lang la Ceterisparibus or lang la caeteris paribus is a Latin phrase, literally translated as with other ... by ceterisparibus in order to acknowledge, and to rule out, the possibility of other factors ... ref A ceterisparibus assumption is often fundamental to the predictive purpose of scientific inquiry ... with examining a specific causal relationship. Under scientific experiments, the ceterisparibus assumption ... One of the disciplines in which ceterisparibus clauses are most widely used is economics , in which ... constant. For example, it can be predicted that if the price of beef increases &mdash ceterisparibus ..., and thus to assume ceterisparibus is to assume away any interference with the given example. Such factors ... causes, whose wanderings happen to be inconvenient, for the time in a pound called CeterisParibus ... V.V.10 . Two uses The above passage by Marshall highlights two ways in which the ceterisparibus clause ... change, which actually go together. The other use of the ceterisparibus clause is to see it as a means ... the ceterisparibus clause to actually move so slowly relative to the other influence that they can ... ceterisparibus clauses are also important in philosophy , particularly in ethics and moral psychology ... can assert this as an analytic truth only if it is qualified by a ceterisparibus clause &mdash since .... Nevertheless, it seems that when we do add the ceterisparibus qualification, there is at least ... , some philosophers allege that any analysis that depends on a ceterisparibus clause is philosophically ... ways for a statement to be qualified by a ceterisparibus clause some ceterisparibus clauses ..., if I say If the current month is February&mdash ceterisparibus &mdash then it will last only 28 days, then the ceterisparibus clause is added in order to exclude the possibility that it is a leap ... year, one could in principle eliminate the ceterisparibus clause from the analysis by rephrasing ... USD 88 JMD, and a telephone service provider provides coverage at 1.30 per minute, then ceterisparibus ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Technology dividend is an IBM term referring primarily to the lower software costs that accrue, ceteris paribus , when upgrading from one zSeries or System z9 server model to the next generation e.g. from a z990 to a System z9 109 . See also million service units MSUs DEFAULTSORT Technology Dividend Category IBM Compu stub IBM ... more details
Marginal product of capital MPK is the additional Output economics output resulting from the use of an additional unit of Capital economics capital ceteris paribus assuming all other factors are fixed . It equals 1 divided by the Incremental capital output ratio . It is the partial derivative of the production function with respect to capital. See also Production theory basics References Marginal product of labor and capital , Northwestern University class handout http www.math.northwestern.edu clark 232 handouts marginal.pdf Category Investment econ stub ... more details
An economic assessment of the highly controversial issue of body image within the global fashion industry, along the lines of Alfred Marshall s supply demand model. Modelnomics illustrates the tendency for models to gain value by way of salary, from marked losses in weight. The term was first used by fashion writer Lottie Ntim ref http www.fashionalbedo.com 2010 02 fat cest quoi exactement.html ref , to illustrate the tradeoff between a model s self worth and their food intake ref http www.modeldietplan.com ref , following apparent industry aversion to model Coco Rocha s weight gain ref http www.huffingtonpost.com 2010 02 16 coco rocha size 4 im not n 463734.html ref and a call on the Council of Fashion Designers of America CFDA to revise the model sample size ref http www.nydailynews.com lifestyle fashion 2010 02 16 2010 02 16 sick world where size 4 is too fat.html ref ref http www.cfda.com resizing the sample size ref . Graphical Representation Given the competitive nature of the global fashion industry, particularly in relation to model size, price or value of models is ultimately determined by an equalization of food intake required for said models survival and food intake required to remain a viable competitor in the modeling industry. This of course assumes the economic principle of ceteris paribus or, all else being equal, such that the implications of a model s health, metabolism or access to food are considered irrelevant or negligible. The effects of factors such as income may be illustrated via a shift in curves. http 3.bp.blogspot.com u3JBOEsV00Y S3tmGX8MhTI AAAAAAAAEKQ JZTw2 Br EY s1600 h modelnomics.jpg File Modelnomics.jpg The supply curve represents the amount of food intake that industry professionals would permit a model to consume in order to maintain a certain value, ceteris paribus. The demand curve represents the amount of food that models are willing and able to eat in relation to a target value or pay rate, ceteris paribus. Following the law ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Orphan date August 2008 In economics , the Hicks Marshall laws of derived demand assert that, ceteris paribus other things equal , the own wage elasticity economics elasticity of demand for a category of labor is high under the following conditions When the price elasticity of demand for the product being produced is high scale effect . So when final product demand is elastic, an increase in wages will lead to a large change in the quantity of the final product demanded affecting employment greatly. When other factors of production can be easily substituted for the category of labor substitution effect . When the supply of other factors of production is highly elastic that is, usage of other factors of production can be increased without substantially increasing their prices substitution effect . That is, employers cannot easily replace labor as doing so will lead to a large increase in other factor prices making it useless. When the cost of employing the category of labor is a large share of the total costs of production scale effect The Hicks Marshall is named for economists John Hicks from The Theory of Wages , 1932 and Alfred Marshall from Principles of Economics Marshall Principles of Economics , 1890 . DEFAULTSORT Hicks Marshall Laws Of Derived Demand Category Economics laws Econ stub ... more details
of ceterisparibus , i.e. all else being equal . For example, if John was hungry, and John had ... would eat the mashed potatoes, ceterisparibus. Many philosophers Who date July 2008 say that using ceterisparibus makes a statement vacuous because it makes a statement incapable of being disconfirmed ... would eat the honey, ceterisparibus as If Pooh were hungry and had some honey, Pooh would eat the honey, unless he didn t . Jerry Fodor would argue that those philosophers would be defining ceterisparibus in the wrong way. Fodor says that a claim in commonsense psychology relies on ceterisparibus in the same way that any hard science would. Fodor states, For surely Ceterisparibus, a meandering ..., commonsense psychology relies upon its ceterisparibus clauses, so too does geology. Clearly, Fodor ... more details
An ordinary good is a microeconomics microeconomic concept used in consumer theory . It is defined as a Good economics and accounting good which creates increased demand when the price for the good drops or conversely decreased demand if the price for the good increases, ceteris paribus . It is the opposite of a Giffen good . Since the existence of Giffen goods outside the realm of economic theory is still contested, the pairing of Giffen goods with ordinary goods has gotten less traction in economics textbooks than the pairing normal good inferior good used to distinguish responses to income changes. The usage of ordinary good is still useful since it allows a simple representation of price and income changes. A normal good is always ordinary, while an ordinary good can be either normal or inferior. Distinction between income and price effects class wikitable cellspacing 2 colspan 3 align center Income change rowspan 5 bgcolor white colspan 3 align center Price change Normal good Inferior good Ordinary good Giffen good Income up Consumption up Consumption down Price up Consumption down Consumption up Income down Consumption down Consumption up Price down Consumption up Consumption down See also Supply and demand Consumer theory Giffen good Inferior good Normal good Capital good References Hal Varian , Intermediate Microeconomics A Modern Approach, Sixth Edition , chapter 6 Goodtypes Econ stub Category Goods es Bien ordinario ... more details
Sandra D. Mitchell born 1951 is an American philosophy philosopher and History of ideas historian of ideas and professor of the History and Philosophy of Science at the University of Pittsburgh . Her research focuses on the philosophies of biology and the social sciences , and the connection between them. She has worked at the Ohio State University 1985 1989 and University of California, San Diego 1989 1999 , before joining the Department of History and Philosophy of Science in 2000. She has been a fellow at the Center for Interdisciplinary Studies, at the University of Bielefeld 1991 1992 ,the Max Planck Institute for the Study of Societies in Cologne 2004 2005 , the Institute for Advanced Study, Berlin 1993 1994 , and the Max Planck Institute for the History of Science 2010 . Mitchell received a B.A. in philosophy from Pitzer College 1973 , a M.Sc. in Logic, Philosophy and Scientific Method from the London School of Economics 1975 , and a Ph.D. in History and Philosophy of Science from the University of Pittsburgh 1987 . In her more recent articles, she has argued that the search for a unified, reductionist Theory of Everything is futile. Instead, she suggests that the sciences focus on studying the complex correlations between elements and their emergent effects self organization that, as she argues, a strictly reductionist approach is not able to adequately address. ref Die Weltformel ist tot , in Der Spiegel , 2008 05 30 http www.spiegel.de wissenschaft mensch 0,1518,druck 556283,00.html , retrieved 2008 06 22 ref Bibliography 1997 edited with Peter Weingart , Peter Richerson , Sabine Maasen Human by Nature Between Biology and the Social Sciences , Mahwah, New Jersey Lawrence Erlbaum Associates . ISBN 978 0805821543 2002 edited with John Earman , Clark Glymour Ceteris Paribus Laws. Dordrecht, Netherlands Kluwer. ISBN 978 1 4020 1020 0 2003 Biological Complexity and Integrative Pluralism , Cambridge Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9780521817530 2008 Komplexit t ... more details
