Image Blacksmoker in Atlantic Ocean.jpg right thumb A black smoker in the Atlantic Ocean providing energy and nutrients Chemotrophs are organisms that obtain energy by the oxidation of electron donor s in their environments. These molecules can be organic molecule organic chemoorganotroph s or inorganic compound inorganic chemolithotroph s . The chemotroph designation is in contrast to phototroph s, which utilize solar energy. Chemotrophs can be either autotroph ic or heterotroph ic. Chemoautotrophs or chemotrophic autotroph , Greek language Gk Chemo chemical, auto self, troph nourishment in addition to deriving energy from chemical reaction s, synthesize all necessary organic compounds from carbon dioxide . Chemoautotrophs use inorganic energy sources, such as hydrogen sulfide , elemental sulfur , iron II oxide ferrous iron , molecular hydrogen , and ammonia . Most are bacteria or archaea that live in extremophile hostile environments such as deep sea vent s and are the primary producer s in such ecosystem s. Evolutionary scientists believe that the first organisms to inhabit Earth were chemoautotrophs that produced oxygen as a by product and later evolved into both Aerobic organism aerobic , animal like organisms and photosynthetic , plant like organisms. Citation needed date November 2010 Chemoautotrophs generally fall into several groups methanogen s, halophile s, Microbial metabolism Sulfur oxidation sulfur oxidizers and Sulfur reducing bacteria reducer s, nitrification nitrifiers , anammox bacteria, and thermoacidophile s. Chemilothotrophic growth could be dramatically fast, such as Thiomicrospira crunogena with a doubling time around one hour. ref http dx.doi.org 10.1128 JB.187.16.5761 5766.2005 The Carbon Concentrating Mechanism of the Hydrothermal Vent Chemolithoautotroph Thiomicrospira crunogena J Bacteriol. 2005 August 187 16 5761 5766 ref Chemoheterotrophs or chemotrophic heterotrophs Greek language Gk Chemo chemical, hetero an other, troph nourishment a ... more details
Refimprove date May 2008 An organotroph is an organism that obtains hydrogen or electrons from organic substrates a form of a chemotroph . Antonym Lithotroph See also Lithotroph Heterotroph Primary nutritional groups modelling ecosystems Category Hydrogen biology ca Organ trof cs Organotrofie de Organotrophie et Organotroof fr Organotrophie nl Organotroof pl Organotrofia pt Organotrofia uk ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Lithoautotrophy is a special type of chemotroph chemoautotrophy found in Archaea and Bacteria . Lithoautotrophic organisms utilize inorganic compounds as energy sources. The word lithoautotrophy means to feed it or oneself from stone . In ancient Greek, lithos means stone or rock, autos self, and trophein to feed. References http www.iu bremen.de discussion attachment.php?s 78554fa3d0bc304e8d0a4b05ea8c71d3&postid 69823 Ecosystems and Nutrient Cycles Chemosynthesis ecology stub Category Ecology Category Microbial growth and nutrition ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Thermithiobacillus regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Acidithiobacillales familia Thermithiobacillaceae genus Thermithiobacillus subdivision ranks Species subdivision Thermithiobacillus tepidarius Thermithiobacillus is a genus of non sporeforming Rod shaped bacteria rod proteobacteria and so Gram negative . The name derives from the Latin thermae , for warm baths, and the Greek language Greek thios for sulfur . The members of this genus used to belong to Thiobacillus , before they were reclassified on the basis of 16S rRNA analysis in 2000. ref name Kelly2000 cite journal author Kelly and Wood title Reclassification of some species of Thiobacillus to the newly designated genera Acidithiobacillus gen. nov., Halothiobacillus gen. nov. and Thermithiobacillus gen. nov journal Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. volume 50 pages 489 500 year 2000 pmid 10758854 last2 Wood first2 AP ref This Chemotroph chemolithoautotrophic genus is obligate ly Aerobic organism aerobic and moderately thermophilic 43 45 C . ref name Kelly2000 References reflist Category Proteobacteria Proteobacteria stub es Thermithiobacillus ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Anaerobacter domain Bacterium Bacteria phylum Firmicutes classis Clostridia ordo Clostridia