unsourced date November 2007 In the field of economics , the commodityvalue of a economic good good is its free market intrinsic value under optimal use conditions. In a free market, the commodityvalue of a good will be reflected by its price. For example, if an acre of land can yield a net of 100 dollars loss by lying fallow , 50 dollars gain by being planted with corn, and 100 dollars gain by being planted with wheat, then that acre s commodityvalue is 100 dollars the farmer is assumed to put his land to best use. Currency Commodityvalue is of particular significance in the study of currency. For example, the commodityvalue of a coin is the value of the metal of which it is made. Gold and silver coins have a high commodityvalue, whereas fiat money fiat coins such as modern day Quarter United States coin quarters have a low commodityvalue. This is of particular historical relevance when analyzed in light of Gresham s Law . Debt Asset backed debt has a commodityvalue equal to the price of the Collateral finance collateral a loan backed by a house has a commodityvalue equal to the free market price of the house. Non collateralized debt, on the other hand, does not have a commodityvalue it is valuable only insofar as it is repaid. Investment Commodityvalue is an important consideration in hedging against inflation . Whereas fiat currencies can devalue, often hyperinflation catastrophically , currencies with considerable commodityvalue are known to better maintain their value a government can print as many fiat bills as it wants with relative ease, the same is not true of mining precious metals . This leads some investors to purchase goods and debts with high commodityvalue, which are inherently safer than those with low, or no commodityvalue, minimizing risk by sacrificing potential return. See also Gold as an investment Category Commodities used as an investment Category Business terms economic term stub ... more details
Wiktionary Value or values may refer to Concepts of worth Value theory overview of approaches in various disciplines Value ethics Value personal and cultural Value economics Theory of value economics Value investing Value marketing Value law i.e. consideration Concepts of quantity , amount, or entity Value semiotics Value mathematics Value computer science Note value music Other Lightness color The term values usually refers to Value ethics Value personal and cultural Value law See also Anthropological theories of value Extrinsic value Intrinsic value disambiguation Moral character Phronesis Store of valueValue added disambig Category Value af Waarde ar cs Hodnota de Valor es Valor fr Valeur it Valore he ja no Verdi pl Warto pt Valor ro Valoare human value sk Hodnota fi Arvo t smennyssivu sv V rde vi Gi tr ... more details
Dablink T value can also refer to the Student s t test . The United States Department of Agriculture defines the T Value as the maximum average soil loss in tons per year that will still allow economical maintenance of the current level of production into the future. ref http agriculture.house.gov info glossary tu.htm USA Department of Agriculture ref References Reflist colwidth 40em references references Category United States Department of Agriculture ... more details
image Labeledcyclohexane.png thumb 400px right The A value for a methyl group is 1.74 as derived from the chemical equilibrium above. This means it costs 1.74 kcal mol of energy to have a methyl group in the axial position compared to the equatorial position. A Values are numerical values used in the determination of the most stable orientation of atoms in a molecule Conformational isomerism Conformational Analysis , as well as a general representation of steric bulk . A values are derived from energy measurements of a monosubstituted cyclohexane conformation cyclohexane ring. ref name PACGlossary ... axial substitution and the lower energy conformation equatorial substitution is the A value for that particular ... the substituent with the largest A value is equatorial is favored. image methyltbutyl cyclohexane.png thumb 600px center A methyl substituent has a significantly smaller A value than a tert butyl ... help predict the steric effect of a substituent. In general, the larger a substituent s A value, the larger the steric effect of that substituent. Methyl has an A value of 1.74 while butyl tert butyl has an A value of 5. Because the A value of tert butyl is higher, tert butyl has a larger steric effect ... conformations of ethyl cyclohexane, the A value is reduced from what would be predicted based ... Havinga first4 E. ref class wikitable style text align center Substituent A Value Substituent A Value Substituent A Value D 0.006 CH sub 2 sub Br 1.79 OSi CH sub 3 sub sub 3 sub 0.74 F 0.15 CH CH sub ... value of a favorable intramolecular hydrogen bond can be calculated. ref name HBondApprox cite journal .... The carboxylic acid substituent shown below is axial in the ground state, despite a positive A Value ... effect. For example, the tert butyl group A value 4.9 has a larger A value than the trimethylsilyl group A value 2.5 , yet the tert butyl group actually occupies less space. This difference can be attributed ... effectively makes the trimethylsilyl group less sterically hindering, thus, lowering it s A value ... more details