In the science s, an experimentum crucis English language English crucial experiment or critical experiment is an experiment capable of decisively determining whether or not a particular hypothesis or theory is superior to all other hypotheses or theories whose acceptance is currently widespread in the scientific community. In particular, such an experiment must typically be able to produce a result that rules out all other hypotheses or theories if true, thereby demonstrating that under the conditions of the experiment i.e. , Ceteris paribus under the same external circumstances and for the same input variables within the experiment , those hypotheses and theories are proven false but the experimenter s hypothesis is not ruled out . Francis Bacon in his Novum Organum first described the concept of a situation in which one theory but not others would hold true, using the name instancia crucis the phrase experimentum crucis , denoting the deliberate creation of such a situation for the purpose of testing the rival theories, was later coined by Robert Hooke and then famously used by Isaac Newton . The production of such an experiment is considered necessary for a particular hypothesis or theory to be considered an established part of the body of scientific knowledge. It is not unusual in the history of science for theories to be developed fully before producing a critical experiment. A given theory which is in accordance with known experiment but which has not yet produced a critical experiment is typically considered worthy of exploration in order to discover such an experimental test. Isaac Newton 1687 presented a disproof of Descartes vortex theory of the motion of the planets. ref Isaac Newton 1687 , Principia Mathematica Book iii, Proposition 43, General Scholium and Book ii, Section ix, Proposition 53, as referenced by William Stanley Jevons 1874 , The Principles of Science A Treatise on Logic and Scientific Method p. 517. ref A famous example in the 20th centur ... more details
Social geometry is a theoretical strategy of Sociology sociological explanation , invented by Donald Black , which uses a multi dimensional model to explain variations in the behavior of social life. In Black s own use and application of the idea, social geometry is an instance of Pure sociology Pure Sociology . Variables While social geometry might entail other elements as well or instead , Black s own explanation of the model includes five variable aspects horizontal morphological the extent and frequency of interaction among participants , vertical the unequal distribution of resources , corporate the degree of organization, or of integration of individuals into organizations , cultural the amount and frequency of symbolic expressions , and Norm sociology normative the extent of previously being the target of social control . Black refers to this multi dimensional amalgam as social space . Precursors Each element of Black s model is arguably an extension of part of something earlier in sociology . For example, vertical space is reminiscent of Marxism Marxist concerns, morphological of mile Durkheim , and cultural perhaps of Pierre Bourdieu . However, several aspects of Black s approach differ from those previous theorists. First, they emphasized a largely unidimensional model Marx, for example, emphasized solely economic status and derivatives of it, from base to superstructure while Durkheim and Alfred Weber Weber de emphasized economic differentiation. Second, by including multiple dimensions, Black s model allows for consideration of each variable while holding others constant. That is, the theoretical propositions hold under a condition of ceteris paribus , a probabilistic approach characteristic of science generally and contrary to the general Sociology History cleavage of sociology between purported determinism determinists and those who are anti scientific. Later of Black s work, such as The Elementary Forms of Social Control , utilize multiple dimensions ... more details
