wiktionary clausure closure closures Closure may refer to Closure container used to seal a bottle, jug, jar, can, or other container Closure wine bottle , a stopper Closure business , the process by which an organization ceases operations Closure law , an act of closing a public trial Closure philosophy , a principle in epistemology Closure psychology , the state of experiencing an emotional conclusion to a difficult life event Closure, also known as cloture , is a motion in parliamentary procedure to bring debate to a quick end Closure atmospheric science , is a type of experiment in aerosol and cloud studies Closure A Short History of Everything , a philosophical book by Hilary Lawson Closure, a concept in the social construction of technology Closure social construction of technology Deductive closure , the application of the mathematical concept to formal logic Law of Closure , a principle in Gestalt psychology Poetic closure tocright Computer science Closure computer science , programming language construct, an abstraction binding a function to its scope Google Closure Tools , a set ... on the Java Virtual Machine and the Common Language Runtime Mathematics Closure mathematics , the smallest ... closure Algebraic closureClosure logic Closure topology , for a set, the smallest closed set containing that set Convex closure Kuratowski closure axioms Film and television Straightheads , a 2007 British thriller film, US release title ClosureClosure The X Files Closure The X Files , a 2000 episode of the television series The X Files Closure 8 Simple Rules episode Closure 8 Simple Rules episode , a 2005 episode of the sitcom 8 Simple Rules Closure Raines Closure Raines , a 2007 episode of the crime drama Raines Closure Tru Calling Closure Tru Calling , a 2004 episode of the supernatural ... 1 Law & Order Special Victims Unit season 2 and 2 of Law and Order SVU . Music Closure band , a Canadian rock band Closure Live , a 2001 live album by Norwegian gothic metal band Theatre of Tragedy ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Closure Type Album Artist Closure band Closure Cover Closure Cover.jpg Released June 17, 2003 Genre Hard rock Label TVT Records Reviews Amazon.com 4.5 5 http www.amazon.com dp B00009NH6B link Last album This album Closure br 2003 Next album Closure is the first album by Canadian hard rock band Closure band Closure . Track listing Look Out Below Afterglow Oxygen What it s All About Whatever Made You Crushed Lie to Me Live Again I Don t Mind The Rain Fragile You Are My Hatred Category Closure albums Category 2003 albums 2000s hard rock album stub ... more details
Cognitive Closure can refer to Cognitive closure psychology , a term describing the human desire to eliminate ambiguity and arrive at definite conclusions sometimes irrationally . Cognitive closure philosophy , the idea that only certain things are even in principle understandable by beings like us. Used particularly to argue for the insolubility of certain problems in philosophy of mind. disambig ... more details
The term normal closure is used in two senses in mathematics In group theory , the normal closure of a subset of a group mathematics group is the smallest normal subgroup that contains the subset see conjugate closure . In field theory mathematics field theory , the normal closure of an algebraic extension F K is an extension field L of F such that L K is normal extension normal and L is minimal with this property. See normal extension . disambig pl Domkni cie normalne ... more details
In mathematics , the reflexive closure of a binary relation R on a Set mathematics set X is the smallest reflexive relation on X that contains R . For example, if X is a set of distinct numbers and x R y means x is less than y , then the reflexive closure of R is the relation x is less than or equal to y . Definition The reflexive closure S of a relation R on a set X is given by math S R cup left x, x x in X right math In words, the reflexive closure of R is the union of R with the identity relation on X . See also Transitive closure Symmetric closure References Franz Baader and Tobias Nipkow, Term Rewriting and All That , Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 8 Category Mathematical relations Category Closure operators Category Rewriting systems ... more details
Other uses Closure disambiguation In mathematics , a Set mathematics set is said to be closed under some ... to satisfy a closure property . Often a closure property is introduced as an axiom, which is then usually called the axiom of closure . Note that modern set theoretic definitions usually define operations as maps between sets, so adding closure to a structure as an axiom is superfluous, though .... This smallest closed set is called the closure of S with respect to these operations . For example, the closure under subtraction of the set of natural numbers, viewed as a subset of the real numbers, is the set of integers . An important example is that of topological closure . The notion of closure ... S must be a subset of a closed set in order for the closure operator to be defined. In the preceding ... numbers subtraction is not always defined. The two uses of the word closure should not be confused ... closed set containing one that