p. 48. ref Because it has value, implies that people try to economise its use. A commodity also has a use value ref Karl Marx, Capital Volume I , p. 35 and Capital contained in the Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels Volume 35, p. 45. ref , an exchange value ref Karl Marx, Capital Volume ... Engels Volume 29, p. 270. ref It has an exchange value , meaning that a commodity can be traded for other ... that nothing could sit on, has no use value, and cannot be a commodity. An ornamental chair might yet however, have value. Historical origins of commodity trade quote How can it be mutually beneficial ... for money, which buys another, different commodity with an equal or higher value visible anchor M ... in contrast to simple commodity production , Marx claims that the value of any such commodity ... production Simple commodity production Commodification Labour theory of value Law of value Exchange value Use valueCommodity fetishism Value form Marxism Category Marxist theory tr Meta zh ... of political economy , a commodity is any good or service products of activites ref Karl Marx ... goods. Marx s analysis of the commodity in German Kaufware , i.e. merchandise, ware for sale is intended to help solve the problem of what establishes the economic value of goods, using the labor theory of value . This problem was extensively debated by Adam Smith , David Ricardo and Karl Rodbertus Jagetzow among others. Value and price are not equivalent terms in economics, and theorising the specific relationship of value to market price has been a challenge for both liberal and Marxist economists. Characteristics of commodity quote Man really attains the state of complete humanity when he produces, without being forced by physical need to sell himself as a commodity. Che Guevara ref ... and Man in Cuba ref In Marx s theory, a commodity is something that is bought and sold, or exchanged .... 270. ref It has labor theory of valuevalue , which represents a quantity of human labor. ref Karl ... more details
and their value is expressed in money prices. Because commodity production is aimed at trading the products ... a list of types of commodity production can be obtained in this sense. Marxian usage The use of the term commodity in the sense of wares for sale or merchandise was made famous especially by Karl Marx s analysis of the commodity form in the opening chapter of Das Kapital . Marx follows but also modifies the classical distinction drawn between value in exchange exchange value and value in use or utility use value , arguing that in commodity production this distinction maps onto the distinction ...Unreferenced date May 2010 Commodity production is the production of wares for sale. It is a type of production ... or services sold as products , but often the use of the term commodity production is restricted to the production of goods. The word commodity came into use in English in the 15th century, from the French ... variously appropriateness , proper measure, time or condition and advantage, benefit . Normally commodity ..., and that products for which there is no market are unlikely to be produced. Commodity producers ... provided are not commodities, but in reality they might provide a vital input into a commodity ..., forestry products, fishing products and mineral products metals, oil, gas, ores . The commodity ... and exclusively to the production of primary products , and not just to any vendible commodity. Statistical usage In statistical reports, the broad definition of commodity production is the mass ... commodity production in which most production is organized for the purpose of trading the products. In Marxist theory and Marxian economics the term commodity production continues to be widely used, and has a specific scientific meaning see commodity Marxism , commodification , commodity fetishism , and simple commodity production . The production of goods as commodities or in the form of commodities ... form people are related according to the trading value of their products. A distinction is drawn ... more details
Commodity money is money whose Value economics value comes from a commodity out of which it is made. It is objects that have value in themselves as well as for use as money. ref cite book last O ... of perceived value economics value in conjunction to one another, in various commodity valuation or price system economies. Aspects Commodity money is to be distinguished from representative money which is a certificate or token which can be exchanged for the underlying commodity, but only as the trade is good for that source and the product. A key feature of commodity money is that the value ... issue 3 pages 385 391 ref Legal tender issues and commodity money The face value of specie and base ... if both parties agree on a value for the coins. See also Commodity currency Digital gold currency Fiat ... the modern commodity market s, although they use a sophisticated range of financial instrument s