil Engineering Body of KnowledgeCommon Body of Knowledge CBK for international Information Security professionals Software Engineering Body of Knowledge SWEBOK for the profession of software engineering Project Management Body of Knowledge PMBOK from the PMI for those following the project management discipline Geographic Information Science and Technology Body of Knowledge GISTBoK for the geospatial realm EABOK Enterprise Architecture Body of Knowledge EABOK for the Enterprise Architecture EA discipline Business Analysis Body of Knowledge BABOK from the IIBA for the Business Analysis profession Data Management Body of Knowledge DMBOK from the DAMA for the Data Management profession Modeling and Simulation Body of Knowledge Massage Therapy Body of Knowledge MTBOK for massage therapists See also Knowledge organization Knowledge representation Ontology information science Ontology information science ... http www.technofunctionalinstitute.org Technofunctional Body of Knowledge for Enterprise resource planning ERP experts http www.usabilitybok.org Usability Body of Knowledge for the usability profession http www.thecqi.org Knowledge Hub Knowledge portal Body of Quality Knowledge for quality assurance professionals Chartered Quality Institute http www.regulationbodyofknowledge.org Body of Knowledge ... Asset Management Body of Knowledge Asset Management Body of Knowledge AMBoK covering the life cycle management of physical assets http www.apm.org.uk Project Management Body of Knowledge ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 In philosophy , knowledge relativity is the notion that knowledge can be seen as the relation between a form of knowledge representation representation with up to two sorts of intent &ndash communication and use goals &ndash and with up to three subjects &ndash one who knows, one who is informed, and one who observes and confirms. This relational and subject oriented view of knowledge is an alternative to the Objectivity philosophy objectivist truth based view common in logic . Category Epistemology epistemology stub ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Domain knowledge is that valid knowledge used to refer to an area of human endeavour, an autonomous computer activity, or other specialized discipline. Domain expert Specialists and experts use and develop their own domain knowledge. If the concept domain knowledge or domain expert is used, we emphasize a specific domain which is an object of the discourse interest problem. Knowledge capture More particular, in software engineering , domain knowledge is knowledge about the environment in which the target system operates, for example, software agent s. Domain knowledge is important, because it usually must be learned from software users in the domain as domain specialists experts , rather than from software developers. Expert s domain knowledge frequently informal and ill structured is transformed in computer programs and active data, for example in a set of rules in knowledge bases, by knowledge engineer s. Communicating between end users and software developers is often difficult. They must find a common language to communicate in. Developing enough shared vocabulary to communicate can often take a while. The same knowledge can be included in different domain knowledge. Knowledge which may be efficient in every domain is called domain independent knowledge, for example logic s and mathematics. Operations on domain knowledge are performed by meta knowledge . Literature Hj rland, B. & Albrechtsen, H. 1995 . Toward A New Horizon in Information Science Domain Analysis. Journal of the American Society for Information Science, 1995, 46 6 , 400 425. See also Domain engineering Knowledge engineering Artificial Intelligence DEFAULTSORT Domain Knowledge Category Knowledge az Elm sah si de Wissensgebiet ... more details
about Knowledge , The MIT Press, 1995. ISBN 0 262 56200 6 See also commonknowledge dispersed knowledge disciplinary knowledge tags interactional expertise Category Knowledge ...Distributed knowledge is a term used in multi agent system research that refers to all the knowledge that a community of agents possesses and might apply in solving a problem. Distributed knowledge is approximately what a wise man knows or what someone who has complete knowledge of what each member of the communities knows. Distributed knowledge might also be called the aggregate knowledge of a community, as it represents all the knowledge that a community might bring to bear to solve a problem. Other related phrasings include cumulative knowledge, collective knowledge, pooled knowledge, or the wisdom of the crowd. Distributed knowledge is the union of all the knowledge of individuals in a community. Example The logicians Alice and Bob are sitting in their dark office wondering whether or not it is raining outside. Now, none of them actually knows, but Alice knows something about her friend Carol, namely that Carol wears her red coat only if it is raining. Bob does not know this, but he just saw Carol, and noticed that she was wearing her red coat. Even though none of them knows whether or not it is raining, it is distributed knowledge amongst them that it is raining. If either one of them tells the other what they know, it will be clear to the other that it is raining. If we denote by math varphi math that Carol wears a red coat and with math varphi Rightarrow psi math that if Carol wears a red coat, it is raining, we have math K b varphi land K a varphi Rightarrow psi Rightarrow D a,b psi math Directly translated Bob knows that Carol wears a red coat and Alice knows that if Carol wears a red coat it is raining so together they know that it is raining. Distributed knowledge is related to the concept Wisdom of the crowd . Distributed knowledge reflects the fact that no one ... more details