isn t closed. In short, the closure of a set satisfies a closure property ... is explicitly stated, in which case it is known as the axiom of closure . For example, one may define ... values outside the set. Nevertheless, the closure property of an operator on a set still has some utility. Closure on a set does not necessarily imply closure on all subsets. Thus a subgroup of a group ... the closure axiom. An operation of a different sort is that of finding the limit point s of a subset ... are defined similarly. P closures of binary relations The notion of a closure can be generalized ... way the P closure of R is the least relation Q S S that contains R i.e. R Q and for which property P holds i.e. P Q is true . For instance, one can define the symmetric closure as the least ... systems, where one often uses more wordy notions such as the reflexive transitive closure R sup sup &mdash the smallest preorder containing R , or the reflexive transitive symmetric closure R sup ... closure . For arbitrary P and R , the P closure of R need not exist. In the above examples, these exist ... more details
Other uses Closure disambiguation Closure , in epistemology , is the principle that if a subject S knows that p, and S knows that p entails q, then S can thereby come to know that q. Most epistemological theories involve a closure principle and many sceptical arguments assume a closure principle, arguing for instance that if you cannot know you are a not a brain in a vat, then you cannot know that you have hands. On the other hand, some epistemologists, including Robert Nozick , have denied closure principles on the basis of reliabilism reliabilist accounts of knowledge. Nozick, in Philosophical Explanations , advocated that, when considering the Gettier problem , the least counter intuitive assumption we give up should be epistemic closure. Nozick suggested a truth tracking theory of knowledge, in which the x was said to know P iff x s belief in P tracked the truth of P through the relevant modal logic modal scenarios . ref Philosophical explanations , By Robert Nozick Harvard 1981 , page 204 ref References references See also Closure A Short History of Everything by Hilary Lawson, Routledge 2002 External links http plato.stanford.edu entries closure epistemic The Epistemic Closure Principle at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. skepticism philo stub Category Concepts in epistemology Category Concepts in logic ... more details
Context date October 2009 Poetic closure is the sense of conclusion given at the end of a poem . Barbara Herrnstein Smith s detailed study Poetic Closure A Study of How Poems End explores various techniques for achieving closure. One of the most common techniques is setting up a regular pattern and then breaking it to mark the end of a poem. Another technique is to refer to subject matter that in itself provides a sense of closure death is the clearest example of this. Further reading Barbara Herrnstein Smith Poetic Closure A Study of How Poems End , University of Chicago Press 1968. ISBN 0 226 76343 9 D.H. Roberts, F.M. Dunn, Don Paul Fowler D. P. Fowler Classical Closure Reading the End in Greek and Latin Literature . Princeton 1997. Category Poetic form Poetry stub de Schluss Literatur ... more details
In group theory , the conjugate closure of a subset S of a group mathematics group G is the subgroup of G generating set of a group generated by S sup G sup , i.e. the closure of S sup G sup under the group operation, where S sup G sup is the conjugates of the elements of S S sup G sup g sup &minus 1 sup sg g &isin G and s &isin S The conjugate closure of S is denoted S sup G sup or S sup G sup . The conjugate closure of any subset S of a group G is always a normal subgroup of G in fact, it is the smallest by inclusion normal subgroup of G which contains S . For this reason, the conjugate closure is also called the normal closure of S or the normal subgroup generated by S . The normal closure can also be characterized as the intersection set theory intersection of all normal subgroups of G which contain S . Any normal subgroup is equal to its normal closure. The conjugate closure of a singleton set singleton subset a of a group G is a normal subgroup generated by a and all elements of G which are conjugate to a . Therefore, any simple group is the conjugate closure of any non identity group element. The conjugate closure of the empty set math varnothing math is the trivial group . Contrast the normal closure of S with the normalizer of S , which is for S a group the largest subgroup of G in which S itself is normal. This need not be normal in the larger group G , just as S need not be normal in its conjugate normal closure. References cite book title Handbook of Computational Group Theory author Derek F. Holt coauthors Bettina Eick, Eamonn A. O Brien publisher CRC Press year 2005 isbn 1584883723 pages 73 Category Group theory algebra stub zh ... more details