les familia Clostridiaceae genus Anaerobacter Anaerobacter are a genus of Gram positive bacteria related to Clostridium . They are Anaerobic respiration anaerobic chemotroph s and are unusual endospore spore formers as they produce more than one spore per bacterial cell up to five spores . ref cite journal author Siunov A, Nikitin D, Suzina N, Dmitriev V, Kuzmin N, Duda V title Phylogenetic status of Anaerobacter polyendosporus, an anaerobic, polysporogenic bacterium. url http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi reprint 49 3 1119.pdf journal Int J Syst Bacteriol volume 49 Pt 3 issue pages 1119 24 year 1999 pmid 10425769 ref They fix nitrogen fixation nitrogen . G C content 29. ref cite book author Madigan M Martinko J editors . title Brock Biology of Microorganisms edition 11th publisher Prentice Hall year 2005 isbn 0 13 144329 1 ref References references Category Clostridiaceae bacteria stub cs Anaerobacter es Anaerobacter uk Anaerobacter ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Nitrobacter vulgaris regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Alpha Proteobacteria ordo Rhizobiales familia Bradyrhizobiaceae genus Nitrobacter species N. vulgaris binomial Nitrobacter vulgaris binomial authority Nitrobacter vulgaris is a rod shaped, Gram negative bacteria Gram negative , and a Chemotroph chemoautotrophic bacterium. It plays an important role in the nitrogen cycle by oxidizing nitrite into nitrate in soil. It cannot tolerate highly alkaline NH sub 4 sub conditions. NO sub 2 sub 1 2O sub 2 sub NO sub 3 sub Genomics http www.genomesonline.org search.cgi?colcol all&goldstamp ALL&gen type ALL&org name1 genus&gensp Nitrobacter&org domain ALL&org status ALL&size2 ALL&org size Kb&gen gc ALL&phylogeny2 ALL&gen institution ALL&gen funding ALL&gen data ALL&cont ALL&gen country ALL&gen pheno ALL&gen eco ALL&gen disease ALL&gen relevance ALL&gen avail ALL&selection submit search Nitrobacter Genome Projects from http www.genomesonline.org Genomes OnLine Database http img.jgi.doe.gov cgi bin pub main.cgi?section TaxonList&page lineageMicrobes&genus Nitrobacter Comparative Analysis of Nitrobacter Genomes at United States Department of Energy DOE s Integrated Microbial Genomes System IMG system bacteria stub ca Nitrobacter de Nitrobacter et Nitrobacter it Nitrobacter pt Nitrobacter Category Rhizobiales ... more details
Image biosphere2 1.jpg thumb right 300px Biosphere 2 Closed ecological systems CES are ecosystems that do not rely on matter exchange with any part outside the system. Although the Earth itself fits this definition fact date February 2011 , the term is most often used to describe much smaller wikt manmade manmade ecosystems. Such systems are scientifically interesting and can potentially serve as a life support system during space flight s, in space stations or space habitat s. In a closed ecological system, any waste products produced by one species must be used by at least one other species. If the purpose is to maintain a higher life form, such as a mouse or a human , waste products such as carbon dioxide , faeces and urine must eventually be converted into oxygen , food , and water . A closed ecological system must contain at least one autotroph ic organism. While both chemotroph ic and phototroph ic organisms are plausible, almost all closed ecological systems to date are based on a phototroph such as green algae . Examples Major large scale closed ecological systems include Biosphere 2 , MELiSSA , and the BIOS 1 , BIOS 2 , and BIOS 3 projects. An Ecosphere aquarium ecosphere is a glass enclosed, self contained and self sustaining closed ecosystem sold primarily as a gift or experiment. It can include tiny shrimp , algae , gravel , decorative Animal shell shell s, and gorgonia . Also bottle garden s can act as a closed ecological system. See also Biosphere Controlled Ecological Life Support System Ecology Eden Project Space colonization Spome Terraforming Sources Manmade Closed Ecological Systems. I. I. Gitelson, G. M. Lisovsky and R. D. MacElroy. Taylor & Francis 2003 ISBN 0 415 29998 5. Category Ecological processes Ecology stub Space stub Category Systems ecology es Sistema ecol gico cerrado eo Fermita ekologia sistemo fr Syst me cologique ferm pl Zamkni ty system ekologiczny zh ... more details
