In embryology , cleavage is the division of cell biology cell s in the early embryo . The zygote s of many ... In discoidal cleavage, the cleavage furrows do not penetrate the yolk. The embryo forms a disc of cells ... , four , or eight cell stage. Cleavage is holoblastic and rotational. At the eight cell stage, the embryo ... size as the original zygote. The different cells derived from cleavage are called blastomere s and form a compact mass called the morula . Cleavage ends with the formation of the blastula . Depending mostly on the amount of yolk in the egg, the cleavage can be holoblastic total or entire cleavage or meroblastic partial cleavage . The pole of the egg with the highest concentration of yolk is referred to as the vegetal pole while the opposite is referred to as the animal pole . Cleavage differs ... increases. ref cite book authors Forg cs, G. & Newman, Stuart A. chapter Cleavage and blastula formation title Biological physics of the developing embryo publisher Cambridge University Press year ... mitosis and cytokinesis work together to result in cleavage. The mitotic apparatus is made ... of cytokinesis, cytokinesis requires the mitotic apparatus. The end of cleavage coincides with the beginning ... of cleavage Determinate Determinate is the form of cleavage in most protostomes . It results in the developmental fate of the Cell biology cells being set early in the embryo morphogenesis development . Each cell produced by early embryonic cleavage does not have the capacity to develop into a complete embryo . Indeterminate A cell can only be indeterminate if it has a complete set of undisturbed ... cell in a deuterostome embryo divides, the two resulting cells can be separated, and each one can individually ..., four major cleavage types can be observed in isolecithal cells cells with a small even distribution ..., radial holoblastic, rotational holoblastic, and spiral holoblastic, cleavage. ref cite web ... Caenorhabditis elegans accessdate 2007 09 17 format work ref These holoblastic cleavage planes ... more details
wiktionarypar cleavageCleavage may refer to Cleavage breasts , partial exposure of the separation between a woman s breasts. Cleavage enhancement , methods of making a person s breast cleavage look more substantial than it really is. Buttock cleavage , minor exposure of the buttocks and the gluteal cleft between them Toe cleavage , partial exposure of a woman s toes in shoes Cleavage crystal , in mineralogy and materials science, is a process of splitting a single crystal. Cleavage geology , Foliation perpendicular to stress as a result of ductile deformation. e.g. shales shists Cleavageembryo , in embryology, is the division of cells in the early embryo. Cleavage fiber , in optical fibers. Teeth cleavage or tooth cleavage, slang for Diastema dentistry , the gap between a person s two front teeth. In cell biology, the Cleavage furrow is the indentation that begins the process of cleavage, by which animal cells undergo cytokinesis. Bond cleavage in chemistry and biochemistry Cleavage politics The divisions of society that cause people to vote differently disambig ca Exfoliaci de Spaltung es Clivaje desambiguaci n fr Clivage homonymie nl Splijting no Kl v nds Splitten pt Clivagem tl Cleavage ... more details
An embryo irregularly from Greek language Greek Polytonic , plural Polytonic , lit ... , or germination . In humans, it is called an embryo until about eight weeks after fertilisation fertilization ... called a fetus . The development of the embryo is called embryogenesis. In organisms that sex reproduce ... of this process is an embryo. Animal embryos In animals, the development of the zygote into an embryo ... by a sphere or sheet of cells, also called blastomere s. The embryo of a eutheria placental ... ovum until it becomes a fetus . In humans, the embryo is defined as the product of conception from implantation in the uterus through the eighth week of development. An embryo is called a fetus ... are usually referred to as embryos throughout development, e.g. one would refer to a bird chick embryo ... layers are highly species specific, depending on the type of embryo produced. In vertebrate s, a special ... the other in an embryo this general observation is sometimes summarized by the phrase recapitulation ... as being partly applicable to development of the human embryo. Fossilised animal ... section date July 2008 The human embryo File Human Embryo.JPG thumb A six week embryonic age or eight week gestational age human embryo File Tubal Pregnancy with embryo.jpg thumb A 10mm embryo from an ectopic pregnancy , still in the oviduct. This embryo is about five weeks old or from the 7th week ... it performs implantation human embryo implantation . Implantation connections between the mother and the embryo will begin to form, including the umbilical cord . The embryo s growth ... medlineplus ency article 002398.htm ref Week 4 5 Chemicals produced by the embryo stop the woman ... and legs will grow later. Organogenesis begins. The head represents about one half of the embryo s axial length, and more than half of the embryo s mass . The brain develops into five areas. Tissue ... the embryo is capable of motion, and the eyes begin to form. Organogenesis and growth continue ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Image