Other uses Closure disambiguation Refimprove date November 2008 In mathematics , particularly abstract algebra , an algebraic closure of a field mathematics field K is an algebraic extension of K that is algebraically closed field algebraically closed . It is one of many closure mathematics closures in mathematics. Using Zorn s lemma , it can be shown that every field has an algebraic closure, ref M. F. Atiyah and I. G. Macdonald 1969 . Introduction to commutative algebra . Addison Wesley publishing Company. pp. 11 12. ref and that the algebraic closure of a field K is unique up to an isomorphism that fixed point mathematics fixes every member of K . Because of this essential uniqueness, we often speak of the algebraic closure of K , rather than an algebraic closure of K . The algebraic closure of a field K can be thought of as the largest algebraic extension of K . To see this, note that if L is any algebraic extension of K , then the algebraic closure of L is also an algebraic closure of K , and so L is contained within the algebraic closure of K . The algebraic closure of K is also ... containing K , then the elements of M which are algebraic over K form an algebraic closure of K . The algebraic closure of a field K has the same cardinal number cardinality as K if K is infinite, and is countably ... closure of the field of real number s is the field of complex number s. The algebraic closure ... the algebraic closure of Q . For a finite field of prime number prime order p , the algebraic closure is a countably infinite field which contains a copy of the field of order p sup n sup for each ... closure An algebraic closure K sup alg sup of K contains a unique separable extension K sup sep ... is called a separable closure of K . Since a separable extension of a separable extension is again ... to isomorphism . For K a perfect field , it is the full algebraic closure. In general, the absolute ... closed field Algebraic extension Notes reflist DEFAULTSORT Algebraic Closure Category Field ... more details
In mathematics , the symmetric closure of a binary relation R on a Set mathematics set X is the smallest symmetric relation on X that contains R . For example, if X is a set of airports and xRy means there is a direct flight from airport x to airport y , then the symmetric closure of R is the relation there is a direct flight either from x to y or from y to x . Or, if X is the set of humans alive or dead and R is the relation parent of , then the symmetric closure of R is the relation x is a parent or a child of y . Definition The symmetric closure S of a relation R on a set X is given by math S R cup left x, y y, x in R right . , math In other words, the symmetric closure of R is the union of R with its inverse relation , R sup 1 sup . See also Transitive closure Reflexive closure References Franz Baader and Tobias Nipkow, Term Rewriting and All That , Cambridge University Press, 1998, p. 8 Category Mathematical relations Category Closure operators Category Rewriting systems ... more details
In mathematics , a closure operator on a Set mathematics set S is a Function mathematics function cl ... X cl is idempotent Closure operators are determined by their closed sets , i.e., by the sets of the form cl X , since the closure cl X of a set X is the smallest closed set containing X . Such families of closed sets are sometimes called Moore families , in honor of E. H. Moore who studied closure operators in 1911. ref Blyth p.11 ref Closure operators are also called hull operators , which prevents confusion with the closure operators studied in point set topology topology . A set together with a closure operator on it is sometimes called a closure system . Closure operators have many applications In topology, the closure operators are Kuratowski closure axioms topological closure operator ... cl varnothing varnothing math . In algebra and logic , many closure operators are finitary closure operators , i.e. they satisfy cl X math bigcup math cl Y Y X and Y finite . In universal logic , closure ... are important in theoretical computer science , closure operators have an alternative definition. Closure operators in topology main Kuratowski closure axioms The topological closure of a subset X ... neighbourhood of y contains a point of X . The function that associates to every subset X its closure is a topological closure operator. Conversely, every topological closure operator on a set gives rise to a topological space whose closed sets are exactly the closed sets with respect to the closure operator. For topological closure operators the second closure axiom being increasing is redundant. Closure operators in algebra Finitary closure operators play a relatively prominent role in universal algebra , and in this context they are traditionally called algebraic closure operators . Every ... subalgebra containing the set. This gives rise to a finitary closure operator. Perhaps the best known ... structure s. The linear span in a vector space and the similar algebraic closure in a field ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Image Crown Closure Aerial Photo.jpg right thumb Aerial Overview of Crown Closure Crown closure is a term used in forestry . Crown closure, also known as canopy cover, crown cover, or canopy closure, is defined as the percent of canopy overlying the forest floor. ref name avery Avery, T.E. and Burkhart, H.E. 2002. Forest Measurements. 