In economics, income Elasticity economics elasticity of Supply and demand demand measures the responsiveness of the demand for a good to a change in the income of the people demanding the good, holding all prices constant under the concept of ceteris paribus . It is calculated as the ratio of the percentage change in demand to the percentage change in income. For example, if, in response to a 10 increase in income, the demand for a good increased by 20 , the income elasticity of demand would be 20 10 2. Interpretation Image Income elasticity of demand inferior goods.svg thumb right Inferior good s demand falls as consumer income increases. A negative income elasticity of demand is associated with inferior good s an increase in income will lead to a fall in the demand and may lead to changes to more luxurious substitutes. A positive income elasticity of demand is associated with normal good s an increase in income will lead to a rise in demand. If income elasticity of demand of a commodity is less than 1, it is a necessity good . If the elasticity of demand is greater than 1, it is a luxury good or a superior good . A zero income elasticity or inelastic demand occurs when an increase in income is not associated with a change in the demand of a good. These would be sticky economics sticky goods. Income elasticity of demand can be used as an indicator of industry health, future consumption patterns and as a guide to firms investment decisions. For example, the selected income elasticities below suggest that an increasing portion of consumer s budgets will be devoted to purchasing automobiles and restaurant meals and a smaller share to tobacco and margarine. ref Frank, Robert 2008 .p. 125 ref Mathematical definition math epsilon d frac mbox change in quantity demanded mbox change in real income math More formally, the income elasticity of demand, math epsilon d math , for a given Marshallian demand function math Q I, vec P math for a good is math epsilon d frac partial ... more details
Advertising elasticity of demand or simply advertising elasticity , often shortened to AED is an elasticity economics elasticity measuring the effect of an increase or decrease in advertising on a market. ref name PindyckRubinfeldPage405to407 Pindyck Rubinfeld 2001 . pp.405 407. ref ref name Png66 Although traditionally considered as being positively related, demand for the good that is subject of the advertising campaign can be inversely related to the amount spent if the advertising is negative. Definition Good advertising will result in a positive shift in demand for a good. AED is used to measure the effectiveness of this strategy in increasing demand versus its cost. ref name Curran Mathematically, then, AED measures the percentage change in the quantity of a good demanded induced by a given percentage change in spending on advertising in that sector ref name Curran Curran 1999 . pp.182 183. ref math AED frac mbox change in quantity demanded mbox change in spending on advertising frac Delta Q d Q d Delta A A math In other words, the percentage by which sales will increase after a 1 increase in advertising expenditure assuming all other factors remain equal ceteris paribus . ref name Png66 AED is usually positive. ref name Curran Negative advertising may, however, result in a negative AED. Applications AED can be used to make sure advertising expenses are in line, though an increase in demand may not be the only desired outcome of advertising. ref name Curran The rule of thumb combines the AED with a known price elasticity of demand PED for the same good. The optimal relationship is denoted by ref name PindyckRubinfeldPage405to407 math frac mbox Advertising expenditure mbox Sales revenue frac AED PED mbox or, symbolically, frac A P.Q frac E A E P math In words, to maximize profit, the firm s advertising to sales ratio should be equal to minus the ratio of the advertising and price elasticities of demand. ref name PindyckRubinfeldPage405to407 As noted by Pindyck ... more details
to do so. Increase in price An increase in price ceterisparibus will result in an increase in demand ... s instead, ceterisparibus assuming that potatoes from different farms are homogenous See also list ... more details
increases ceterisparibus the demand curve will shift out. If the proportion of consumers with a strong preference for a good increases ceterisparibus the demand for the good will change. Finally ... more details
Letter NumberCombination CO CQ BP DP wiktionary CP TOCright Cp , CP , cp or cP may refer to Cp C SUB p SUB , a process capability index Mallows Cp , a statistic used in model selection Capensinidin , an anthocyanidin Cariyapitaka , a canonical Buddhist story collection Cassiopium chem. symbol Cp , a name formerly used for the chem. element Lutetium in German chemical literature Lutetium History see Cp was also a proposed symbol for Copernicium accepted abbreviation is Cn Ceteris paribus , a Latin phrase Counterpart disambiguation , a equivalent to something. Cyclopentadienyl ligand , for which cyclopentadiene is a precursor Specific heat capacity at constant pressure C sub p sub or c sub p sub Compare , Latin compara compare. shorter OED, 5th edition . Pressure coefficient CP Biology and Medicine Cerebellum pons , referred to in combination in the cerebellopontine angle CP angle , a fluid filled space in the head below the cerebellum Cerebral palsy , a brain disorder Chronic prostatitis , a prostate disease Certified