Cleavage furrow.JPG thumb right In this electron micrograph of a cell, the cleavage furrow has nearly completely divided the cell. Image Unk.cilliate.jpg thumb right Cilliate undergoing the last processes of binary fission, the cleavage furrow being clearly visible In cell biology , the cleavage furrow is the indentation of the cell s surace that begins the process of cleavage, by which animal and some algae algal cell biology cell s undergo cytokinesis . The same proteins responsible for muscle contraction , actin and myosin begin the process of forming the cleavage furrow. It is important to note that plant cells do not perform cytokinesis through this method. Cleavage is caused by a ring of actin microfilaments known as the contractile ring, which forms under the cell s plasma membrane during early anaphase ref name ts cite journal author Thomas E. Schroeder title The Contractile Ring journal The Journal of Vell Ciology year 1972 volume 53 issue 2 page 419 434 ref . Cleavage is driven by the motor proteins actin and myosin the same proteins involved with muscle contraction . During cellular cleavage, the contractile ring tightens around the cytoplasm of the cell until the cytoplasm is pinched into two daughter cells. DEFAULTSORT Cleavage Furrow Category Cell anatomy Cell biology stub de Zellteilung Tiere References reflist ... more details
This article is about rock cleavage, for cleavage in minerals see Cleavage crystal Image Cleavage modes EN.svg thumb 300px Different ways in which a cleavage can develop in a sedimentary rock . A original sedimentary rock B pencil cleavage C diagenesis diagenetic Foliation geology foliation parallel to bedding D slaty cleavage. Cleavage , in structural geology and petrology , describes a type of planar ... the kind of cleavage feature that develops. Generally these structures are formed in fine grained rocks composed of minerals affected by pressure solution . ref name Microtectonics Cleavage is a type ... of deformation. Cleavage is a type of secondary foliation associated with fine grained rocks. For coarser ... for cleavage which may cause confusion and debate. The terminology used in this article is based largely on Passchier and Trouw 2005 . They state that cleavage is a type of secondary foliation .... Some authors chose to use cleavage when describing any form of secondary foliation. Types of cleavage File Continuous spaced cleavage.jpg thumb Schematic drawing of continuous and spaced cleavage ... layering, grain size variations, etc. determines what type of cleavage forms. Cleavage is categorized as either continuous or spaced. Continuous Cleavage File Slaty cleavage.jpg thumb Metamorphosed shale depicting slaty cleavage. Note the grains of mica, quartz, and ilmenite aligned with a preferred orientation. Continuous or penetrative cleavage describes fine grained rocks consisting of platy ... cleavage that forms depends on the minerals present. Undeformed platy minerals such as micas ... shape preferred orientation. Continuous cleavage is scale dependent, so a rock with a continuous cleavage on a microscopic level could show signs of spaced cleavage when observed on a macroscopic level. ref name Microtectonics Slaty Cleavage Since the nature of cleavage is dependent on scale, slaty cleavage is defined as having 0.01 mm or less of space occurring between layers. ref name ... more details
Cleavage factors are two closely related protein s involved in the cleavage of the 3 signaling region from a newly synthesized pre messenger RNA mRNA molecule in the process of transcription genetics gene transcription . The cleavage is the first step in adding a polyadenylation polyadenine tail to the pre mRNA, which is one of the necessary post transcriptional modification s necessary for producing a mature mRNA. There are two cleavage factors involved in the assembly of the protein complex that mediates this process, CFI and CFII. They are recruited to the cleavage site by cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor and cleavage stimulatory factor , and form a complex that also includes polyadenine polymerase , which performs the polyadenylation reaction. References Lodish H, Berk A, Matsudaira P, Kaiser CA, Krieger M, Scott MP, Zipursky SL, Darnell J. 2004 . Molecular Cell Biology. WH Freeman New York, NY. 5th ed. Stumpf G, Domdey H. 1996 . Dependence of yeast pre mRNA 3 end processing on CFT1 a sequence homolog of the mammalian AAUAAA binding factor. Science 274 5292 1517 20. protein stub Post transcriptional modification Category Proteins Category Gene expression ... more details
