otheruses Refimprove date April 2009 Image Columella.JPG thumb Statue of Columella. Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella Gades , Hispania Baetica , AD 4 ca. AD 70 was a Roman Empire Roman writer. After a career in the army he was tribune in Syria Roman province Syria in 35 , he took up farming. His De Re Rustica in twelve volumes has been completely preserved and forms our most important source on Roman agriculture , together with the works of Cato the Elder and Marcus Terentius Varro Varro , both of which he occasionally cites. A smaller book on trees De Arboribus has been preserved as well. In addition, Columella used many sources no longer extant, to which he is one of the few references Aulus Cornelius Celsus , the Carthage Carthaginian writer Mago agricultural writer Mago , Tremellius Scrofa , and many ancient Greece Greek sources are included. His uncle Marcus Columella, a clever man and an exceptional farmer VII.2.30 , had conducted experiments in sheep breeding, crossing colourful wild rams, introduced from Africa for gladiatorial games, with domestic sheep he very likely influenced his nephew s interests. Columella owned farms in Italia Roman province Italy &mdash he refers specifically to properties of his at Ardea RM Ardea , Carsoli Carseoli , and Alba Longa Alba http penelope.uchicago.edu Thayer E Roman Texts Columella de Re Rustica 3 .html 9.2 R.R. III.9.2 &mdash ... Complete text in Latin at The Latin Library http penelope.uchicago.edu Thayer E Roman Texts Columella ... Category Junii Moderatus Columella, Lucius Category Iunii Moderatus Columella, Lucius Category ... Moderatus Columella es Columela eo Kolumelo fr Columelle it Lucio Giunio Moderato Columella la Columella hu Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella nl Lucius Iunius Moderatus Columella no Lucius Junius Moderatus Columella pl Columella pt Columela ru sk Lucius Iunius Moderatus Columella sh Kolumela fi Columella sv Columella ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Columellacolumella image Geyer 1927 Columella columella.jpg image caption Shells of Columellacolumella status regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusc a classis Gastropod a unranked familia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Panpulmonata br clade Eupulmonata br clade Stylommatophora br clade Orthurethra superfamilia Pupilloidea familia Vertiginidae subfamilia Truncatellininae genus Columella genus Columella species C. columella binomial Columellacolumella binomial authority G. v. Martens, 1830 Columellacolumella is a species of minute air breathing land snail , a terrestrial animal terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae , the vertigo snails. This species is not listed in the IUCN red list and not evaluated NE ref 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org . Cited 19 June 2007. ref This species occurs in List of molluscs recorded in Poland Poland critically endangered in southern Poland ref cite web url http www.iop.krakow.pl pckz opis.asp?id 234&je en title Columellacolumella Martens, 1830 author Beata M. Pokryszko publisher Instytut Ochrony Przyrody Polskiej Akademii Nauk ref List of molluscs recorded in Slovakia Slovakia References reflist Category Vertiginidae Vertiginidae stub nl Columellacolumella ... more details
Columella may refer to Columella 4 ca. 70 , a Roman writer Columella gastropod , an anatomical feature of a coiled snail shell or gastropod shell Columella genus Columella genus , a genus of land gastropods, in the family Vertiginidae In mycology, the central sterile portion of the sporangium in various fungi In human anatomy, Columella nasi , the fleshy external end of the nasal septum Columella opercular complex, a part of the auditory capsule of amphibian s Columella or, The Distressed Anchoret, a 1779 novel by Richard Graves Columella wine , a cult wine label by South African producer The Sadie Family Columella in plant anatomy is distinct tissue layer in root tip. They are column of cells bellow quiescent centre QC stem cell s in the growing tip of the root . Disambig de Columella fr Columelle homonymie it Columella nl Columella pl Kolumella ... more details