The Ayalon Cave is a large underground limestone cave located near Ramla , Israel , discovered in April 2006. The cave, 300 feet deep, with its branch extends almost 2.5 kilometres making it the second largest limestone cave in Israel . Researchers announced that they have so far discovered eight new species, all without eyes, including four crustacean species and four terrestrial species, previously unknown to science. They added that the crustaceans included two saltwater species and two freshwater species, indicating that this diversity might help better understand the water history of the region. The cave was first discovered when a small opening was discerned in a quarry near Ramla. According to Professor Amos Frumkin of the Hebrew University , the cave is unique in that a thick layer of chalk left it impermeable to water. The cave will remain closed to the public to allow scientific investigation to continue undisturbed. Energy source of the local ecosystem As the cave was completely cut off from the outside environment, it sustained an independent ecosystem this ecosystem did not rely on sunlight and photosynthesis , or on organic compounds , for an energy source. Rather, energy was extracted by Chemotroph Chemoautotrophic bacteria , living in a film on top of the pool water. These bacteria produce energy by oxidation oxidizing the sulfide compounds in the water, and derive organic compounds using carbon dioxide from the air. These compounds form the basis of the cave s ecosystem. External links http www.huji.ac.il cgi bin dovrut dovrut search eng.pl?mesge114907691205976587 The Hebrew University Press release announcing the discovery http news.nationalgeographic.com news 2006 06 060602 israel cave.html National Geographic http www.targetpoint.com greenview ?id 5&sid 3&gid 245 Cave photos cite journal title Cross formational rising groundwater at an artesian karstic basin the Ayalon Saline Anomaly, Israel author A. Frumkina and H. Gvirtzman journal Journal of ... more details
italic title Taxobox color lightgrey name Thermithiobacillus tepidarius regnum Bacterium Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria classis Gamma Proteobacteria ordo Acidithiobacillales familia Thermithiobacillaceae genus Thermithiobacillus species T.tepidarius binomial Thermithiobacillus tepidarius T.tepidarius from the Latin tepidarium a warm bath fed by natural thermal water is a proteobacteria species isolated from the hot springs at Bath, Somerset Bath , Avon county Avon . ref name Wood1986 cite journal author Wood,A.P. & Kelly, D.P. title Chemolithotrophic metabolism of the newly isolated moderately thermophilic, obligately autotrophic Thiobacillus tepidarius journal Archives of Microbiology volume 144 issue 1 pages 71 77 year 1986 doi 10.1007 BF00454959 http www.springerlink.com content hwr4671388635h33 ref It was previously in the genus Hydrogenophilaceae Thiobacillus . ref name Kelly2000 cite journal author Kelly & Wood title Reclassification of some species of Thiobacillus to the newly designated genera Acidithiobacillus gen. nov., Halothiobacillus gen. nov. and Thermithiobacillus gen. nov. journal Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol. volume 50 pages 489 500 year 2000 pmid 10758854 last2 Wood first2 AP ref The organism is a moderate thermophile 43 45 C and an Aerobic organism obligate aerobic chemotroph chemolithotrophic autotroph . Despite having an optimum pH of 6.0 7.5, growth can continue to an acid minimum of pH 4.8. ref name Wood1986 Growth can only occur on redox reduced inorganic sulfur compounds, and unlike species in the related genus Acidithiobacillus , T.tepidarius is unable to oxidise ferrous iron . ref name Kelly2000 References Reflist DEFAULTSORT Thermithiobacillus Tepidarius Category Proteobacteria Proteobacteria stub ... more details