Image Fluorita green.jpeg thumb right Green fluorite with prominent cleavage. Cleavage , in mineralogy ... , 20th ed., Wiley, ISBN 0 471 80580 7 ref Types of cleavageCleavage forms parallel to crystallographic planes ref name Klein File Biotita1.jpeg thumb right Biotite with basal cleavage. Basal or pinacoidal cleavage occurs parallel to the base of a crystal. This orientation is given by the 001 ... and hexagonal crystals. Basal cleavage is exhibited by the mica group and by graphite . Cubic cleavage occurs on the 001 planes, parallel to the faces of a cube geometry cube for a crystal ... , the mineral halite . The mineral galena also typically exhibits perfect cubic cleavage. Octahedral cleavage occurs on the 111 crystal planes, forming octahedron octahedra shapes for a crystal with cubic symmetry. Diamond and fluorite exhibit perfect octahedral cleavage. Octahedral cleavage is seen .... Dodecahedral cleavage occurs on the 110 crystal planes forming dodecahedron dodecahedra for a crystal .... Rhombohedral cleavage occur parallel to the 10 u style text decoration overline 1 u 1 faces of a rhombohedron . Calcite and other carbonate mineral s exhibit perfect rhombohedral cleavage. Prismatic surface Prismatic cleavage is cleavage parallel to a vertical Prism geometry prism 110 . Cerussite , tremolite and spodumene exhibit prismatic cleavage. Parting Crystal parting occurs when minerals break ... planes. Parting breaks are very similar in appearance to cleavage, but only occur due to stress ... parting in pyroxene s. ref name Klein Uses Cleavage is a traditional physical property used .... As an example, the angles between the prismatic cleavage planes for the pyroxene s 88 92 and the amphibole s 56 124 are diagnostic. ref name Klein Crystal cleavage is of technical importance in the electronics ... against a soft surface and scratching its edge with a diamond scribe is usually enough to cause cleavage ... group for which octahedral cleavage is observed. This means that some orientations of wafer allow ... more details
Alpha cleavage , cleavage in organic chemistry , refers to the act of breaking the carbon carbon bond , ref name isbn0 7641 2794 2 cite book author Hathaway, Bruce A. authorlink editor others title Organic chemistry the easy way edition language publisher Barron s Educational Series location Woodbury, N.Y year 2005 origyear quote isbn 0 7641 2794 2 oclc doi url http books.google.com ?id fjy2oJuJ 0kC&pg PA315&dq 22Alpha cleavage 22 22carbon carbon bond 22 accessdate page 315 ref adjacent to the carbon bearing a specified functional group . ref cite web url http goldbook.iupac.org A00004.html title cleavage alpha cleavage accessdate 2008 07 08 work IUPAC Compendium of Chemical Terminology Gold Book publisher IUPAC ref Mass spectrometry Generally this topic is discussed when covering mass spectrometry and occurs generally by the same mechanisms. ref name Todd1991 cite journal author Todd, J. F. J. year 1991 title Recommendations for nomenclature and symbolism for mass spectroscopy including an appendix of terms used in vacuum technology . Recommendations 1991 journal Pure and Applied Chemistry volume 63 pages 1541 doi 10.1351 pac199163101541 issue 10 ref ref name ReferenceA GoldBookRef title cleavage alpha cleavage file A00004 ref For example of a mechanism of alpha cleavage, an electron is knocked off an atom usually by electron collision to form a radical cation. Electron removal generally happens in the following order 1 lone pair electrons, 2 pi bond electrons, 3 sigma bond electrons. One of the lone pair electrons moves down to form a pi bond with an electron from an adjacent ... cleavage example.svg thumb left 400px Example of alpha cleavage clear left In molecules containing carbonyl groups, alpha cleavage often competes with McLafferty rearrangement . Photochemistry In photochemistry , it is the Homolysis homolytic cleavage of a bond adjacent to a specified group. ref ... Category Mass spectrometry analytical chemistry stub simple Alpha cleavage ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Cosmic Cleavage Type Album Artist Busdriver Cover Cosmic Cleavage cover.jpg Released 2004 Recorded 2003 2004 Genre Hip hop music Hip hop Length 29 37 Label Big Dada Last album The Weather br 2003 This album Cosmic Cleavage br 2004 Next album Fear of a Black Tangent br 2005 Album ratings rev1 Pitchfork Media rev1Score 8 10 ref http www.pitchforkmedia.com article record review 15760 cosmic cleavage Pitchfork Media review ref rev2 rev2Score noprose yes Cosmic Cleavage is an album by Busdriver , released in 2004 in music 2004 on the Big Dada record label. Track listing Tracklist title1 Pool Drowning title2 Nagging Nimbus title3 Cosmic Cleavage note3 Featuring Awol One title4 Stingy Lover title5 Daddy Kev Kev s Blistering Computer Tan and Driver s Rapper s Rapper Moniker title6 Unnecessary Thinking note6 Featuring Abstract Rude title7 Beauty Supply and Demand title8 She Hulk Dehorning the Illusionist title9 Stride Pianist Penis Envy title10 Purple Schards title11 Rap Sucks title12 Staring at the Sun References Reflist 2000s hiphop album stub Category 2004 albums Category Busdriver albums Category Big Dada albums ... more details
Image BBCleavageTopView.JPG thumb Example of a man wearing a Cleavage Top from Bountiful Bosoms notability date August 2010 primary sources date August 2010 A Cleavage Top refers to a prosthesis designed to provide what is claimed by the manufacturers to be a realistic looking breast and cleavage, allowing someone with little or no breast tissue to wear low cut tops and more revealing clothing while appearing to have large breasts. Unlike breast prostheses and enhancers that need to be completely hidden and require the use of cleavage enhancement techniques to display cleavage, cleavage tops provide a full bust that can be mostly exposed without the edges of the prosthesis showing. Cleavage tops incorporate a pair of breast prostheses in a one piece skin coloured garment that is designed to provide the illusion of natural cleavage. Such garments have the disadvantage