taxobox image Peperomia columella Gaiser Conservatory Manito Park IMG 7011.JPG regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperm s unranked classis Magnoliid s ordo Piperales familia Piperaceae genus Peperomia species P. columella binomial Peperomia columella binomial authority L. Commonscat Peperomia columella is a species of plant in the Piperaceae family, Endemism endemic to deserts of western South America . References Gay A. Christensen Dean and Randy Moore, Development of Chlorenchyma and Window Tissues in Leaves of Peperomia columella , Ann Bot 1993 71 2 141 146. Category Peperomia columella Piperales stub de Peperomia columella ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Columella genus Taxobox name Columella image Columella edentula.jpg image caption Shells of Columella edentula , scale bar is in mm status regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusc a classis Gastropod a unranked familia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Panpulmonata br clade Eupulmonata br clade Stylommatophora br clade Orthurethra superfamilia Pupilloidea familia Vertiginidae subfamilia Truncatellininae genus Columella genus authority Westerlund, 1878 species binomial binomial authority Columella is a genus of small, air breathing land snail s, terrestrial animal terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk s in the family Vertiginidae , the vertigo snails. Species Species within the genus Columella include Columella aspera Wald n, 1966 Columellacolumella G. v. Martens, 1830 Columella edentula Jacques Philippe Raymond Draparnaud Draparnaud , 1805 toothless column Columella microspora R.T. Lowe, 1852 References references Recommended literature DEFAULTSORT Columella Genus Category Vertiginidae Vertiginidae stub ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Columella edentula image Columella edentula.jpg image caption Columella edentula regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked familia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Panpulmonata br clade Eupulmonata br clade Stylommatophora br clade Orthurethra superfamilia Pupilloidea familia Vertiginidae subfamilia genus Columella genus Columella species C. edentula binomial Columella edentula binomial authority Draparnaud, 1805 ref Draparnaud, J. P. R. 1805. Histoire naturelle des mollusques terrestres et fluviatiles de la France. Ouvrage posthume. Avec XIII planches. pp. 1 9 , j viij 1 8 , 1 134, Pl. 1 13 . Paris, Montpellier. Plassan, Renaud . ref synonyms Columella edentula , common name the toothless column snail , is a species of very small, air breathing land snail , a terrestrial animal terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk or micromollusk in the family Vertiginidae . Image Columella edentula drawing.jpg left thumb Details of the shell of Columella edentula Distribution This species occurs in countries and islands including list of non marine molluscs of Great Britain Great Britain list of non marine molluscs of Ireland Ireland References reflist Vertiginidae stub Category Vertiginidae ... more details
italictitle Taxobox name Columella aspera image image caption Columella aspera regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked familia clade Heterobranchia br clade Euthyneura br clade Panpulmonata br clade Eupulmonata br clade Stylommatophora br clade Orthurethra superfamilia Pupilloidea familia Vertiginidae subfamilia Truncatellininae genus Columella genus Columella species C. aspera binomial Columella aspera binomial authority Wald n , 1966 synonyms Columella aspera is a species of very small air breathing land snail , a terrestrial animal terrestrial pulmonate gastropod mollusk in the family Vertiginidae , the vertigo snails. Distribution This species occurs in countries and islands including List of non marine molluscs of the Czech Republic Czech Republic list of non marine molluscs of Great Britain Great Britain list of non marine molluscs of Ireland Ireland References reflist Vertiginidae stub Category Vertiginidae ... more details
Columel la in plants , an axis of sterile tissue which passes through the center of the spore case of moss es. References NSRW Columella Category Plant anatomy ... more details
DISPLAYTITLE Ulmus Columella Infobox Cultivar name Ulmus hybrid image RN Ulmus Columella koninginneweg amsterdam .jpg image caption Columella , Amsterdam. Photo Ronnie Nijboer, Bonte Hoek kwekerijen. hybrid Ulmus Plantyn Plantyn , selfed cultivar Columella origin Wageningen, The Netherlands Ulmus Columella is a Dutch cultivar raised by the Dorschkamp Dorschkamp Research Institute in Wageningen from a selfed seedling of the hybrid Ulmus Plantyn Plantyn sown in 1967. It was released for sale in 1989 after proving extremely resistant to Dutch elm disease following inoculation with unnaturally high doses of the causative fungus Ophiostoma novo ulmi ref name Heybroek Heybroek, H. 1993 . The Dutch Elm Breeding Program. In Sticklen & Sherald Eds. 1993 . Dutch Elm Disease Research , Chapter 3. Springer Verlag, New York, USA. ref . Description Columella makes a tall, fastigiate tree with very upright branches, but broadens in later years http documents.plant.wur.nl straatbomen artikelen K0106012.pdf http www.kemphaan.nl boomverhalen wg.php?meer 60 . The rough, rounded, and curiously twisted leaves ... 