5th edition. McGraw Hill, New York. 456 p. ref Another definition of crown closure is the proportion of a stand covered by the crowns of live trees. ref name spur Spur, S.H. 1952. Forest Inventory Ronald Press, New York. 476p. ref Basic concepts Crown closure helps predict volume, stand density, crown width , and crown competition factor . Crown closure is often determined using aerial photographs because ground evaluations become difficult to obtain. Stands are usually placed in to different classes 1 6 after viewing the aerial photographs . ref http sres associated.anu.edu.au mensuration author.htm Brack, Chris. 1999. Crown Closure. ANU ref Very Sparse 1 9 Sparse 10 29 Low 30 49 Medium 50 69 Dense 70 84 Very Dense 85 100 Although sometimes referred to as canopy cover and canopy closure, crown closure is different from these two ... surface, while canopy closure represents the amount of the sky obscured by the canopy from a certain ... for all trees measured on a fixed plot area and dividing by the ground area will give the crown closure. The moosehorn crown closure estimator was an early device for measuring crown closure from the ground. ref Garrison, G.A. 1949. Uses and modifications for the moosehorn crown closure estimator. Journal of Forestry 47 9 733 735. ref Other methods for estimating crown closure include the use of line ..., N. D., & Sheil, D. 1999. Assessing forest canopies and understorey illumination canopy closure ... at scales of 1 15,000 or larger can be used to determine crown closure estimates, usually done by ocular ... difficult to obtain. In dense stands, over estimates or under estimates of crown closure can be made ... more details
Other uses Closure disambiguation mergefrom Need for closure date October 2010 Closure is a popular psychology ... became popular in the 1990s due to its use in the popular media. The term cognitive closure has ... Closure journal European Review of Social Psychology date 1997 ref Need for closure is a phrase ... for a firm solution as opposed to enduring ambiguity. Need For Closure Scale NFCS The need for closure varies across individuals, situations, and cultures. A person with a high need for closure .... ref Van Hiel, A., Mervielde, I. 2003 The Need for closure and the Spontaneous Use of Complex and Simple ... on need for closure will express more ideational fluidity and emit more creative acts. ref name Chirumbolo2004 ... for Closure on Creativity in Small Group Interactions. European Journal of Personality , 18, 265 278. ref The Need for Closure Scale NFCS was developed by Arie Kruglanski, Donna Webster, and Adena Klem ... for closure scale. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 33 , 266 280. ref The Need for Closure ... Individual differences in need for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology ... to draw closure at the earliest perceived opportunity, relying on incipient cues, and the first encountered apparent fit. ref name Chirumbolo2004 The need for closure is also said to predispose ... with low need for closure ratings had inversely higher scores in creativity. They more frequently ... underlies need for cognitive closure. ref name Neuberg1997 Neuberg, S., Judice, T., & West, S 1997 . What the need for Closure Scale measures and what it does not Toward differentiating among related ... personal need for closure. ref name webster1997 Collective psychology The term may also ... to worldwide prominence in this sense when calls to achieve closure were used to curtail the process ... Fulford s column about the word closure http gestalttheory.net archive closure.html Comments on the Concept of Closure http www.the bright side.org site thebrightside content.php?type 1§ion id ... more details
Other uses Closure disambiguation Unreferenced date March 2007 In mathematics , the closure of a subset ..., these are all the points that are near S . A point which is in the closure of S is a adherent point point of closure of S . The notion of closure is in many ways duality mathematics dual to the notion of interior topology interior . Definitions Point of closure For S a subset of an Euclidean space , x is a point of closure of S if every open ball centered at x contains a point of S this point ... expressed, for X a metric space with metric d , x is a point of closure of S if for every r 0, there is a y ... this is to say that x is a point of closure of S if the distance d x , S infimum inf d x , s s in S 0 ... glossary N neighbourhood . Let S be a subset of a topological space X . Then x is a point of closure ... upon whether neighbourhoods are required to be open. Limit point The definition of a point of closure ... of closure, but not every point of closure is a limit point. A point of closure which is not a limit ... x itself. For a given set S and point x , x is a point of closure of S if and only if x is an element of S or x is a limit point of S or both . Closure of a set The closure of a set S is the set of all points of closure of S . The closure of S is denoted cl S , Cl S , math scriptstyle bar S math or math scriptstyle S math . The closure of a set has the following properties. cl S is a closed set closed ... the second or third property above is taken as the definition of the topological closure, which ... if closure , superset , intersection , contains containing , smallest and closed are replaced by interior , subset , union , contained in , largest , and open . For more on this matter, see Closure topology Closure operator closure operator below. Examples In any space, the closure of the empty ... 0, 1 0, 1 . If X is the Euclidean space R , then the closure of the set Q of rational number ... R . These examples show that the closure of a set depends upon the topology of the underlying space ... more details