that are more than one to one representations of units of a given type of commodity. Since payment by commodity generally provides a useful good, commodity money is similar to barter , but is distinguishable ... of commodity money in Prisoner of war camp World War II P.O.W camp s quote People left their surplus ... was banned in about 2003, commodity money has switched in many places to cans or foil pouches ... Officials Carp ref Metals In situations where the commodity is metal, typically gold or silver , a government ... is known as seigniorage . The role of a mint and of coin differs between commodity money and fiat money . In situations where there is a commodity money, the coin retains its value if it is melted and physically altered, while in a fiat money it does not. Usually in a fiat money the value drops if the coin is converted to metal, but in a few cases the value of metals in fiat moneys have been allowed to rise to values larger than the face value of the coin. In India, for example fiat Rupee s disappeared ... or face value of the coins. ref cite news url http www.timesonline.co.uk tol news world asia article1940319.ece ... more details
of Trade Futures market Commodity markets are markets where raw or primary products are exchanged. These raw ... commodity markets. It covers physical product food, metals, electricity markets but not the ways that services, including those of governments, nor investment, nor debt, can be seen as a commodity ... commodity money and the more complex instruments offered in the commodity markets. See List of traded commodities for some commodities and their trading units and places. History The modern commodity ... November 2008 For a commodity market to be established, there must be very broad consensus on the variations ... of commodity markets is hard to overestimate. Through the 19th century the exchanges ... November 2008 Early history of commodity markets Historically, dating from ancient Sumer ian use of sheep or goats, other peoples using pigs, rare seashells, or other items as commodity money , people ... itself more smooth and predictable. citation needed date January 2011 Commodity money and commodity .... This made them a form of commodity money more than an IOU debt I.O.U. but less than a guarantee ..., but the contracts remained on flat tablets. This represented the first system of commodity accounting ... fell by 2 , while the outstanding value of OTC commodities derivatives declined by two thirds as investors reduced risk following a five fold increase in value outstanding in the previous three years ... traded commodities in 2009, up on its 40 share in the previous year. Commodity assets under management ... in prices of many commodities in 2010 contributed to the increase in the value of commodities ... constraints. Spot trading normally involves visual inspection of the commodity or a sample of the commodity, and is carried out in markets such as wholesale marketing wholesale markets . Commodity ... to exchange at some fixed future date a given quantity of a commodity for a price defined today ... general features as a forward contract but is transacted through a futures exchange. Commodity ... more details
one source date May 2010 Financial risk types Commodity risk refers to the uncertainties of future market value s and of the size of the future income , caused by the fluctuation in the prices of commodity commodities . ref citebook title Financial Sector Assessment author International Monetary Fund year 2005 publisher ISBN 0821364324 ref These commodities may be grain s, metal s, gas , electricity etc. A commodity enterprise needs to deal with the following kinds of risks Price risk Risk arising out of adverse movements in the world prices, exchange rates, basis between local and world prices Quantity risk Cost risk Input price risk Political risk Groups at Risk There are broadly four categories of agents who face the commodities risk Production, costs, and pricing Producers farmers, plantation companies, and mining companies face price risk, cost risk on the prices of their inputs and quantity risk Buyer s cooperatives, commercial traders and trait ants face price risk between the time of up country purchase buying and sale, typically at the port, to an exporter. Exporter s face the same risk between purchase at the port and sale in the destination market and may also face political risks with regard to export licenses or foreign exchange conversion. Governments face price and quantity risk with regard to tax revenues, particularly where tax rates rise as commodity prices rise generally the case with metals and energy exports or if support or other payments depend on the level of commodity prices. See also Fuel price risk management Sprott Molybdenum Participation Corporation Uranium Participation Corporation References refs Financial risk Category Financial risk Category Commodities Risk ... more details
Commodity exchange may refer to Commodities exchange , any exchange where various commodities and derivatives products are traded. Commodity markets , for the markets trading on commodities in general. See also Commodity Exchange disambig ... more details