about phototrophism, obtaining energy from photosynthesis the tropism that governs growth toward or away from a light source Phototropism Image Dead tree river.jpg right thumb Terrestrial and aquatic phototrophs Plants grow on a fallen log floating in algae rich water. Phototrophs Greek language Gk light, nourishment are the organism s usually plants that carry out photosynthesis to acquire energy. They use the energy from light sunlight to convert carbon dioxide and water into organic materials to be utilized in cell biology cellular functions such as biosynthesis and Cellular respiration respiration . Most phototrophs are autotroph s, also known as photoautotrophs, and can easily, with the use of c4 polycarbon chains containing methly ethyl carboxylase PEP amino functional groups containting carbon triplebond carbon with two hydrogen atoms, also known as Aldehyde Ketone hydroxylase carbon fixation fix carbon . They can be contrasted with chemoautotroph s that obtain their energy by the oxidation of electron donor s in their environments. Photoheterotrophs produce Adenosine triphosphate ATP through photophosphorylation but use organic compound s to build structures. Some phototrophs are organotroph s, also known as photo organotrophs. In an ecology ecological context, phototrophs provide nutrition for all other forms of life besides other autotrophs such as chemotroph s . In terrestrial environments plant s are the predominant variety, while aquatic environments include a range of phototrophic organisms such as algae e.g. kelp , other protist s such as euglena , phytoplankton and bacteria such as cyanobacteria . One product of this process is starch , which is a storage or reserve form of carbon , which can be used when light conditions are too poor to satisfy the immediate needs of the organism. Photosynthetic bacteria have a substance called bacteriochlorophyll , live in lakes and pools, and use the hydrogen from hydrogen sulfide instead of from water, ... more details
File Deep sea vent chemistry diagram.jpg thumb 400px right A diagram showing ocean chemistry around deep sea vents Ocean chemistry , also known as marine chemistry , is influenced by turbidity Ocean current currents , sediment s, pH levels, atmosphere atmoshperic constituents, metamorphic activity, and ecology . The field of chemical oceanography studies the chemistry of marine environments including the influences of different variables. Marine chemistry on Earth The marine chemist s that study the science of oceanography discovered special marine environments are created around black smoker s and cold seep s on the seabed ocean floor , with entire ecosystems of organisms that have a symbiotic relationship with chemotroph bacteria and hydrocarbon compounds that provided energy through a process called chemosynthesis . Scientific studies have also shown the impact of increased carbon dioxide levels in the Earth s atmosphere on ocean chemistry from anthropogenic factors is an important area of study related to global warming and climate change . Researchers are studying how anthropogenic factors will impact and influence ocean chemistry and the related ecology of marine Environment biophysical environment s over the short and long term. Scientists have expressed concern over increased carbon dioxide levels being absorbed into the oceans and causing acidification. ref name Pacific sea life Craig Welch http www.timesdispatch.com rtd lifestyles health med fit article I OYST0619 20090702 182408 277688 Shift in Pacific s chemistry may be killing sea life July 4, 2009 Seattle Times ref The phenomenon has been implicated by scientists studying declining oyster populations on the pacific coast of the United States. ref name Pacific sea life One proposal suggests dumping massive amounts of lime material lime , a Base chemistry base , to reverse the acidification and increase the sea s ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere . ref Duncan Clark http www.guardian.co ... more details
Infobox Scientist name Sergei Winogradsky box width image Winogradsky.jpg image width 150 px caption birth date September 1, 1856 birth place Kiev , Russian Empire death date death date and age 1953 2 25 1856 9 1 death place Brie Comte Robert , France residence citizenship nationality ethnicity field Microbiology work institutions Saint Petersburg Conservatory Imperial Conservatoire of Music in St Petersburg piano br University of Saint Petersburg br University of Strasbourg br Pasteur Institute alma mater University of Saint Petersburg doctoral advisor doctoral students known for Nitrogen cycle br Chemotroph Chemoautotrophy br Beggiatoa Sulfur oxidizing bacteria author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences Anton de Bary br Nikolai Menshutkin chemistry br Nevskia Famintzin botany br Martinus Beijerinck influenced Selman Waksman br Martinus Beijerinck