of having a visible top edge at the neck, which requires the wearing of a choker or similar necklace to hide the top edge of the garment. The edges of the breast prostheses are often distinguishable through the thin outer cover. They are usually made from either latex or silicone and most often are made to measure. Transgender These prosthetics are marketed to pre hormonal transwoman transwomen and males who cross dressing cross dress . Retailers The main providers of Cleavage Tops are Bountiful Bosoms http www.bountifulbosoms.co.uk ref name BountifulBosoms http www.bountifulbosoms.co.uk http www.bountifulbosoms.co.uk , UK Breast Prosthetics Company. ref Proactive Prosthetics http www.proactiveprosthetics.com ref name Proactive Prosthetics http www.proactiveprosthetics.com http www.proactiveprosthetics.com , UK Breast Prosthetics Company. ref References references Transgender footer Medicine stub Category Breast Category Prosthetics Category Transgender and medicine ... more details
Bond cleavage , or scission , is the splitting of chemical bond s. If the two electrons in a cleaved covalent bond are divided between the products, the process is known as homolytic fission or homolysis and free redicals are generated by homolytic cleavage. Alternatively, the case where both electrons are retained by one product and charged species that is nucleophile and electrophile are generated by the process is known as heterolytic fission and heterolysis . The term bond dissociation energy refers to the energy required to cleave a bond typically homolytically . In biochemistry the process of breaking down large molecules by splitting their internal bonds is catabolism . Enzymes which catalyse bond cleavage are known as lyase s, unless they operate by hydrolysis or oxidation reduction, in which case they are known as hydrolase s and oxidoreductase s respectively. Heterolytic cleavage main Heterolysis In heterolytic cleavage, or heterolysis, the bond breaks in such a fashion that the shared pair of electrons remain with one of the fragments. After heterolysis, one atom has a sextext electronic structure and a positive charge and other, a valence octet with at least one lone pair and a negative charge. chem stub Category Chemical bonding it Scissione chimica ... more details
Image CleavageEnhancementDeepV.JPG thumb right A Cross dressing cross dresser s enhanced cleavage with a deep V neckline Crossdressing Cleavage enhancement encompasses a range of techniques used temporarily to improve the appearance of a person s cleavage breasts breast cleavage or to create the illusion of breast cleavage on a person who has no such cleavage. This ranges from brassiere s bras that lightly ... where chest skin is pulled towards the centre to generate cleavage and completely artificial breasts, such as breast prostheses are added to cover the materials used to pull the skin. Cleavage enhancement may also include the use of Cosmetics makeup to deepen the appearance of the cleavage and make the breasts either side of the cleavage appear more prominent. Reasons for enhancing cleavage Women often want to enhance their cleavage for special occasions or to suit the style of a low ... who has smaller breasts than the character she is playing may need to use cleavage enhancement ... breast size and enhance her cleavage. ref http www.austinbunn.com articles.php?target erinb.html ref Male Cross dressing cross dressers often want to create the illusion of female cleavage as part of making their body appear feminine. Many crossdressers believe that displaying a convincing cleavage ... How To Create Cleavage Bot generated title ref Because most such males have little or no breast ... the illusion. Bras Image Circa 1975 Wonderbra.jpg thumb right Wonderbra push up bra Cleavage ... pads in the bottom and outside of the cups to force the breasts upwards and inwards. Some cleavage ..., 1994, ISBN 1880715082 ref ref http www.jenellerose.com htmlpostings cleavage cleavage.htm Cindy s Oasis cleavage Bot generated title ref Types of tape used include surgical micropore tape and athletic ... http www.geocities.com westhollywood stonewall 8505 tips cleavage.html&date 2009 10 26 00 10 26 Cleavage ... for this purpose. ref http www.tgtoday.com makeupandfashion cleavage.html Making Cleavage for Crossdressers ... more details
Toe cleavage is the partial exposure of a woman s toes in shoes that are cut low enough at the wikt vamp vamp . ref cite news author Meredith Broussard title Foot for Thought publisher Philadelphia City Paper date 2003 04 23 url http citypaper.net articles 2003 04 17 cover5.shtml ref Low cut shoes reveal toe cleavage similar to how low cut tops reveal cleavage breasts breast cleavage . Image Leatherette pump shoes showing toe cleavage.jpg thumb right Court shoe Pumps reveal toe cleavage. Toe cleavage is considered to be fashionable by stylists such as Susan Conterno, columnist for FAMOUS magazine. ref cite web url http www.fashionstylist.com.au toe 20cleavage.htm author Susan Conterno title Toe Cleavage date 2005 05 02 ref Manolo Blahnik himself opined that the secret of toe cleavage, a very important part of the sexuality of the shoe is that You must only show the first two cracks. . ref cite web title Manolo Blahnik work Design Museum url http www.designmuseum.org design manolo blahnik ref