Explicit knowledge is knowledge that has been or can be articulation articulated , codified, and data storage device stored in certain storage media media . It can be readily transmitted to others. The information contained in encyclopedias including Wikipedia are good examples of explicit knowledge. Forms The most common forms of explicit knowledge are manuals , documents, procedures, and how to videos. Knowledge also can be audio visual. Works of art and product design can be seen as other forms of explicit knowledge where human skills, motives and knowledge are externalized. only definition See also Tacit knowledge Field Bourdieu External links National Library for Health http www.library.nhs.uk KnowledgeManagement SearchResults.aspx?tabID 289&catID 10397 Knowledge Management Specialist Library collection of resources about auditing intellectual capital. Please do not change the spelling of the English variations of words to their American versions. This has already been discussed on this article s talk page. Category Knowledge de Explizites Wissen fr Connaissance explicite ko ja pl Wiedza formalna pt Conhecimento expl cito ru zh ... more details
are Common KADS, MIKE Model based and Incremental knowledge engineering and PROT G II.PROT G II ...about an information science discipline information about practitioners in this discipline Knowledge engineers Knowledge engineering KE was defined in 1983 by Edward Feigenbaum , and Pamela McCorduck as follows quote KE is an engineering discipline that involves integrating knowledge into computer system ..., it refers to the building, maintaining and development of knowledge based systems . ref citation last Kendal first S.L. last2 Creen first2 M. title An introduction to knowledge engineering year 2007 publisher Springer location London isbn 9781846284755 oclc 70987401 ref It has a great deal in common ... system s. Knowledge engineering is also related to mathematical logic , as well as strongly involved in cognitive science and socio cognitive engineering where the knowledge is produced by socio ... and logic works. Various activities of KE specific for the development of a knowledge based system Assessment of the problem Development of a knowledge based system shell structure Acquisition and structuring of the related information , knowledge and specific preferences IPK model Implementation of the structured knowledge into knowledge bases Testing and validation of the inserted knowledge ... might be iterative, and many challenges could appear. Knowledge engineering principles Since the mid 1980s, knowledge engineers have developed a number of principles, methods and tools to improve the knowledge acquisition and ordering. Some of the key principles are Citation needed date May 2008 There are different types of knowledge each requiring its own approach and technique. types of experts and expertise, such that methods should be chosen appropriately. ways of representing knowledge, which can aid the acquisition, validation and re use of knowledge. ways of using knowledge, so that the acquisition ... the efficiency of the acquisition process. Knowledge Engineering is the process of eliciting Knowledge ... more details
Knowledge integration is the process of synthesizing multiple knowledge model s or representations into a common model representation . Compared to information integration , which involves merging information having different schemas and representation models, knowledge integration focuses more on synthesizing ... can be put under a common model, say, a student performance index. The http wise.berkeley.edu ... developed along the lines of knowledge integration theory. Knowledge integration has also been studied as the process of incorporating new information into a body of existing knowledge with an interdisciplinary approach. This process involves determining how the new information and the existing knowledge interact, how existing knowledge should be modified to accommodate the new information, and how the new information should be modified in light of the existing knowledge. A learning agent that actively ... opportunities e.g., to resolve knowledge conflicts and to fill knowledge gaps. By exploiting these learning ... at Austin , was created to study the use of automated and semi automated knowledge integration to assist knowledge engineers constructing a large knowledge base . A possible technique which can be used ... property i . The University of Waterloo operates a Bachelor of Knowledge Integration undergraduate degree ... ki admissions ref See also Knowledge value chain References Reflist added under references heading by script assisted edit Linn, M. C. 2006 The Knowledge Integration Perspective on Learning and Instruction ... University Press Murray, K. S. 1996 KI A tool for Knowledge Integration. Proceedings of the Thirteenth ... 1636.pdf Learning as Knowledge Integration , Technical Report TR 95 41, The University of Texas ... of the Cognitive Science Society Murray, K. S., Porter, B. W. 1990 Developing a Tool for Knowledge ..., K. S., Porter, B. W. 1989 Controlling Search for the Consequences of New Information during Knowledge Integration. Proceedings of the Sixth International Machine Learning Conference Category Knowledge ... more details