prizes Leeuwenhoek Medal 1935 religion footnotes Sergei Nikolaievich Winogradsky or Vinogradskii lang ru September 14, 1856 February 25, 1953 was a Russia n microbiologist , ecologist and soil science soil scientist who pioneered the Biogeochemical cycle cycle of life concept. He discovered the first known form of lithotrophy during his research with Beggiatoa in 1887. He reported in cite journal author Winogradsky S title ber Schwefelbakterien journal Bot. Zeitung volume issue 45 pages 489 610 year 1887 that Beggiatoa oxidized hydrogen sulfide H sub 2 sub S as an energy source and formed intracellular sulfur droplets. This research provided the first example of lithotrophy, but not autotrophy . His research on nitrifying bacteria would report the first known form of chemotroph chemoautotrophy , showing how a lithotroph carbon fixation fixes carbon dioxide CO sub 2 sub to make organic compound s. ref cite book last1 Dworkin first1 Martin last2 Falkow first2 Stanley title The Prokaryotes A Handbook on the Biology of Bacteria Proteobacteria Gamma Subclass year 2006 edition 3rd publisher S ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey name Proteobacteria image EscherichiaColi NIAID.jpg image width 250px image caption Escherichia coli domain Bacteria phylum Proteobacteria phylum authority Stackebrandt et al., 1988 ref name Stackebrandt The Proteobacteria are a major group phylum of bacteria . They include a wide variety of pathogen s, such as Escherichia , Salmonella , Vibrio , Helicobacter , and many other notable genera. ref name Brock cite book author Madigan M Martinko J editors . title Brock Biology of Microorganisms edition 11th publisher Prentice Hall year 2005 isbn 0131443291 ref Others are free living, and include many of the bacteria responsible for nitrogen fixation . Because of the great diversity of forms found in this group, the Proteobacteria are named after Proteus , a Greek god of the sea, capable of assuming many different shapes. ref name Stackebrandt Stackebrandt et al. http ijs.sgmjournals.org cgi reprint 38 3 321.pdf Proteobacteria classis nov., a name for the phylogenetic taxon that includes the purple bacteria and their relatives . Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol., 1988, 38, 321 325. ref ref name Tree of Life cite web title Proteobacteria work Discover Life Tree of Life url http stri.discoverlife.org mp 20m?tree Proteobacteria&res 800 accessdate 2007 02 09 ref Characteristics All proteobacteria are Gram negative , with an outer membrane mainly composed of lipopolysaccharide s. Many move about using flagellum flagella , but some are non motile or rely on bacterial gliding . The last include the myxobacteria , a unique group of bacteria that can aggregate to form multicellular fruiting bodies. There is also a wide variety in the types of metabolism . Most members are facultatively or obligately anaerobic organism anaerobic , Chemotroph chemoautotrophs , and heterotrophic , but there are numerous exceptions. A variety of genera, which are not closely related to each other, convert energy from light through photosynthesis . These are called purple bacteria , ref ... more details
Nitrifying bacteria are chemotroph chemoautotrophic or chemolithotrophs depending on the genera Nitrosomonas , Nitrosococcus , Nitrobacter , Nitrococcus bacteria that grow by consuming inorganic nitrogen compounds. ref name pmid11539154 cite journal author Mancinelli RL title The nature of nitrogen an overview journal Life support & biosphere science international journal of earth space volume 3 issue 1 2 pages 17 24 year 1996 pmid 11539154 ref Many species of nitrifying bacteria have complex internal membrane systems that are the location for key enzymes in nitrification ammonia monooxygenase which oxidizes ammonia to hydroxylamine , and nitrite oxidoreductase , which oxidizes nitrite to nitrate. Ecology Nitrifying bacteria are widespread in soil and water, and are found in highest numbers where considerable amounts of ammonia are present areas with extensive protein decomposition, and sewage treatment plants . ref name pmid386925 cite journal author Belser LW title Population ecology of nitrifying bacteria journal Annu. Rev. Microbiol. volume 33 issue pages 309 33 year 1979 pmid 386925 doi 10.1146 annurev.mi.33.100179.001521 ref Nitrifying bacteria thrive