mergeto Closure psychology date October 2010 Need for closure is a psychological term used to describe an individual s desire for a definite Cognitive closure psychology cognitive closure as opposed to enduring ... one. Need for closure scale The need for closure varies across individuals, situations, and cultures. A person with a high need for closure prefers order and predictability and is decisive and close ... on need for closure will express more ideational fluidity and emit more creative acts Chirumbolo et al., 2004 . The Need for Closure Scale NFCS was developed by Arie Kruglanski, Donna Webster, and Adena ... for Closure scale exhibits low to moderate association with the following authoritarianism, intolerance ... social desirability concerns. Research Individuals scoring high on need for closure are likely to quickly grasp closure by relying on early cues and the first answer they come across Chirumbolo, et al., 2004 . The need for closure is also said to lead to a very narrow information search and a higher ..., 2003 . In studies on creativity, individuals rating low on need for closure produced a larger frequency of novel solutions that motivated and inspired others in their group. Low need for closure ... cause of cognitive closure Neuberg, et al., 1997 . Others predict that stressors such as time pressure lead to a tendency to stick with a given strategy because of a heightened need for closure ..., L., Pierro, A., Kruglanski, A. 2004 Effects of Need for Closure on Creativity in Small Group Interactions ... . What the need for Closure Scale measures and what it does not Toward differentiating among related ... Hiel, A. 2007 . Separating ability from need Clarifying the dimensional structure of the need for closure .... 2003 The Need for closure and the Spontaneous Use of Complex and Simple Cognitive Structures. The Journal ... for cognitive closure. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 67, 1049 1062. External links http www.robertfulford.com Closure.html Robert Fulford s column about the word closure http gestalttheory.net ... more details
Other uses Closure disambiguation Otheruses4 the transitive closure of a binary relation the transitive closure of a set transitive set Transitive closure In mathematics , the transitive closure of a binary ... relation itself is transitive relation transitive , then the transitive closure will be that same binary relation otherwise, the transitive closure will be a different relation. For example, if X is a set ... closure of R on X is the relation R sup sup it is possible to fly from x to y in one or more ... from the first city to the third. The transitive closure of this relation is a different relation ... R , the transitive closure of R always exists. To see this, note that the intersection set theory ... X . The transitive closure of R is then given by the intersection of all transitive relations containing R . We can describe the transitive closure of R in more concrete terms as follows, intuitively ... sup is the transitive closure of R , we must show that it contains R , that it is transitive, and that it is the smallest ... not be transitive. To preserve transitivity, one must take the transitive closure. This occurs, for example ... equivalence relation or preorder one must take the transitive closure reflexivity and symmetry&mdash in the case of equivalence relations&mdash are automatic . The transitive closure of a directed acyclic ... File Transitive closure.svg thumb right alt Transitive closure constructs the output graph from the input graph. Transitive closure constructs the output graph from the input graph. In computer science the concept of transitive closure can be thought of as constructing a data structure that makes it possible ... to node c, etc. After the transitive closure is constructed, as depicted in the following figure ... first order logic together with transitive closure. This is because the transitive closure property .... Similarly, the class L complexity L is first order logic with the commutative, transitive closure. When transitive closure is added to second order logic instead, we obtain PSPACE . Algorithms Efficient ... more details