unreferenced date January 2008 originalresearch date January 2008 A knowledge community is community construct, stemming from the convergence of knowledge management as a field of study and social exchange ..., knowledge communities are now often referred to as a community of practice or virtual community of practice ... principles and subsequent structure of knowledge communities. Perspectives As a web or virtual construct, knowledge communities can be said to have evolved from bulletin board systems, web forums and online ... sites coming online at the turn of the millennia, knowledge communities can be described as another form of social media. The biggest difference between social network sites and knowledge communities ... exchange theory , a well established perspective is to view knowledge communities as a type of exchange ... value e.g., return on time investment to knowledge community members. Knowledge communities ..., representing and or distributing data, information and or knowledge in and via a community context on the pretext that more significant value will be created via a knowledge value chain. From an organizational perspective, knowledge communities serve to maintain the strong ties and weak ties of the organization ... exposure and building public trust by incorporating diverse opinion and speed knowledge transfer and knowledge utilization, as well as do knowledge mobilization e.g., by providing a conversation space to bridge gaps between research and practice . Common across perspectives is, knowledge communities can be employed to identify, create, represent, and or distribute knowledge within and or between populations Organizational behavior and structure Knowledge communities nurture and facilitate ongoing relationships and a Knowledge Ecosystem where ideas are exchanged on an ongoing basis. Knowledge value is generated derived, realized during the transactional nature of the exchange. Existing knowledge can be synthesized e.g. research fused with ideas from the field or other research or new knowledge ... more details
and the shaping of opinion. Sanger s article confronts the existence of commonknowledge and pits it against knowledge that everyone agrees on. In terms of democratization of knowledge, Wikipedia ...Coat rack Wikipedia date August 2011 Lead too short date August 2011 The democratization of knowledge is the acquisition and spread of knowledge amongst the common people, not just privileged elite s such as priests and academics. History The printing press was one of the early steps towards the democratization of knowledge. ref name spiegel cite news title Google s Total Library Putting The World s Books On The Web first Malte last Herwig url http www.spiegel.de international business 0,1518,473529 2,00.html newspaper Spiegel Online date 28 March 2007 accessdate 22 July 2011 ref Another small example of this during the Industrial Revolution was the creation of libraries for miners in some Scottish villages in the 18th century. ref For example, in Leadhills in 1741 and in Wanlockhead in 1756. citation title Philanthropy in Victorian Scotland author Olive Checkland url http books.google.com ?id JUG6AAAAIAAJ page 138 year 1980 isbn 9780859760416 ref Wikipedia is rapidly turning into a real time reference tool in which public entries can be updated by anyone at any time. This phenomenon a product of the digital age has greatly contributed to the democratization of knowledge in the modern era. In the Digital Age Wikipedia co founder, Larry Sanger , states in his article, ref http www.edge.org 3rd culture sanger07 sanger07 index.html Who Says We Know On the New Politics of Knowledge ... of democratization of knowledge, but Malte Herwig in Der Spiegel raised concerns that the virtual ... search algorithms, could undermine this move towards democratization. ref name spiegel Scientific knowledge The website eBird has been described as an example of democratization of scientific knowledge ... dates date August 2011 DEFAULTSORT Democratization Of Knowledge Category Knowledge Socio stub nl ... more details