in lakes and streams with high inputs of sewage and wastewater because of the high ammonia content. Oxidation of ammonia to nitrate Nitrification in nature is the result of actions of two groups of organisms, the nitrosifyers ammonia oxidizing bacteria and nitrifying bacteria nitrite oxidizing, nitrate producing bacteria ref name pmid11539155 cite journal author Ward BB title Nitrification and ammonification in aquatic systems journal Life support & biosphere science international journal of earth space volume 3 issue 1 2 pages 25 9 year 1996 pmid 11539155 doi ref Nitrosifying bacteria br NH sub 3 sub O sub 2 sub 2H sup sup 2e sup &minus sup NH sub 2 sub OH h2o 1.1 br NH sub 2 sub OH h2o no2 5H sup sup 4e sup &minus sup 1.2 br NH sub 3 sub O sub 2 sub no2 3H sup sup 2e sup &minus sup 1 Nitrifying bacteria br no2 h2o ... more details
Taxobox color lightgrey status image Spirochaeta americana.png image width 250px domain Bacteria phylum Spirochetes classis Spirochetes ordo Spirochaetales familia Spirochaeta genus Spirochaeta species S. americana binomial Spirochaeta americana binomial authority Richard Hoover Hoover , Elena Pikuta Pikuta and Asim Bej Bej 2003 Spirochaeta americana is a relatively newly discovered ref name ijssgm cite journal last Hoover first Richard B. authorlink coauthors et al. year 2003 month title Spirochaeta americana sp. nov., a new haloalkaliphilic, obligately anaerobic spirochaete isolated from soda Mono Lake in California journal International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology volume 53 issue Pt 3 pages 815 821 doi 10.1099 ijs.0.02535 0 url accessdate quote pmid 12807206 ref single celled extremophile . This Halophile halo Alkaliphile alkaliphilic and Anaerobic organism obligately anaerobic bacteria can be found in the bleach like highly alkaline, salty, deep waters of California s Mono Lake . ref name ijssgm ref cite web url http science.nasa.gov headlines y2003 30jul monolake.htm title A New Form of Life accessdate 2008 02 10 work Science Nasa ref Physical characteristics Like all Spirochaeta , S. americana has long helically coiled cells, is gram negative , and is chemotroph ic in its metabolism . Spirochaeta also have unique flagellum flagella , sometimes called axial filaments , which run lengthwise between the cell membrane and outer membrane . These cause a twisting motion which allows the spirochaete to move about. Despite the extreme environment that they require, their cell walls are very delicate, and it is difficult to keep them alive for long periods in the laboratory, says Dr. Elena Pikuta , one of the discoverers of S. americana . Environment Image Mono lake reflections.jpg left thumb Mono Lake , showing tufa calcium deposits . S. americana thrives in the lake bottom mud of Lake Mono, a 13 mile wide former monomictic volcano volcanic Dep ... more details
A mixotroph is a microorganism that can use a mix of different Primary nutritional groups sources of energy and carbon . Possible are alternations between phototroph photo and chemotroph y, between lithotroph litho and organotroph y, between autotroph auto and heterotroph y or a combination of it. Mixotrophs can be either eukaryote eukaryotic or prokaryote prokaryotic . ref name Eiler cite journal author Eiler A title Evidence for the Ubiquity of Mixotrophic Bacteria in the Upper Ocean Implications and Consequences journal Appl Environ Microbiol volume 72 issue 12 pages 7431 7 year 2006 month December pmid 17028233 doi 10.1128 AEM.01559 06 pmc 1694265 ref br They can take advantage of different environmental conditions. ref cite journal author Katechakis A, Stibor H title The mixotroph Ochromonas tuberculata may invade and suppress specialist phago and phototroph plankton communities depending on nutrient conditions journal Oecologia volume 148 issue 4 pages 692 701 year 2006 month July pmid 16568278 doi 10.1007 s00442 006 0413 4 ref If a trophic mode is obligate, then it is always necessary for sustaining growth and maintenance if facultative, it can be used as a supplemental source. ref name Eiler Some organisms have incomplete Calvin cycle s, so they are incapable of fixing carbon dioxide and must use organic carbon sources. Examples Paracoccus Paracoccus pantotrophus is a bacterium that can live as chemoorganoheterotroph, whereby a large variety of organic compounds can be metabolized. Also a facultative lithotroph chemolithoautotrophic metabolism is possible, as seen in colorless sulfur bacteria some Thiobacillus , whereby sulfur compounds such as hydrogen sulfide , elemental sulfur , or thiosulfate are oxidized to sulfate. The sulfur compounds serve as electron donors and are consumed to produce adenosine triphosphate ATP . The carbon source for these organisms can be carbon dioxide autotrophy or organic carbon heterotrophy . ref cite book last Libes first Sus ... more details