Prosthetist Ceruloplasmin , a gene Cicatricial Pemphigoid , a blistering disease Congenital prosopagnosia Control Pause duration of breath control using Buteyko method Creatine phosphate Science and technology Specific Heat , the amount of heat to raise an amount of substance by a certain temperature. Candlepower , a measure of luminous intensity Cape Photographic Durchmusterung Carnivorous plant Cathodic protection An IBM mainframe central processor Chlorinated paraffins Chloroplast Circuit Probe, a method of wafer testing Cleaner production Clock pulse or clock signal , a pulse width modulation digital signal in a circuit Code page Complementizer phrase in linguistics Complex projective space , an abstract space in mathematics Component Pascal Conceptual physics , a non mathematical approach to studying physics Conditional proof Constraint programming Control panel disambiguation IBM s CP CMS operating system or the equivalent component of VM CP viola ... more details
Wealth elasticity of demand in microeconomics is the proportional change in the consumption of a good economics good relative to a change in consumers Wealth economics wealth as distinct from changes in personal income Meaning in economics and use in economic theory income . Measuring and accounting for the variability in this Elasticity economics elasticity is a continuing problem in behavioral finance and consumer theory . Definition The wealth Elasticity economics elasticity of consumption quantity for some good will determine the size of the expenditure shift due to unexpected changes in net personal wealth, ceteris paribus i.e. the size of the so called wealth effect for a given good . This is analogous to the definition of the income effect from the income elasticity of demand , or the substitution effect from the price elasticity. The measure of wealth is mostly taken to be total personal realizable wealth at market prices, liquid or not Wealth cash balances government Bond finance bonds housing equity stock s other asset s debt Some economists say that bonds are simply a loan from the government and that they are not considered on the aggregate to be part of net wealth. Generally, the wealth change is measured in real terms. It may seem obvious that an unanticipated windfall will lead to greater consumption and that a fiscal loss will have the opposite effect. However, when the stock markets crashed in April 2000 wiping out 2.1 trillion in nominal investor wealth U.S. household consumption did not drop substantially. Some researchers have tried to resolve this difficulty by redefining wealth as the stable underlying value of assets, which doesn t change with asset values, although this raises other questions of consumer rationality . Macroeconomic implications Most researchers calculate the wealth effect in real terms, so a deflation in consumer price index price levels will increase personal wealth on average because the total wealth in society is positive, ... more details
The Wealth and Poverty of Nations ISBN 0 393 04017 8 , published in 1998 with an epilogue added to the 1999 paperback edition , is a book by David Landes , currently Emeritus Professor of Economics and former Coolidge Professor of History at Harvard University. In it, Landes explains the European Miracle , or why European societies experienced a period of explosive growth when the rest of the world did not. In doing so, he revives, at least in part, several theories he believes have been unfairly discarded by academics over the last 40 years. Among them The cultural thesis or Protestant work ethic of Max Weber The Hydraulic empire hydraulic thesis or Oriental Despotism thesis of Karl A. Wittfogel The climate thesis that posits that tropical climes are, ceteris paribus , poor candidates for development. Many of the theories of Adam Smith , whose Wealth of Nations is borrowed from for the title. But this does not necessarily mean a doctrinaire neoclassical economics neoclassicism , as Landes notes that comparative advantage can change over time, and also that developed countries, contrary to neoclassical theory, typically developed in an environment of protectionism against foreign trade. He also spends a good deal of time in the effort to debunk claims that this miracle did not happen, was not significant, or was financed by European colonialism. In short, he argues that the vast economic growth of Industrial Revolution was no accident that several qualities of Europe its climate, political competition, attitude towards science and religion, etc and especially certain countries in Europe firstly England , but also to an extent the Netherlands , with other countries left to copy their advances with varying degrees of success Criticism and response Critics have charged Landes with Eurocentrism in his analysis, a charge which Landes himself does not deny in fact, he embraces it explicitly, arguing that an explanation for an economic miracle that happened originally only ... more details
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