market mechanisms that work well for traditional goods. So this approach treats knowledge as common ...Expert verify date November 2008 refimprove section date November 2008 A knowledge market is a mechanism for distributing knowledge resources. There are two views on knowledge and how knowledge markets can function. One view uses a legal construct of intellectual property to make knowledge a typical ... it. An alternative model is based on treating knowledge as a public good and hence encouraging free sharing of knowledge. This is often referred to as attention economy . Currently there is no consensus among researchers on relative merits of these two approaches. History A knowledge economy include the concept of exchanging knowledge based products and services. However, as discussed by Stewart ..., McGraw Hill, 342 p. ref , knowledge is very different from physical products. For example, it can ... it once, and once sold, it cannot be recalled. Further, knowledge begets more knowledge in a never ending cycle. Understanding of knowledge markets is beginning to emerge. As would be expected, they are very different in form from traditional markets. Knowledge markets have been variously described ... Prusak. 1998. Working Knowledge How Organizations Manage What They Know. Harvard Business School ..., sharing, or exchange of information and knowledge among providers and users. This transactional approach assumes that knowledge based products or services are available for distribution, that someone ... 1991 ref Nonaka, Ikujiro. 1991. The Knowledge Creating Company. Harvard Business Review, Nov. Dec ... of Knowledge. Harvard Business School Press. 334 p. ref . At the marketing end of the spectrum, a number ... necessary to succeed in a digital economy. Knowledge markets may also be sequential in nature. Simard 2006 ref Simard, Albert. 2006. Knowledge markets More than Providers and Users. IPSI BgD Internet Research Society Transactions, 2 2 4 9. ref describes a cyclic end to end knowledge market ... more details
The Knowledge Building KB theory was created and developed by Carl Bereiter and Marlene Scardamalia for describing what a community of learners needs to accomplish in order to create knowledge . The theory addresses the need to educate people for the knowledge society knowledge age society , in which knowledge and innovation are pervasive ref Scardamalia & Bereiter, 2003 ref . Overview Scardamalia & Bereiter distinguish between Knowledge building and learning. They see learning as an internal, almost unobservable process that results in changes of beliefs, attitudes, or skills. By contrast, Knowledge building is seen as creating or modifying public knowledge. KB produces knowledge that lives in the world , and is available to be worked on and used by other people. Knowledge building refers to the process of creating new cognitive artifacts as a result of common goals, group discussions, and synthesis ... a group, at a level beyond their initial knowledge level, and should be directed towards advancing ..., p. 5 ref . Knowledge building can be considered as deep Constructivism learning theory constructivism ... of the hallmarks of Knowledge building is a sense of we superseding the sense of I , a feeling that the group ... of discussion software can enable such an environment, one being Knowledge Forum , which supports many of the prerequisite processes of Knowledge building. Bereiter and colleagues ref 1997, p. 12 ref state that Knowledge building projects focus on understanding rather than on accomplishing tasks, and on collaboration rather than on controversy. Knowledge building may be defined simply as the creation ... knowledge work of all kinds ref Bereiter & Scardamalia, 2003, p. 13 ref . Setting children on a Knowledge building trajectory is a promising foundation for education in the knowledge age Scardamalia ... of Knowledge , Scardamalia proposes 12 principles of Knowledge building.MT Principles of Knowledge building Scardamalia 2002 ref Scardamalia 2002 ref identifies twelve principles of Knowledge ... more details
, technologies, and other common inputs. Hence, knowledge is the catalyst and connective tissue ...Refimprove date November 2008 Economic systems sidebar The knowledge economy is a term that refers either to an economy of knowledge focused on the production and management of knowledge in the frame of economy economic constraints, or to a knowledge based economy. In the second meaning, more frequently used, it refers to the use of knowledge technologies such as knowledge engineering and knowledge ... difference is that in a knowledge economy, knowledge is a product, while in a knowledge based economy, knowledge is a tool. This difference is not yet well distinguished in the subject matter ... to a knowledge economy, as an extension of an information society . The transition requires that the rules ..., globalized economy where knowledge resources such as trade secret know how and expertise are as critical as other economic resources. According to analysts of the knowledge economy, these rules need to be rewritten at the levels of firms and industries in terms of knowledge management and at the level of public policy as knowledge policy or knowledge related policy. Citation needed date May 2008 Concepts A key concept of the knowledge economy is that knowledge and education often referred ... asset It can be defined as The concept that supports creation of knowledge by organizational employees and helps and encourages them to transfer and better utilize their knowledge that is in line with company organization goals The initial foundation for the Knowledge Economy was first introduced ... the difference between the manual worker page 2 and the knowledge worker . The manual worker, according to him, works with his hands and produces goods or services. In contrast, a knowledge worker page 3 works with his or her head not hands, and produces ideas, knowledge, and information. The key problem in the formalization and Scientific modelling modeling of knowledge economy, is a vague definition ... more details