Citations missing date February 2008 Context date February 2008 A commodity swap is an agreement where by a floating or market or spot price based on an underlying commodity is exchanged for a fixed price over a specified period. A Commodity swap is similar to a Fixed Floating Interest rate swap . The difference is that in an Interest rate swap the floating leg is based on standard Interest rates like LIBOR, EURIBOR etc but in a commodity swap the floating leg is based on the price of underlying commodity like Oil, Sugar etc. No Commodities are exchanged during the trade. In this swap, the user of a commodity would secure a maximum price and agree to pay a financial institution this fixed price. Then in return, the user would get payments based on the market price for the commodity involved. On the other side, a producer wishes to fix his income and would agree to pay the market price to a financial institution, in return for receiving fixed payments for the commodity. The vast majority of commodity swaps involve oil . Category Commodities market econ term stub lt aliav apsikeitimo sandoris ... more details
A commodity pool is an investment structure where many individual investors combine their moneys and trade in futures contract s as a single entity in order to gain leverage. They are analogous to mutual fund s wherein a fund is similarly set up expressly for trading in Stock equity , except that mutual funds are open to public subscription whereas commodity pools and hedge fund s are private. Commodity pools are also called managed futures funds . The name commodity pool is a National Futures Association NFA legal term. In the United States , the Commodity Futures Trading Commission CFTC and the NFA, as opposed to the Securities and Exchange Commission , regulate commodity pools. Many hedge funds are commodity pools. Funds that trade in commodities, which include many of the largest funds engaged in macro strategies, are registered with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission as commodity pools and as commodity trading advisor s CTAs . In an address to the Securities Industry Association in 2004, Sharon Brown Hruska, acting director of the CFTC, said that 65 of the top 100 funds in 2003 were commodity pools, and 50 out of the 100 largest hedge funds were CTAs in addition to being commodity pools. ref http www.cftc.gov opa speeches04 opabrown hruska 22.htm Sharon Brown Hruska s 2003 speech to the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ref See also List of traded commodities Managed futures account References references hedge funds DEFAULTSORT Commodity Pool Category Commodities market ... more details
A commodity broker is a firm or individual who executes orders to buy or sell Commodity market commodity ... who trades for his own account is called a Trader finance trader . Commodity contracts include ... who trade commodity contracts are either Hedge finance hedgers using the derivatives markets to manage ... While historically commodity brokers traded grain and livestock futures contracts, today commodity ... of commodity contracts traded are financial derivatives with financial underlying assets such as stock indexes and currencies. Types Firms and individuals who are often collectively called commodity brokers include Floor Broker Trader an individual who trades commodity contracts on the floor ... of his employer, he is acting in the role of a trader. Floor trading is conducted in the pits of a commodity ... or individual that solicits or accepts orders for commodity contracts traded on an exchange and holds ... ref a firm or individual that solicits or accepts orders for commodity contracts traded on an exchange ... foreign introducing brokers.php FIB Commercial Arrangement Accessed July 30th, 2011 ref Commodity Trading Advisor CTA ref National Futures Association CTA http www.nfa.futures.org NFA compliance NFA commodity ... others, on the trading of commodity contracts. They advise commodity pools and offer hedge fund ... the commodity equivalent to a financial advisor or mutual fund manager. Commodity Pool Operator CPO ref National Futures Association CPO http www.nfa.futures.org NFA compliance NFA commodity pool operators index.HTML ref a firm or individual that operates commodity pools advised by a CTA. A commodity pool is essentially the commodity equivalent to a mutual fund. Registered Commodity Representative ... registered and licensed to conduct the activities of a FCM, IB, CTA, or CPO. This is the commodity equivalent ... must pass the Series 3 National Commodity Futures Examination administered by the Financial Industry ..., as well as their RCR APs, are required to register with the Commodity Futures Trading Commission ... more details