Causal closure is a Metaphysics metaphysical theory about the nature of causation in the Physical property physical realm with significant ramifications in the study of Philosophy of mind the mind . Definition Causal closure has two main formulations a weak and a strong form. The weak form states No physical event has a cause outside the physical domain. Jaegwon Kim. ref http www.iscid.org encyclopedia Physical Causal Closure Thesis Physical Causal Closure Thesis Bot generated title ref Whilst the stronger version of the theory holds that all physical effects can be ultimately reduced to physical causes, thus allowing for mental causation so long as it is in turn reducible to a physical cause. Importance Causal closure is especially important when considering dualism dualist theories of mind as the problem of causation is a significant problem for those who consider a distinction either between mental and physical substances or between mental and physical properties. See also Epiphenomenalism References references Category Dualism ja ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Closure Live Type Live Artist Theatre of Tragedy Cover Closurelive.jpg Released 2001 Recorded Metalmania MetalMania festival in Katowice, Poland, 2000 Genre Gothic metal br Death Doom Length 54 18 Label Massacre Records Last album Machine single br 2001 This album Closure Live br 2001 Next album Envision single br 2002 Closure Live is a 2001 release by Norwegian gothic metal band Theatre of Tragedy . Recorded live at the Metal festival in Katowice 2000, the CD is composed of 10 audio tracks and on special editions 2 multimedia video tracks. The CD was mixed by Siggi Bemm and Matthias Klinkman. Tracklisting Intro And When He Falleth Der Spiegel Cassandra Venus Black as The Devil Painteth Remix 2 Siren Popp a Bacchante A Distance There Is Der Tanz Der Schatten Videos Cassandra Der Tanz Der Schatten Category Theatre of Tragedy albums Category 2001 live albums 2000s metal album stub cs Closure Live it Closure Live ... more details
lead too short date March 2011 orphan date December 2008 A Closure problem is a problem in graph theory ... mathematics edges from the set to the rest of the graph. More specifically, the minimum closure problem asks for a set of this type with the minimum possible weight in a weighted graph . Closure problem ... one vertex for each strongly connected component of G . In weighted closure problems, one may ... strongly connected component of G . Minimum closure problem For a directed graph G V , A with vexter weights w sub i sub the minimum closure problem is to find a closed set of total minimum weight. If all the weights are positive or negative, the minimum closure problem ... weights. Open pit mining Picard studied the closure problem on the open pit mining problem, which he modeled as a maximym closure problem. Maximum and minimum closure problem Image closure.png thumb 420px Setting up the graph for a closure problem In the maximum closure problem a directed graph ... that the maximum closure problem can be solved using a minimum cut procedure. Additionally it is clear that the selection problem is closure problem on a bipartite graph therefore the selection problem is a special case of the closure problem. Maximum and minimum closure problems can be converted to each other by negating the vertex weights. A maximum closure problem can be formulated as follows ... 0,1 right forall j in V math Where x sub i sub is 1 if the vertex is in the closure and it is 0 otherwise, and the first constraint ensures that if a vertex is in the closure its successor is also ... to solve the maximum closure problem we can use the max flow min cut theorem . Let us construct the s t graph for maximum closure problem. The graph has a vertex j for each variable x sub j sub . We ... ref fig cl4 shows the graph constructed for the closure problem. We can find the minimum cut in this graph ... s from t is a maximum closure in the graph. This statement holds because the minimum cut is finite ... more details
Other uses Closure disambiguation Unreferenced date August 2008 Closure is the term used to refer to the actions necessary when it is no longer necessary or possible for a business or other organization to continue to operate. Closure may be the result of a bankruptcy , where the organization lacks sufficient funds to continue operations, as a result of the proprietor of the business dying, as a result of a business being purchased by another organization or a competitor and shut down as superfluous, or because it is the non surviving entity in a corporate merger . A closure may occur because the purpose for which the organization was created is no longer necessary. While a closure is typically of a business or a non profit organization , any entity which is created by human beings can be subject to a closure, from a single church to a whole religion, up to and including an entire country if, for some reason, it ceases to exist. Closures are of two types, voluntary or involuntary. Voluntary closures of organizations are much rarer than involuntary ones, as, in the absence of some change making operations impossible or unnecessary, most operations will continue until something happens that causes a change requiring this situation. The most common form of voluntary closure would be when a group of people decide to start some organization such as a social club, a band, or a non profit organization, then at some point those involved decide to quit. If the organization has no outstanding debts or pending operations to finish, closure may consist of nothing more than the informal ... to continue operating, then a closure occurs through a bankruptcy liquidation its assets are liquidated .... Possibly the largest closure in history was the destruction of the Soviet Union into the composite ... rather than a closure as West Germany assumed all of the assets and liabilities of East Germany . The end of the Soviet Union was the equivalent of a closure through a bankruptcy liquidation, because ... more details