17 mm long by 10 12 mm wide. gallery Image Columella leaves 1.jpg Image Columella flowers.jpg Image Columella samarae.jpg gallery Pests and diseases Rated 5 out of 5 ref name Heybroek,a Heybroek, H ... of the Low Countries . KNNV, Uitgeverij. ISBN 9709050112819 ref Columella has a very high ... Conservation in southern Hampshire , England , Columella was the only cultivar to become distressed .... Columella first flowered aged 8 years, in March the resultant seeds were found to have a moderate ... conservation 2010 20Elm 20Report.pdf ref . Columella featured in New Zealand government ... been introduced to North America . Hybrid cultivars Clone FL 666 Hans M. Heybroek Heybroek s 405 Columella ... U. minor Clone FL 589 Ulmus San Zanobi San Zanobi Columella , Istituto per la Protezione delle ... agronomist Columella , who introduced the Atinian elm now more commonly known as the English Elm to Spain ... more details
columella on a Chalta Dillenia indica leaf in Kolkata W IMG 3620 .jpg on a Chalta Dillenia indica leaf in Kolkata , West Bengal , India . Image Short banded Sailer Neptis columella in Kolkata W IMG ... more details
Taxobox image Pseudosuccinea columella shell.png image caption drawing of apertural view of the shell of Pseudosuccinea columella status NE status ref ref 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org ..., Hackenheim, 326 pp., ISBN 3 925919 60 0. ref genus Pseudosuccinea species P. columella binomial Pseudosuccinea columella binomial authority Thomas Say Say , 1817 ref Say T. 1817 . May Description ... 14 mode 2up page 14 15 . ref synonyms Lymnaea columella Say, 1817 Pseudosuccinea columella , common ... . ref name Torgerson 1999 Distribution Pseudosuccinea columella is native to North America . However ... s b 3491.htm Pseudosuccinea columella Say . Last updated 19 September 2004, accessed 28 March 2011 ... 2007 Indigenous distribution of Pseudosuccinea columella include from New Brunswick and south Manitoba throughout eastern USA to Central and South America. ref name AB File Pseudosuccinea columella map Australia.png left thumb Distribution map of Pseudosuccinea columella , a non indigenous species in Australia. Non indigenous distribution of Pseudosuccinea columella include western USA ref name ... Pointier 2007 Pointier J. P., Coustau C., Rondelaud D. & Theron A. 2007 . Pseudosuccinea columella ... , which belong to different family. The gastropod shell shell of Pseudosuccinea columella is horny ... name AB File Pseudosuccinea columella shell 3.png left thumb Apertural view of of the shell. File Pseudosuccinea columella shell 4.png left thumb Abapertural view of of the shell. The animal is dusky ... columella lives in stagnant waters, at the edges of lakes, ponds, muddy and sluggish streams ... of Pseudosuccinea columella include In North America, Pseudosuccinea columella is major intermediate ... summary for Pseudosuccinea columella . AnimalBase , last modified 25 March 2011, accessed 28 March 2011. ref reflist External links commons category Pseudosuccinea columella NCBI 31228 Pseudosuccinea columella Category Lymnaeidae ja ... more details
Summary Information Description Photo of Columella elm cultivar, 3 years after suffering in drought of 2006. Source I created this work entirely by myself. Date May 2009 Author User Ptelea Ptelea User talk Ptelea talk 09 00, 20 May 2009 UTC other versions None Licensing PD self date May 2009 ... more details
Summary Information Description Photo by Nijboer Source Nijboer Date 2006 Author Nijboer Permission Yes other versions none Licensing GFDL migration relicense ... more details
wiktionarypar plat A plat may mean either A braid like knot A pleat Plat gastropod , a fold in the columella of a gastropod mollusc Phil Plait , an astronomer, skeptic and blogger Disambig ... more details