A commodity chain is a sequential process used by business entity firm s to gather resource s, transform them into goods or commodity commodities and, finally, distribute them to consumers. It is a series of links connecting the many places of production and distribution and resulting in a commodity that is then exchanged on the world market. In short, it is the connected path from which a good travels from producers to consumers. Commodity chains can be unique depending on the product types or the types of markets. Different stages of a commodity chain can also involve different economic sectors or be handled by the same business. http people.hofstra.edu geotrans eng ch5en conc5en ch5c3en.html A number of commentators have remarked that in the Internet age commodity chains are becoming increasingly more transparent. The Wikichains.com project has adopted the same wiki technology used by Wikipedia in order to help make commodity chains more transparent. They are a network of labour and production processes whose end result is a finished commodity . William Jones Esq. econ stub Category Marketing small de Produktionskette es Cadena productiva eu Ekoizpen prozesu pt Cadeia produtiva ... more details
included a special appendix on the value form . Among other things, Marx there considers that the fetish character emerges more strikingly in the equivalent form than in the relative value form. The relative value form of a commodity is mediated, namely by its relation to another commodity. Through this value form the value of the commodity is expressed as something completely distinct from ... might also combine . The human beliefs about value relationships which are involved in commodity ... economy , commodity fetishism denotes the mystification of human relations said to arise ... of commodity fetishism plays a crucial role in Marx s theory of capitalism, because it links the subjective aspects of economic value to its objective aspects, through the transformation of a symbolization of value into a Reification Marxism reification which attains the power of an objective ... is, per se, the basis of Marx s entire economic system, and in particular of his theory of value. I.I. Rubin, Essays on Marx s theory of value . Montreal Black Rose Books, 1990, p. 5. ref It plays ... of an analysis of the value form of commodities in the first chapter of Marx s main work, Das Kapital ... developments of commercial fetishism nevertheless have their historical origin in commodity trade. ref In chapter 2 of Capital, Volume I , Marx explains that commodity trade and commodity production precede capitalist exchange and capitalist commodity production by many centuries. The appearance ... such that the separation of use value from exchange value, a separation which first begins with barter ... ed. 1976, p. 273. Marx explains loc. cit. that commodity production and circulation can occur on a comparatively .... In consequence the product embedded in this mode of production is equated with the commodity ... destitute of value and Marx comments This shows how high even a McCulloch stands above the fetishism ... of value . Marx used the notion of fetishism in various contexts throughout his economic and ethnological ... more details
Futures exchange s establish a minimum amount that the price of a commodity can fluctuate upward or downward. This minimum fluctuation trade increment is known as a tick or commodity tick . Hence, a tick is any fluctuation in the price of a security finance security ref cite web title Understanding the Ticker Tape url http www.investopedia.com articles 01 070401.asp publisher Investopedia ref . Each futures contract has a different size, quantity, valuation etc., so each tick size that can be applied to any one futures contract, is dependent on the previous variables. Tick size is important as it determines the possible prices available. For example, each tick for the grain market soybeans, corn and wheat is 0.25 cents per bushel, on one 5,000 bushel futures contract. class wikitable Tick values for some popular contracts as of June 2010 ref http www.cmegroup.com CME Group ref Futures Product Contract Size Tick Size Tick Value E mini S&P E Mini S&P 500 Chicago Mercantile Exchange CME 50 x index 0.25 12.50 NASDAQ futures E Mini NASDAQ CME 20 x index 0.25 5.00 Australian Dollar A 100,000 0.0001 10.00 ref http www.cmegroup.com trading fx g10 australian dollar contract specifications.html CME Australian Dollar contract specifications ref British Pound 62,500 0.0001 6.25 Canadian Dollar CME C 100,000 0.0001 10.00 Euro FX CME 125,000 0.0001 12.50 Japanese Yen 12,500,000 0.000001 12.50 Mexican Peso MP 500,000 0.000025 12.50 New Zealand Dollar NZ 100,000 0.0001 10.00 Swiss Franc SF 125,000 0.0001 12.50 30 Day Fed Funds 5,000,000 annualized 0.00005 20.835 2 Year Treasury Note 200,000 1 4 of 1 32 15.625 5 Year Treasury Note 100,000 1 4 of 1 32 7.8125 10 Year Treasury Note 100,000 1 2 of 1 32 15.625 ref http www.cmegroup.com trading interest rates us treasury 10 year us treasury note contract specifications.html CME 10 year Note contract specifications ref 30 Year Treasury Bond 100,000 ... commodity futures options contract specs.htm Futures Contract Specifications Tick Values Category Derivatives ... more details