According to fashion insiders, toe cleavage shoes sans stockings are part of the unwritten dress code of the Vogue magazine Voguette , as dictated by the magazine s longtime editor in chief Anna ... in the elite fold, as to the toe cleavage shoes sans stockings. Anna ... dictates everything that goes ... the amount of appropriate toe cleavage. A pump court shoe with a slightly low vamp for a hint of toe cleavage should not be too racy for a conservative office . ref cite book url http books.google.com ... ref Financial guru Suze Orman says it is the only cleavage that should be shown around an office ... writes of wearing an outfit featuring toe cleavage when entertaining a foot fetish ist. ref cite ... suede stiletto pumps with the low vamp that allowed lots of toe cleavage. She knew he loved toe cleavage ... toe shoes as sexually suggestive due to the toe cleavage. ref cite book url http books.google.com ... because they reveal foot flesh and toe cleavage. isbn 0140271449 ref References Notes reflist ... more details
File Cleavage of a woman.jpg thumb 225px A woman s cleavageCleavage , anatomically known as the intramammary ... sternum sternum . Cleavage is exposed by a garment with a low neckline , such as ball gown s, evening ... as an important aspect of femininity and many women use cleavage to enhance their physical attractiveness ... date July 2011 Some people regard use of cleavage as a form of feminine flirting or seduction ... aesthetic or erotic effect. Some people derive erotic pleasure from seeing a woman s cleavage, some derive pleasure in their female partner exposing cleavage, and some women wear low cut clothing for the pleasure ... feel uncomfortable with the sight of a woman s cleavage, or object to low cut clothing for modesty or other reasons. Cleavage terms The International Federation of Associations of Anatomists IFAA has adopted the terms intermammary sulcus or intermammary cleft when referring to the area of cleavage ... federal courts that Buttock cleavage anal cleft or cleavage and cleavage of the female breast are so ... , p. 994, West Publishing Co, 1990. ref Side cleavage When the lateral aspects of the breasts are uncovered, it is known as side cleavage , sidewinders or sideboob . ref name Dun Elizabeth Dunlap, http ... , The Guardian , 2006 08 06. ref Bottom cleavage Exposure of the underside of the breast, such as below ... cleavage because of the reference to Australia as down under , bottom cleavage , reverse cleavage ... century glamour photography showing cleavage Image Marilyn Monroe in Some Like it Hot trailer cropped.jpg thumb left 215px Marilyn Monroe displaying cleavage in Some Like it Hot In European society, d colletage ... cleavage. ref Gernsheim, pp. 25 26, 43, 53, 63. ref ref Desmond Morris. The Naked Woman. A Study ... occasions. Also, modern Western fashions favour open neck styles. Enhancing cleavage Many women regard ... been used by women in history to accentuate breasts. For example, corset s that enhanced cleavage were ... cleavage enhancing corsets grew more dramatic in pushing the breasts upwards. ref Catherine Spooner ... more details
buttock cleavage, along with miniature tops that revealed breast implants and navel piercing, as examples ... www.foxnews.com story 0,2933,40105,00.html Cleavage Fashion Flips Upside Down , FOXNews.com, December 5, 2001, URL accessed 12 March 2006. ref The Cincinnati Enquirer called it the new cleavage , and expressed ... cleavage week claiming that bums are the new tits . ref Davies, Anna. http www.guardian.co.uk world ... February 19, 2008. Last week was bum cleavage week at the Sun. ref In reaction to this trend, Saturday ... was particularly mentioned as the originator of buttock cleavage revealing jeans, known as the bumster ... a design for buttock cleavage revealing trouser designs. ref http www.patentstorm.us patents 6473908 description.html Garment having a buttocks cleavage revealing feature , Patent Storm ref In the mid 2000s, Good Morning America reported on a rise of popularity of the buttock cleavage among celebrities. ref http abcnews.go.com GMA story?id 125903&page 1 Celebrities Are Showing Off Butt Cleavage ... refer to the exposure of male buttock cleavage, especially on occasions of careless bending over. The expression ... be translated as builder s Cleavage breasts cleavage . See also Cameltoe Whale tail References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Buttock Cleavage Category Human appearance Category 2000s fashion Category Public nudity ... more details