, De Re Rustica Varro De Re Rustica 1.1.10 Columella, De Agricultura Columella De Agricultura 1.1.13 ... by Columella cquote One who has bought land should sell his town house so that he will have no desire ... delight in his city residence will have no need of a country estate. Columella, De Agricultura ... If buying a farm, sell your town house see quotation above . ref Pliny, Naturalis Historia 18.35 Columella, De Agricultura 1.1.18. ref The most productive vineyards face north. ref Columella, De Agricultura 3.12.5. ref How to plant vines. ref Pliny, Naturalis Historia 17.80, 128 Columella, De Agricultura 3.15.3 5 and 5.5.4, cf. Virgil , Georgics 2.348 353. ref How to prune vines. ref Columella, De Agricultura 4.10.1. ref How to plant olives. ref Pliny, Naturalis Historia 17.93 Columella, De Arboribus Columella De Arboribus 4.10.1. ref How to plant fruit trees. ref Pliny, Naturalis Historia 17.63 .... ref Columella, De Agricultura 6.1.3. ref Notes on the health of cattle. ref Varro, De Re Rustica .... ref Varro, De Re Rustica 2.1.27 Columella, De Agricultura 6.37.3. ref Notes on farmyard animals. ref Varro, De Re Rustica 3.2.13. ref Getting bees from the carcass of a bullock or ox. ref Columella, De Agricultura 9.14.6. ref The beekeeper should not kill drones. ref Columella, De Agricultura 9.15.3. ref How to preserve pomegranates. ref Columella, De Agricultura 12.46.5. ref How to make the best passum raisin wine . ref Columella, De Agricultura 12.39.1. ref Footnotes reflist External ... more details
of a country estate. Columella, De Agricultura Columella De Agricultura 1.1.18. ref Translation by Harrison ... Varro De Re Rustica 1.1.10 Columella, De Agricultura 1.1.13, 12.4.2. ref The Greek translation was later abridged by Diophanes of Nicaea , whose version was divided into six books. ref Columella, De ..., including Varro , Columella , Pliny the Elder and Gargilius Martialis . This is a partial ..., Naturalis Historia 18.35 Columella, De Agricultura 1.1.18. ref The most productive vineyards face north. ref Columella, De Agricultura 3.12.5. ref How to plant vines. ref Pliny, Naturalis Historia 17.80, 128 Columella, De Agricultura 3.15.3 5 and 5.5.4, cf. Virgil , Georgics 2.348 353. ref How to prune vines. ref Columella, De Agricultura 4.10.1. ref How to plant olives. ref Pliny, Naturalis Historia 17.93 Columella, De Arboribus Columella De Arboribus 4.10.1. ref How to plant fruit trees. ref ... 18.97 98. ref How to select bullocks. ref Columella, De Agricultura 6.1.3. ref Notes on the health ... in the twelfth month after conception. ref Varro, De Re Rustica 2.1.27 Columella, De Agricultura 6.37.3 ... of a bullock or ox. ref Columella, De Agricultura 9.14.6. ref The beekeeper should not kill drones. ref Columella, De Agricultura 9.15.3. ref How to preserve pomegranates. ref Columella, De Agricultura 12.46.5. ref How to make the best passum raisin wine . ref Columella, De Agricultura 12.39.1 ... more details
Cleanup date March 2007 Image Moretum.jpg thumb 200px Moretum in the Mortar Moretum is a type of herb cheese spread that the Ancient Roman s ate with bread. A typical moretum was made of herbs, fresh cheese, salt, oil and some vinegar. Optionally, different kinds of nuts could be added. The contents were crushed together in a Mortar and pestle mortar , hence the name. Recipes A recipe can be found in the poem of the same name in the Appendix Vergiliana . De Re Rustica, book XII of Columella contains further recipes of moretum. The variant with pine nuts is very similar to modern pesto . References Roman Cookery Ancient Recipes for Modern Kitchens by Mark Grant, ISBN 1 897959 39 7, by Serif, 47 Strahan Rd, London E3 5DA External links http www.fh augsburg.de 7Eharsch Chronologia Lsante01 Vergilius ver apmo.html Appendix Vergiliana in Latin http www.virgil.org appendix moretum.htm Appendix Vergiliana in English translation http www.thelatinlibrary.com columella.html Columella at The Latin Library http penelope.uchicago.edu Thayer E Roman Texts Columella home.html Columella Books I IV in English translation at LacusCurtius See also commonscat Ancient Roman cuisine Cheese dishes condiment stub Category Roman cuisine Category Spreads Category Cheese dishes Link FA la de Moretum es Moretum la Moretum ru ... more details
Image Semicassis pyrum base .JPG thumb The shell of Semicassis pyrum has a large parietal callus, at the top in this image Image Cymatium pileare.jpg thumb The shell of Cymatium pileare has a narrow parietal callus around the surface of the aperture nearest the columella gastropod columella , on the left of the shell opening as it is shown here A parietal callus is a feature of the gastropod shell shell anatomy of some groups of snail s, i.e. gastropod s. It is a thickened calcareous deposit which may be present on the parietal wall of the aperture mollusc aperture of the adult shell. The parietal wall is the margin of the aperture and part of the wall of the body whorl that is closest to the columella gastropod columella . The callus is often smooth and glossy, but can also be decorated with raised ribs or wrinkles. This feature is found in such marine families as Ranellidae pictured , Cassidae , Nassariidae , Ringiculidae and others. It is also found in some families of land snails, terrestrial pulmonate s. See also Gastropod shell Aperture mollusc References reflist gastropod stub Category Gastropods ... more details