The knowledge commons encompass immaterial and collectively owned goods in the information age . Normatively loaded, it promotes free share of knowledge. As the modern commons resource is information, the tragedy of the commons no longer has any effect naturally, information does not depreciate when being shared with others. Conceptual background The term commons is being derived from the medieval economic system the commons . Today, the knowledge commons act as a frame of reference for a number of domains, including Open Educational resources such as the MIT OpenCourseware , free digital media such as wikipedia , creative commons licensed art, open scientific collections such as the Public Library of Science or the Science Commons , Free Software and Open Design . According to research by Charlotte Hess and Elinor Ostrom , ref name ostrom cite book title Understanding Knowledge as a Commons From Theory to Practice last Hess first Charlotte coauthors Ostrom, Elinor year 2007 publisher Massachusetts ... background of the knowledge commons encompasses two intellectual histories First, a European ... of knowledge. Second, a tradition rooted in the United States, which sees the knowledge commons ... libraries and collective action. ref name ostrom The production of works in the knowledge commons is often driven by collective intelligence respectively the wisdom of crowds and is related to knowledge ... property rights in exchange for recognition and esteem. Copyleft A main principle of the knowledge ... Libre knowledge Open Content Copyleft Public ownership Open Source Open Design OpenCourseware Collective ... External links http mitpress.mit.edu catalog item default.asp?ttype 2&tid 11012 Understanding Knowledge ... to Knowledge Commons http www.knowledgecommons.org Open Knowledge Commons & 8220 Shared Purpose. Global Access. CommonKnowledge.& 8221 http www.idlo.int publications TraditionalKnowledge.pdf Imagining A Traditional Knowledge Commons A community approach to sharing traditional knowledge for non ... more details
There is a large body of knowledge that designers call upon and use during the design process to match the ever increasing complexity of design problems. ref X.F. Zha, H. Du, Knowledge intensive collaborative ... 57 2006 39 55 ref Design knowledge can be classified into two categories ref M. Stokes, Managing Engineering Knowledge MOKA Methodology for Knowledge Based Engineering Applications, MOKA Consortium, London,2001. ref product knowledge and design process knowledge . Product Knowledge Product knowledge ... modeling is used mainly for supporting detailed design, while knowledge modeling is working for supporting .... Regli, The role of knowledge in next generation product development systems, ASME Journal of Computing ... class, respectively. Design Process Knowledge Design process knowledge can be described in two levels design activities and design rationale. ref X.F. Zha, R. D. Sriram, et al., Knowledge intensive collaborative ... Representation Scenarios In terms of representation scenarios, design knowledge can also be categorized into off line and on line knowledge. Design process knowledge can be categorized into ontologies. Off line Knowledge Offline Knowledge refers to existing knowledge representation, including design knowledge in handbook and design know how , etc. the latter refers to the new design knowledge created in the course of design activities by designers themselves. For the off line knowledge, there are two representation approaches. One is to highly abstract and categorize existing knowledge including ... of this approach. The other is to represent a collection of design knowledge into a certain case ... 1996 361 369. ref The key issue is on the computerization of the design knowledge representation. For instance ... knowledge representation methodology and knowledge base vocabulary based on the theory of domains ... knowledge management. The tool provides an engineering system designer with the capability to search a knowledge base of past solutions, and other known technologies to explored viable alternatives for product ... more details
Cleanup date April 2007 Refimprove date November 2009 Forbidden knowledge , different than secret knowledge , is used to describe forbidden books or other information to which access is restricted or deprecated for political or religious reasons. Forbidden knowledge is commonly not secret, rather a society or various institutions will use repressive mechanisms to either completely prevent the publication of information they find objectionable or dangerous censorship , or failing that, to try to reduce the public s trust in such information propaganda . Public repression can create paradoxical situation where the proscribed information is generally commonknowledge but publicly citing it is disallowed. A rich set of examples exist through history. Well known to Western readers are forbidden books as defined by the Roman Catholic church in the last few