In United States federal agricultural policy, the term commodity programs is usually meant to include the commodity price and income support programs administered by the Farm Service Agency and financed by the Commodity Credit Corporation CCC . The commodities now receiving support are those receiving Direct and Counter cyclical Program DCP payments, specifically wheat, corn, grain sorghum, barley, oats, upland cotton, rice, soybeans and other oilseeds, and peanuts those eligible for nonrecourse marketing assistance loans , which includes the previous mentioned commodities plus wool, mohair, honey, dry peas, lentils, and small chickpeas and those having other unique support, including sugar, and milk. A broader phrase that includes these commodity programs and other assistance is farm program s. See also Target price Loan commodity References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach DEFAULTSORT Commodity Programs Category Agricultural subsidies ms Program komoditi ... more details
Unreferenced date February 2008 A soft commodity is a commodity such as coffee , Cocoa bean cocoa , sugar , Maize corn , wheat , soybean and fruit . This term generally refers to commodities that are grown, rather than mined. Soft commodities play a major part in the futures market . They are used by farmers wishing to lock in the future prices of their Crop agriculture crops , by commercial purchasers of the products, and by speculative investors seeking a profit. Sometimes the term soft is restricted to commodities which are identified as primarily tropical, such as coffee, cocoa, sugar, cotton, and orange juice. See also Hard commodity Category Commodities used as an investment Category Financial terminology finance stub ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2008 Commodity plastics are plastics that are used in high volume and wide range of applications, such as film for packaging, photographic and magnetic tape, beverage and trash containers and a variety of household products where mechanical properties and service environments are not critical. Such plastics exhibit relatively low mechanical properties and are of low cost. Examples of commodity plastics are polyethylene , polypropylene , polystyrene , polyvinyl chloride , polymethyl methacrylate , polyethylene terephthalate and more. Additional reading Engineering plastic s Haugan, Harold W. Fantastic Plastics Welcome Aboard Exposition Press Books, 1974 DEFAULTSORT Commodity Plastics Category Plastics polymer stub ... more details
Foreign Exchange A commodity currency is a name given to Currency currencies of countries which depend heavily on the export of certain raw materials for income. These countries are typically Developing country developing countries , eg. countries like Burundi , Tanzania , Papua New Guinea but also include Developed country developed countries like Canada and Australia . In the foreign exchange market , commodity currencies generally refer to the Australian dollar , Canadian dollar , New Zealand dollar , Norwegian krone , South African rand , Brazilian real , and the Chilean peso . See also Gold standard Hard currency Private currency Representative money Reserve currency Silver standard External links http www.imf.org external pubs ft fandd 2003 03 cash.htm IMF s study on commodity currencies econ stub Category Currency Category Money fr Monnaie mati res premi res ... more details
Multiple issues expert September 2010 refimprove September 2010 orphan December 2010 mergeto List of traded commodities date September 2010 Commodity chemicals is a group of chemicals including Alcohol , Amines , Betaines , Fatty alcohols , Acids , Wax , Oils and Petrolatum , Quats , Solvents , Surfactants . This subsector is differentiated from the rest of the chemical sector primarily by bulk. The object is to carry out chemical transformations on a massive scale, producing relatively simple molecules at the lowest possible cost. Lowering environmental impacts in commodity chemical production involves large capital expenditures and long time horizons. ref http ecm.ncms.org ERI new IRRcommchem.htm ref references DEFAULTSORT Commodity Chemicals Category Chemical substances Category Commodities market chem stub ... more details
Commodity certificates are payments issued by the Commodity Credit Corporation CCC in lieu of cash payments to participants in farm subsidy or agricultural export programs. Holders of certificates are permitted to exchange them for commodities owned by the CCC. Alternatively, farmers may buy certificates and use them to settle marketing assistance loan s as a way of avoiding per person payment limits on marketing loan gains and loan deficiency payments LDPs . References CRS article Report for Congress Agriculture A Glossary of Terms, Programs, and Laws, 2005 Edition url http ncseonline.org nle crsreports 05jun 97 905.pdf author Jasper Womach Category United States Department of Agriculture ... more details