Unreferenced date July 2009 File Cleavage english.svg thumb upright 1.5 Cleavages in society according to Lipset Rokkan Cleavage in political science is a concept used in voting analysis and is the division of voters into voting bloc s. The preliminary assumption is that voters don t come in predefined groups of pros and cons for or against a certain subject. Ballot analysis assumes that voters opt for a certain party, or decide for the solution or option that comes closest to their own position. Cleavage separates the voters into advocates and adversaries on a certain issue, or voting for a certain party. If you imagine parties on a horizontal line for a certain issue, cleavage is the vertical line that divides the parties into supporters and opponents of the issue. Examples There are probably as many cleavages in society as diverse members, but Seymour Martin Lipset and Stein Rokkan 1967 defined four basic cleavages for western civilization after the Industrial Revolution. According to Lipset and Rokkan, these cleavages determined the emergence and the content of all European parties. Centre Periphery The division between elites in the urban areas, and those in more outlying areas. This usually expresses itself in terms of Regionalism politics regional nationalism . For example ... cleavage, causing the formation of parties of the left and parties of the right. Sometimes it is argued that this cleavage represents a conflict between the rich and poor. ref Gallagher, M., Laver, M ... who have work are employable and those who are not. Further, sex becomes another cleavage, especially in regard to getting and maintaining a paid labour position. See also Cross cutting cleavage Psephology ... Amie Kreppel date Jan 29, 2002 cite web title Cleavage Structures, Party Systems, and Voter Alignments ....htm references DEFAULTSORT Cleavage Politics Category Elections Category Psephology Category ... linie de Cleavage Theorie no Konfliktlinje ... more details
Glycol cleavage is a specific type of organic chemistry oxidation . The carbon carbon bond in a vicinal chemistry vicinal diol glycol is cleaved and replaced with two carbon oxygen double bonds. Depending on the substitution pattern in the diol, either ketone s or aldehyde s may be formed. Glycol cleavage is an important reaction in the laboratory because it is useful for determining the structures of sugars. After cleavage takes place the ketone and aldehyde fragments can be inspected and the location of the former hydroxyl groups ascertained. ref Wade, L. G. Organic Chemistry , 6th ed.., Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, New Jersey, 2005 pp 358 361, pp 489 490. ISBN 0131478826 ref Reagents Periodic acid HIO sub 4 sub and lead IV acetate lead tetraacetate Pb OAc sub 4 sub are the most common reagents used for glycol cleavage. These reactions involve cyclic reactive intermediate intermediates which then decompose to form ketones if the side chain R groups are not H or aldehydes if one of the R groups is H . Image Glycol cleavage.png thumb left 500px Glycol cleavage with Pb OAc sub 4 sub involves a cyclic intermediate. br style clear both Warm concentrated potassium permanganate KMnO sub 4 sub will react with an alkene to form a glycol and will then immediately cleave the glycol to give stable ketones or oxidizable aldehydes. The aldehydes will react further to become carboxylic acid s. Controlling the temperature and concentration of the reagent can keep the reaction from continuing past the formation of the glycol. Glycol cleavage by periodic acid is called Malaprade periodic acid oxidation first reported by M. Malaprade in 1934 ref L. Malaprade, Bull. Soc. Chim. Fr. 3, 1, 833 1934 ref and also works with alpha aminoalcohols ref THE ACTION OF PERIODIC ACID ON AMINO ALCOHOLS Ben H. Nicolet, Leo A. Shinn J. Am. Chem. Soc. , 1939, 61 6 , p 1615 DOI 10.1021 ja01875a521 ref References Reflist External links http www.cem.msu.edu reusch VirtualText addene2.htm add4e www.cem.msu.edu ... more details
wiktionarypar embryo An embryo is an organism early in its development. Embryo may also refer to Embryo 1976 film Embryo 1976 film , a film starring Rock Hudson Embryo band , a German progressive rock band Embryo , from the Black Sabbath album Master of Reality Embryo Dir En Grey song Embryo Dir En Grey song , from the album Kisou Embryo Pink Floyd song Embryo Pink Floyd song , from the album Works Embryo Records , record label from the 1970s Embryo Records independent label Embryo Records , record label from the 2000s disambig de Embryo Begriffskl rung es Embryo ja ro Embrion dezambiguizare ... more details
with cleavage stage embryo transfer. ref cite journal author Papanikolaou EG, Fatemi H, Venetis ... cleavage stage embryo transfer journal Fertil. Steril. volume 93 issue 2 pages 592 7 year 2009 month February pmid 19243755 doi 10.1016 j.fertnstert.2008.12.088 url ref Procedure The embryo ... and multiple birth after single versus double embryo transfer at the cleavage stage a systematic ...Interventions infobox Name PAGENAME Image Embryo, 8 cells.jpg Caption 8 cell embryo for transfer 3 days after fertilization ICD10 ICD9unlinked MeshID D004624 OPS301 OtherCodes Embryo transfer refers to a step in the process of assisted reproduction in which embryo s are placed into the uterus of a female ... and undergone embryo cryopreservation , and are thawed just prior to the transfer. The outcome from ..., the uterine lining endometrium needs to be appropriately prepared so that the embryo s can implant. In a natural or stimulated cycle, the embryo transfer takes place in the luteal phase at a time ... Hormone. In a cycle where a frozen embryo is transferred, the recipient woman could be given first ... becomes receptive for the embryo. The time of receptivity is the Implantation human embryo implantation ... mains cite journal author Mains L, Van Voorhis BJ title Optimizing the technique of embryo transfer ... not required. Single embryo transfers in particular require accuracy and precision in placement within the uterine cavity. The optimal target for embryo placement, known as the maximal implantation ... guided embryo transfer using the maximal implantation potential point journal Fertil. Steril. volume ... MA title Effect of delayed versus immediate embryo transfer catheter removal on pregnancy outcomes ... tubes rather than the uterus. Embryo number A major issue is how many embryos should be transferred ... in an attempt to reduce multiple pregnancies. e SET The technique of selecting only one embryo to transfer to the woman is called elective Single Embryo Transfer e SET or, when embryos are at the blastocyst ... more details