refimprove date September 2010 Primary nutritional groups are groups of organism s, divided according to the sources of energy and carbon, needed for living, growth and reproduction. The sources of energy can be light and organic or inorganic compounds the sources of carbon can be of organic or inorganic origin. ref Brock Biology of Microorganisms http www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov articlerender.fcgi?artid 1694265&rendertype table&id t1 Definitions of metabolic strategies to obtain carbon and energy ref The terms aerobic respiration , anaerobic respiration and fermentation biochemistry fermentation do not refer to primary nutritional groups, but simply reflect the different use of possible electron acceptors in particular organisms, such as O sub 2 sub in aerobic respiration, or NO sub 3 sub sup sup , SO sub 4 sub sup 2 sup or fumarate in anaerobic respiration, or various metabolic intermediates in fermentation. Because all ATP generating steps in fermentation involve modifications of metabolic intermediates instead of the use of an electron transport chain fermentation is often referred to as substrate level phosphorylation . Primary sources of energy Phototroph s Light is absorbed in Photosynthetic pigment photo receptors and transformed into chemical energy. br Chemotroph s Bond energy is released from a chemical compound . The freed energy is stored as Potential energy Chemical potential energy potential energy in adenosine triphosphate ATP , carbohydrate s, lipid s or protein s. Eventually, the energy is used for life processes as moving, growth and reproduction. Some bacteria can alternate phototrophy and chemotrophy, depending on availability of light. Primary sources of reducing equivalents Organotroph s Organic compounds are used as electron donor . br Lithotroph s Inorganic compounds are used as electron donor. The electron s from reducing equivalent s are needed by both, phototrophs and chemotrophs, to keep running Redox reduction oxidation reactions that tra ... more details
File Auto and heterotrophs.png thumb 300px Overview of cycle between autotroph s and heterotrophs A heterotroph IPA en h t r tro f Polytonic heteros another , different and Polytonic trophe nutrition is an organism that cannot carbon fixation fix carbon and uses organic compound organic carbon for growth. ref cite web url http www.thefreedictionary.com Heterotroph title heterotroph publisher TheFreeDictionary.com ref This contrasts with autotroph s, such as plant s and algae , which can use energy from sunlight photoautotroph s or inorganic compounds lithoautotroph s to produce organic compound s such as carbohydrate s, fat s, and protein s from inorganic carbon dioxide . These reduced carbon compounds can be used as an energy source by the autotroph and provide the energy in food consumed by heterotrophs. Ninety five percent or more of all types of living organisms are heterotrophic. ref name cell http highered.mcgraw hill.com sites dl free 0072965819 415836 rav65819 ch07.pdf How Cells Harvest Energy . McGraw Hill Higher Education. ref Types Heterotrophs can be divided into two broad classes photoheterotroph s and chemotroph chemoheterotrophs . Photoheterotrophs, including most purple bacteria and Chloroflexi green bacteria , produce adenosine triphosphate ATP from light and use organic compounds to build structures. They consume little or none of the energy produced during photosynthesis to reduce nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate NADP sup sup to NADPH for use in the Calvin cycle , as they do not need to use the Calvin cycle if carbohydrates are available in their diets. ref name botany cite book last Mauseth first James D. title Botany an introduction to plant biology year 2008 edition 4th publisher Jones & Bartlett Publishers page 252 url http books.google.com books?id xPLGdYW9t5kC&pg PA252&dq heterotroph fix carbon&cd 2 v onepage&q heterotroph 20fix 20carbon&f false isbn 9780763753450 ref Chemoheterotrophs produce ATP by oxidizing chemic ... more details