centuries. Through the years of isolation in Japan and China all Western literature was forbidden. Recent 20th century repressive regimes e.g. communism in Eastern Europe and China placed strong restrictions on so called foreign propaganda ... as societies need to create some common basis of facts to create a unified identity. Critical to political ... in less restrictive circumstances. Further reading Beckett, C 1989 Forbidden Knowledge , New Scientist 121 1649 , 76. Blatt, IB 1998 Freud and Forbidden Knowledge , Journal of Religion and Health 37 3 , 290. Johnson, DG 1999 Reframing the Question of Forbidden Knowledge for Modern Science , Science and Engineering Ethics 5 4 , 445. Schrag, B et al. 2003 Forbidden Knowledge &ndash A Case Study with Commentaries .... Wendl, MC 2005 The Question of Forbidden Knowledge , Science journal Science 308 5728 , 1549. Kempner, J., Merz, J. F. and Bosk, C. L. 2011 , Forbidden Knowledge Public Controversy and the Production ... doi 10.1111 j.1573 7861.2011.01259.x abstract DEFAULTSORT Forbidden Knowledge Category Knowledge ... more details
it for any purpose and to share derived works similarly as free knowledge for the common good. Users of libre knowledge are free to 0 use the work for any purpose 1 study its mechanisms, to be able to modify ...externallinks date June 2008 Libre knowledge is knowledge which may be acquired, interpreted and applied .... The term refers to the cultural movement of Libre free libre knowledge inspired by the principles ... and a conviction that knowledge should be accessible and sharable without restrictions. Libre or free knowledge Advocates of libre knowledge wiktionary AKA Initialism aka free knowledge believe that the freedom of knowledge is under threat on account of attempts to restrict or control sharing of information or explicit knowledge on the Internet. For this reason, a definition of libre knowledge ... this concern Libre Knowledge is explicit knowledge released in such a way that users are free to read ... software , Free Culture movement free culture , and free knowledge , etc., and are used by libre ... libre knowledge as a generalisation. Libre learning Knowledge and learning go hand in hand. Libre ... be argued By whom date October 2010 that the concepts of free libre knowledge and non free knowledge ... of the Internet and the ease with which knowledge may be shared. Below are listed some relevant ... to knowledge and the free use thereof . Columbia University, New York. ref Arthur Hays Sulzberger, 19??. Man s right to knowledge and the free use thereof University of Hawaii occasional paper . need to verify this ref 2001 Fle3 Fle3 announcement Fle3 libre software for libre knowledge building ref ... captures much of the philosophy of Libre Knowledge albeit in the software sense. ref Gay, Joshua ed ... Journals lists several, though the degrees of freedom vary many are disseminating Open Knowledge . The free libre knowledge definition above was inspired by the Free Software definition and by a posting on Jimmy Wales s blog http blog.jimmywales.com index.php archives 2004 10 21 free knowledge ... more details
Knowledge spillover is an exchange of ideas among individuals. ref name economy Carlino, Gerald A. 2001 ... publications business review 2001 q4 brq401gc.pdf Knowledge Spillovers Cities Role in the New Economy. Q4 2001. ref In knowledge management economics , a knowledge spillover is a Rivalry economics non rival knowledge market externality that has a spillover effect of stimulating technological improvements ... Knowledge Spillovers and Patent Citations Evidence from a Survey of Inventors. Vol. 90, No. 2, Papers ... 1987 month May volume 77 issue 2 pages 56 62 ref A recent, general example of a knowledge spillover ... of online networking tools e.g. CNN s iReport . There are two kinds of knowledge spillovers internal and external. Internal knowledge spillover occurs if there is a positive impact of knowledge between ... name economy An external knowledge spillover occurs when the positive impact of knowledge is between ... the England English economist Alfred Marshall developed a theory of knowledge spillovers. ref name economy Knowledge spillovers later were extended by economists Kenneth Arrow 1962 and Paul Romer ... the u M u arshall u A u rrow u R u omer views on knowledge spillovers and accordingly named the view ... Arrow Romer MAR spillover view, the proximity of firms within a wiktionary commoncommon industry often affects how well knowledge travels among firms to facilitate innovation and growth. ref name economy ... product. However, research on the Cambridge IT Cluster UK suggests that technological knowledge spillovers ...? Questioning the significance of technological knowledge spillovers , Journal of Economic Geography, doi 10.1093 jeg lbq058 ref . Porter spillover Porter 1990 , like MAR, argues that knowledge spillovers ... different industries affect how well knowledge travels among firms to facilitate innovation and growth. ref name economy This is in contrast to MAR spillovers, which focus on firms in a common industry ... firm s subsidized knowledge spillover. ref cite book last Rosen first Harvey S. title Public ... more details
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