Commodity computing or Commodity cluster computing is to use large numbers of already available computing ... Ranawake publisher Goddard Space Flight Center location http spacejournal.ohio.edu title Commodity ... quote The purpose of commodity cluster computing is to utilize large numbers of readily available computing ... far exceeds any expectation of meeting that need. ref It is computing done in commodity computers as opposed to high cost supermicrocomputers or boutique computers. Commodity computers are computer ... are said to be based on commodity components, since the standardization process promotes lower costs and less differentiation among vendors products. A governing principle of commodity computing .... The move towards commodity computing began when Digital Equipment Corporation DEC introduced the PDP ... with the introduction of the first commodity like microcomputer, the Apple II . With the development ... PC was introduced in 1981 and immediately began displacing Apple II s in the corporate world, but commodity ... door and commodity computing was well established. During the 1980s microcomputers began displacing ... a few manufacturers of non commodity computer systems today. Today, there are fewer and fewer general business computing requirements that cannot be met with off the shelf commodity computers. It is likely ... powerful commodity microcomputers. Characteristics of commodity computers A large part of the current commodity computing marketplace is based on IBM PC compatible s. This typically means systems ... drivers. Some of the general characteristics of a commodity computer are Shares a base instruction ... s commodity computers include ATX motherboard form factor. Built in interfaces for floppy drive s, Advanced ... PCI slots for expansion. Some characteristics that are becoming common to many commodity computers and may become part of the commodity computer definition Built in Ethernet interface. Built ... server s, server farm s, and computer cluster s are also computer architecture s that exploit commodity ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Electrochemical cell Cell s are individual cylindrical or rectangular energy storage devices inside a battery. Commodity cells are the kind of cells used in laptop s and cell phone s, as the energy storage element in its batteries. Cells that can be used by electronics manufacturers like Dell Computer just as they can be used by car companies. Production The auto industry battery consortium, USABC , set about to invent automotive batteries made from specialty cells for cars. Tesla Motors uses commodity cells to make their automotive batteries. This is why Tesla s battery is cheaper, higher capacity, more reliable, and more available than anything produced by USABC. It went into production for a fraction of the money previously spent by the consortium. Practically all commodity cells today are made in Asia mainly Japan, South Korea, and China. There is no significant production anywhere in the US. Even American battery companies such as A123 , Valence Technology and AltairNano turn to Asia for mass production. A modern lithium ion cell plant such as those in Japan is a highly automated affair with very low labor content. References http finance.senate.gov hearings testimony 2007test 050107testme.pdf External links http www.teslamotors.com Tesla Motors http finance.senate.gov sitepages hearing050107.htm electronics stub Category Battery electricity ... more details
and demand supply . Many neoclassical economic theories equate the value of a commodity with its price, whether the market is competitive or not. As such, everything is seen as a commodity and if there is no market to set a price then there is no economic value. In classical economics , the value ... that value refers to the innate worth of a commodity, which determines the normal equilibrium ... a commodity s innate worth was the amount of labor needed to produce it. The value of a thing in any ..., Marx distinguished between the value in use use value , what a commodity provides to its buyer ... the sale of the commodity can claim, Smith s labor commanded value . By most interpretations of his ...Economics sidebar An economic value is the worth of a goods economics good or service economics service ..., Basic Economic Concepts , definition Value . ref The economic value of a good or service has puzzled economists since the beginning of the discipline. First, economists tried to estimate the value ... this analysis came the concepts use valuevalue in use and exchange valuevalue in exchange . Wealth ..., where the amount given up is the least. Value is linked to price through the mechanism of Financial transaction exchange . When an economist observes an exchange, two important value functions .... Additional information about value is obtained by the rate at which transactions occur, telling observers the extent to which the purchase of the good has value over time. Said another way, value ... values are expressed as how much of one desirable condition or commodity will, or would be given up in exchange for some other desired condition or commodity. Among the competing schools of economic theory there are differing metrics for value assessment and the metrics are the subject of a Theory of value economics Theory of Value . Value theories are a large part of the differences and disagreements ... , the value of an object or service is often seen as nothing but the price it would bring in an open ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