For the lunar crater Beijerinck crater NOTOC Infobox scientist name Martinus Beijerinck box width image Mwb in lab.JPG image width 150 px caption birth date birth date March 16, 1851 birth place Amsterdam , Netherlands death date death date January 1, 1931 aged expr 1931 1851 1 3 or 1 3 and 1 16 death place Gorssel , Netherlands residence citizenship nationality ethnicity field Microbiology work institutions Wageningen University br Delft School of Microbiology founder alma mater Leiden University doctoral advisor doctoral students known for Nitrogen cycle br Chemotroph Chemoautotrophy br Virology br Sulfate reducing bacteria br Microbiological culture Bacterial cultivation author abbrev bot author abbrev zoo influences influenced Sergei Winogradsky prizes Leeuwenhoek Medal 1905 religion footnotes Image Former Delft School of Microbiology.jpg thumb The Laboratory of Microbiology in Delft , where Beijerinck worked from 1897 to 1921. Martinus Willem Beijerinck March 16, 1851 January 1, 1931 was a Netherlands Dutch microbiologist and botanist . Born in Amsterdam , Beijerinck studied at the Technical School of Delft, where he was awarded the degree of Chemical Engineer in 1872. He obtained his Doctor of Science degree from the University of Leiden in 1877. ref http www.apsnet.org online feature tobacco Beijerinck1898.pdf Apsnet org online publication ref At the time, Delft, then a Polytechnic, did not have the right to confer doctorates, so Leiden did this for them. He became a teacher in microbiology at the Agricultural School in Wageningen now Wageningen University and later at the Polytechnische Hogeschool Delft Delft Institute of technology Belgium and the Netherlands Polytechnic , currently Delft University of Technology from 1895 . He established the Delft School of Microbiology . His studies of agricultural and industrial microbiology yielded fundamental discoveries in the field of biology . His achievements have been perhaps unfairly overshadowed by those of his ... more details
In biochemistry, chemosynthesis is the biological conversion of one or more carbon molecules usually carbon dioxide or methane and nutrients into organic matter using the oxidation of inorganic molecules e.g. hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide or methane as a source of energy, rather than sunlight, as in photosynthesis . Chemotroph Chemoautotrophs , organism s that obtain carbon through chemosynthesis, are phylogenetically diverse, but groups that include conspicuous or biogeochemically important taxa include the sulfur oxidizing gamma and epsilon proteobacteria, the Aquificae les, the Methanogen ic archaea and the neutrophilic iron oxidizing bacteria. Many microorganisms in dark regions of the oceans also use chemosynthesis to produce biomass from single carbon molecules. Two categories can be distinguished. In the rare sites at which hydrogen molecules H sub 2 sub are available, the energy available from the reaction between CO sub 2 sub and H sub 2 sub leading to production of methane, CH sub 4 sub can be large enough to drive the production of biomass. Alternatively, in most oceanic environments, energy for chemosynthesis derives from reactions in which substances such as hydrogen sulfide or ammonia are oxidized. This may occur with or without the presence of oxygen. Many chemosynthetic microorganisms are consumed by other organisms in the ocean, and symbiosis symbiotic associations between chemosynthesizers and respiring heterotrophs are quite common. Large populations of animals can be supported by chemosynthetic secondary production at hydrothermal vent s, methane clathrate s, cold seep s, and whale fall s. It has been hypothesized that chemosynthesis may support life below the surface of Mars , Jupiter Jupiter s moon Europa moon Europa , and other planets. ref Chela Flores, J. 2000 Terrestrial microbes as candidates for survival on Mars and Europa , in Seckbach, Joseph ed. Journey to Diverse Microbial Worlds Adaptation to Exotic Environments , Springer, pp. 387& ... more details
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