them to the dates of other minerals with well known closure temperatures. Closure temperatures are used ... past. Table of values The following are the approximate values of the closure temperatures ... values of the closure temperature require more precise calculations and characterizations of the diffusion ... 1 Mineral Closure temperature C Hornblende 530 40 Muscovite 350 Biotite 280 40 Uranium lead method class wikitable border 1 Mineral Closure temperature C ref cite journal doi 10.1130 G21010.1 title ... more details
orphan date June 2010 Kangaroo closure is a measure coined as early as 1911 reserved for parliamentary procedure wherein the chairman or speaker selects certain amendments for discussion and excludes others. ref Jennings, Sir Ivor. 1969 . Parliament. Cambridge UP, 60. ref It is termed as such because the chairman, in essence, leaps over certain amendments for discussion. ref Shirur, Rajani R. 1997 . World Constitutions . Sterling Publishers, 93. ref See also Cloture References reflist DEFAULTSORT Kangaroo Closure Category Parliamentary procedure politics stub ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Mine closure is the period of time when the ore extracting activities of a Mining mine have ceased, and final decommissioning and mine reclamation are being completed. It is generally associated with reduced employment levels, which can have a significant negative impact on local economies. It is also the period when the majority of mine reclamation is completed, making the land safe and useful again. Closure planning is an activity that continues throughout the life of a mine, starting with conceptual closure plans prior to production, periodic updates throughout the life of the mine, and a final decommissioning plan. At most mines, progressive reclamation over the life of the mine is used to reduce the reclamation burden at closure. Most mine shafts are capped, meaning a large concrete plug around 3 feet thick is placed over the shaft to cover it and stop fatal accidents from occurring. Some mines are capped using large metallic grills, this usual occurs on deep level shafts so airflow through the deep tunnels helps prevent subsidence. Older mines typically used wood beams, a foot or more thick, under loose rock and dirt as caps. Over time the wood rots and sinkholes can develop. These mines are typically recapped with concrete, steel plates, expanding foam, or a combination of each. Steel plates are used primarily on horizontal shafts, but are used on vertical shafts occasionally. Doors are added if access is needed. Holes are cut into the plate to allow for drainage as well as for a bat entrance. Expanding foam is used primarily with vertical shafts where the use of the shaft is no longer desired. It forms a plug 6 feet or more thick. A convert 4 to 6 in mm adj on pipe through the plug allows for pressure equalization as well as for water drainage, or even as a bat entrance if necessary. DEFAULTSORT Mine Closure Category Mine reclamation Closure, Mine Mining stub ... more details
Infobox film name Closure of Catharsis director Rouzbeh Rashidi writer Rouzbeh Rashidi starring James Devereux br producer Rouzbeh Rashidi released country Film UK br Film Ireland language English runtime 100 minutes Closure of Catharsis is a British Irish Experimental film directed by Rouzbeh Rashidi that tells the visual story of a man who sits on a park bench talking to the camera, trying to weave together a thought that won t cohere while commenting on passers by, his guests ... Mysterious images intervene, overturning the serenity of the park bench monologue. ref http www.imdb.com title tt1843879 ref ref cite web url http mubi.com garage projects 10 films 2692 title Closure of Catharsis Trailer A Feature Film By Rouzbeh Rashidi 2011 publisher Mubi.com date accessdate 2011 02 20 ref ref cite web url http mubi.com films 41137 title Closure of Catharsis 2011 publisher Mubi.com date 1999 02 22 accessdate 2011 03 07 ref Production Rouzbeh Rashidi made this film with a low budget and total cast and crew of four people including the actors. Intentionally working without a script or any kind of written pre planning, Rouzbeh Rashidi constructed Closure Of Catharsis around an improvised monologue by actor James Devereaux, which took place on a park bench in Hackney s London Fields. Rashidi did not arrange any kind of rehearsal and gave only the briefest of instructions to the actor you re struggling to remember something, something from the past which you have repressed because of its traumatic effect upon you, and the memory can be true or false, or a mixture of both . The improvisation ... trivia ref Rouzbeh Rashidi was inspired by Remodernist film manifesto in order to make Closure of Catharsis. Further reading http rouzbehrashidi.com news ?p 1073 Review of the film Closure of Catharsis 2011 By Jesse Richards References Reflist External links IMDb title 1843879 Closure of Catharsis http mubi.com films 41137 Closure of Catharsis on Mubi website DEFAULTSORT Closure Of Catharsis Category ... more details
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