Cryopreservation of embryo s is the process of preserving an embryo at sub zero temperatures, generally at an embryogenesis stage corresponding to pre implantation, that is, from fertilisation to the blastocyst stage. Indications Embryo cryopreservation is useful for leftover embryos after a cycle of in vitro fertilisation , as patients who fail to conceive may become pregnant using such embryos without having to go through a full IVF cycle. Or, if pregnancy occurred, they could return later for another pregnancy. Spare oocytes or embryos resulting from fertility treatments may be used for oocyte donation or embryo donation to another woman or couple, and embryos may be created, frozen and stored specifically for transfer and donation by using donor eggs and sperm. Prevalence World usage data is hard to come by but it was reported in a study of 23 countries that almost 42,000 frozen human embryo transfers were performed during 2001 in Europe. ref A. Nyboe Andersen, L. Gianaroli, R. Felberbaum, J. de Mouzon and K.G. Nygren. Results generated from European registers by ESHRE Assisted reproductive technology in Europe, 2001 ref Pregnancy outcome and determinants The outcome from using cryopreserved embryos has uniformly been positive with no increase in birth defects or development abnormalities ... 2010 month May pmid 20472913 doi 10.1093 humrep deq117 url ref For early cleavage embryos, frozen ... on post thaw survival for IVF or oocyte donation cycles, or for embryos frozen at the pronuclear or cleavage ... wdI1s9Muypzg Extension given for embryo storage Google News. Retrieved on September 11, 2009 ref History The first ever pregnancy derived from a frozen human embryo was reported by Alan Trounson ... The New York Times title First Baby Born Of Frozen Embryo date April 11, 1984 ref Since then and up ... of an eight cell embryo, storing it for 53 days, thawing and replacing it into the mother ... following the transfer of a 8 cell frozen thawed embryo into human subjects transferring 8 cell ... more details
Fossil embryos are the preserved remains of organisms that have yet to hatch or be born. Many fossil s of the Ma 580 million year old Doushantuo formation have been interpreted as embryos embryos are also common throughout the Cambrian fossil record. Preservation Taphonomic studies indicate that embryos are preserved for longest in reducing, anoxic conditions these conditions can keep the embryos intact for long enough for bacteria to mineralise the cells and permit their preservation. ref name Gostling2008 However, phosphatisation was very rapid in the Doushantuo, so it s possible that faster preservation allowed embryos in different regimes to be preserved. Preservation is mediated by bacterial biofilms. The cells of the embryo break down within hours of their death, under the effect of its own enzymes bacteria invade the dacaying embryo before its cells can collapse, and biofilms taking on and preserving the three dimensional structure of the cells. The activity of these bacteria promotes mineralisation. ref name Raff2008 Currently, only fossils representing very early stages in embryonic development have been preserved no embryos have been interpreted as having undergone a large number cleavage stages. ref name Gostling2007 Affinities Some embryos have been interpreted as colonies of sulfur reducing bacteria, a claim that cannot be upheld in all cases. ref name Gostling2007 Fossilized embryos of the 635 to 551 million year old Doushantuo Formation of southern China exhibit occasional asynchronous cell division, common in modern embryos, implying that sophisticated mechanisms for differential cell division timing and embryonic cell lineage differentiation evolved before 551 million years ago. However, embryos composed of hundreds to more than 1000 cells still show no evidence of blastocoel formation or the organization of blastomeres into epithelia epithelialization should be underway in modern embryos with 100 cells. Features preserved on Doushantuo embryos are ... more details
Embryo splitting may refer to when spontaneous, the natural way in which identical twins are formed. when artificially induced, a method of cloning . See Cloning Methods disambig ... more details