Image Alcithoe arabica smooth form, underside view .JPG thumb 300px Base of Alcithoe swainsoni showing five plaits on the columella, four strong on the left, and one very weak. A plait is an anatomical feature which is present the gastropod shell shells of some snail s, or gastropod s. This Sculpture mollusc sculpture occurs often in the shells of marine ocean marine gastropod mollusk s in the clade Neogastropoda , but it is also found in some pulmonate land snails. Plaits are folds on the Collumella mollusk columella also known as the pillar or axis at the center of the shell. The columella meaning little column is the central structure around which the whorl mollusc whorl s of a coiled gastropod shell are coiled. The presence or absence of plaits, and the number of plaits, are characteristics used in the description of many gastropod molluscs, often enabling similar species to be separated and identified correctly. References reflist Arthur William Baden Powell Powell A W B , New Zealand Mollusca , HarperCollins William Collins Publishers Ltd , Auckland, New Zealand 1979 ISBN 0 00 216906 1 Category Mollusc anatomy Category Gastropods ... more details
Taxobox name Vasinae image Vasinae in Tide pools in Mombasa.jpg image caption Vasum rhinoceras in a tide pool in Mombasa , Kenya , Africa regnum Animal ia phylum Mollusca classis Gastropoda unranked familia clade Caenogastropoda br clade Hypsogastropoda br clade Neogastropoda superfamilia Muricoidea familia Turbinellidae subfamilia Vasinae subfamilia authority subdivision ranks Genera subdivision See text Vasinae , common name the vase snails or vase shells , are a taxonomic sub family biology family of large predatory sea snail s, Marine ocean marine gastropod mollusk s within the family Turbinellidae . Shell description Shells of species in this subfamily are usually fairly large, very thick, and heavy. The shells have low spire mollusc spire s and have plait gastropod plait s on the columella gastropod columella . Genera Genera within the subfamily Vasinae include Hystrivasum Vasum References Category Turbinellidae ... more details
File Helicella obvia1.jpg thumb The umbilicus is clearly visible in the left one of these three shells of Xerolenta obvia The umbilicus of a mollusc shell shell is the axially aligned, hollow cone shaped space within the whorl mollusc whorls of a coiled mollusk shell. The term umbilicus is often used in descriptions of gastropoda gastropod shells, i.e. it is a feature present on the ventral or under side of many but not all snail shells, including some species of sea snails, land snails, and freshwater snails. The word is also applied to the depressed central area on the planispiral coiled shells of Nautilus species and fossil ammonites . These are not gastropods, but shelled cephalopods . In gastropods Another way of characterizing the umbilicus in gastropods is as the hole around which the inner surface of the shell is coiled, when that space is not filled by a Columella mollusc columella . In species with a wide, open umbilicus, such as the heath snail Helicella itala , the spiral of the whorls can be clearly viewed by looking into the umbilicus. An umbilicus can vary from very narrow and punctured, as found in Petasina unidentata , to wide and shallow, such as the deep and wide depression in the rounded snail Discus rotundatus . Shells with a conspicuous umbilicus are always orthostylic, i.e. they have a poorly developed columella mollusc columella . Sometimes there is a dimple or funnel shaped depression, known as the umbilical region or the umbilical field, next to or at the basal hollow of the columella, when the walls of successive whorls are not closely wound against each other. A phaneromphalous shell has an open umbilicus. A cryptomphalous shell has the opening of the umbilicus completely plugged. File Cittarium pica umbilicus.jpg left thumb The wide and deep umbilicus of Cittarium pica is easily distinguishable. File Neverita josephinia 000.JPG thumb The shell of Neverita josephinia has an umbilical callus which almost completely fills the umbilicus, lea ... more details
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