Embryo donation is a form of third party reproduction . It is defined as the giving generally without ... donation or sperm donation . Embryo donation can be handled on an anonymous basis donor and recipient ..., in order to provide a layer of privacy protection. Some writers use the term embryo donation to refer strictly to anonymous embryo donation, and embryo adoption to refer to the open process ... not genetically related to them. ref National Embryo Donation Center ref In the United States, those ... must agree to accept the associated risk. The amount of screening the embryo has already undergone is largely dependent on the genetic parents own IVF clinic and process. The embryo recipient ... comparison of embryo donation with oocyte donation . Fertil. Steril. 93 2 379 381. doi 10.1016 j.fertnstert.2009.03.019 ... someone must eventually decide on a permanent disposition for them. A US study concluded that embryo ... the woman a second egg harvesting procedure,. ref Trounson A, Freemann L. The use of embryo cryopreservation ... for women who have no viable oocytes or both. Thus what was called gamete and embryo donation, came into being. A careful reading of the 1983 clinical report often cited as the first instance of embryo donation reveals that the donated embryo was actually created for the recipient at the same time ... thawed Embryo in a Woman With Primary Ovarian Failure. NEJM 1987 317 113 ref No one knows for sure when the first true embryo adoption occurred. The term was used as early as the mid 1980s, ref ... AC. Establishment of 22 Pregnancies After Oocyte and Embryo Donation. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989 ... embryo transfers occurring between 1986 and 1990 that clearly represented adoption of remaining embryos ... discussion of embryo donation and transfer as a solution to infertility. In some ways, it is similar to other donations such as blood and major organ donations. Some see the embryo as tissue , others see it as a gift of a potential life , ref National Embryo Donation Center Questionnaire Study of Prospective ... more details
Embryo Rescue is one of the earliest and successful forms of in vitro culture techniques that is used ... journal last Sage first T.L. coauthors Strumas, F., Cole, W.W., Barret,S title Embryo rescue and plant ... year 2010 volume 174 pages 73 82 doi 10.1007 s10681 010 0135 x ref Embryo rescue plays an important ... food and ornamental plant crop hybrids. This technique nurtures the immature or weak embryo, thus allowing ... to develop into a new plant. The most widely used embryo rescue procedure is referred to as embryo culture ... Hortic year 2006 volume 107 pages 176 182 doi 10.1016 j.scienta.2005.06.014 issue 2 ref Embryo rescue ... often embryo abortion occurs ref cite book last Reed first Sandra title Plant Development and Biotechnology ... 10113 42085 1 IND44376954.pdf author Sandra Reed authorlink Embryo Rescue editor Robert N. Trigiano ... times, remote hybridizations will fail to undergo normal sexual reproduction, thus embryo rescue can ... P. title A Review of Plant Embryo Culture journal Hortscience year 1994 volume 29 pages 1243 1246 ref History Embryo rescue was first documented in the 18th century when Charles Bonnet excised Phaseolus ... last Sharma first D.R. coauthors Daur, R. and Kumar K. title Embryo rescue in plants a review journal ... in various nutrient media. During the period of 1890 to 1904, systems for embryo rescue became ... 1992 volume 84 pages 345 354 ref The first successful in vitro embryo culture was performed by Hanning ... inviable plantlets. ref cite journal last Mehetre first S. S coauthors Aher, A. R. title Embryo ... Depending on the organ cultured, it may be referred to as either embryo , ovule , or ovary culture. Ovule culture or in ovolo embryo culture is a modified technique of embryo rescue whereby embryos .... ref cite journal last Cisneros first Aroldo coauthors Tel Zur title Embryo rescue and plant regeneration ... employs the use of an entire ovary into culture. It becomes necessary to excise the entire small embryo to prevent early embryo abortion. However, it is technically difficult to isolate the tiny intact ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name The Embryo s In Bloom Type studio Artist Dog Fashion Disco Cover Dog Fashion Disco The Embryo s In Bloom.JPG Released 2000 Recorded Genre Experimental rock , avant garde metal Length 41 51 Label OuterLoop Records Producer Dog Fashion Disco , br Drew Mazurek Last album Experiments In Alchemy br 1998 This album The Embryo s In Bloom br 2000 Next album Anarchists Of Good Taste br 2001 Album ratings rev1 somethingFM rev1score 77 100 ref somethingFM somethingFM review ref Automatically generated by DASHBot The Embryo s In Bloom is Dog Fashion Disco s third album , originally released in 2000. It has since been rereleased. The title comes from a line in the song God Crisis . As with Experiments in Alchemy , tracks 3 8 were re recorded for later albums. Track listing Tracklist title1 Siamese Fever length1 5 07 title2 Toothless Dream length2 4 19 title3 G Eye Joe length3 3 30 title4 Leper Friend length4 4 16 title5 9 To 5 At The Morgue length5 4 31 title6 A Corpse Is A Corpse length6 4 36 title7 Pervert length7 3 28 title8 Fetus On The Beat length8 4 05 title9 The Satanic Cowboy length9 3 21 title10 God Crisis length10 4 33 The track A Corpse Is A Corpse is omitted from the track listing, but is not omitted from the sleeve. Credits Todd Smith Vocals Greg Combs Guitars Stephen Mears Bass Sennen Quigley Keyboards, Guitar John Ensminger Drums Tom Baker Mastering Drew Mazurek Recording, Co Producer, Mixing Jake Mossman Assistant Mixer Mike Rippe Assistant Mixer References references DEFAULTSORT Embryo s in Bloom, The Category 2000 albums Category Dog Fashion Disco albums 2000s metal album stub ... more details
Encyclopedia
top
