Unreferenced date March 2007 Certainty dablink A related article is titled Uncertainty . dablink For statistical certainty, see Probability . Certainty can be defined as either a perfect knowledge that has total security from error, or b the mental state of being without doubt . Objectively defined, certainty ... Cartesian philosophy seeks this state. Citation needed date May 2008 It is widely held that certainty ... , etc. . ref cite book last Peat first F. David authorlink F. David Peat title From Certainty ... that certainty, in real life, is useless or often damaging the idea is that total security from error ..., however, he changed the argument to I think, I exist this then became his first certainty. Ludwig Wittgenstein 20th century On Certainty is a series of notes made by Ludwig Wittgenstein just ... claim can be doubted but certainty is possible in a framework. The function propositions serve in language ... cite web url http www.sparknotes.com philosophy wittgenstein section4.rhtml title On Certainty authorlink Ludwig Wittgenstein first Ludwig last Wittgenstein publisher SparkNotes ref Degrees of certainty ... M. Krauss suggests that identifying degrees of certainty is under appreciated in various domains ... different degrees of certainty and politicians are not always aware of or do not make it clear how much certainty we are working with. ref edge.com s question center, SHAs cognitive tools, http www.edge.org q2011 q11 6.html ref Rudolph Carnap viewed certainty as a matter of degree degrees of certainty which could be objectivity philosophy objectively measured, with degree one being certainty. Bayesian analysis derives degrees of certainty which are interpreted as a measure of Subjectivity subjective ... of certainty . These standards of evidence ascend as follows no credible evidence, some credible evidence ... , they may be avoided. Quotes cquote2 Doubt is not a pleasant condition, but certainty is absurd ... Franklin cquote2 There is no such thing as absolute certainty, but there is assurance sufficient ... more details
Wittgenstein On Certainty ber Gewi heit is a philosophy philosophical book composed from the notes written by Ludwig Wittgenstein just prior to his death. Some of the notes were left at the home of G. E. M. Anscombe , who later compiled the notes into a book. The book s concerns are largely epistemology epistemological , its main theme being that there are some things which must be exempt from doubt in order for human practices to be possible i.e. doubt being a practice as well . The book takes as its starting point the here is a hand argument made by G. E. Moore and examines the place of claims to know in our knowledge. Another important point is his claim that all doubt is embedded into underlying beliefs and therefore that the most radical forms of doubt must be rejected since they form a contradiction within the system that expressed them. Wittgenstein also provides a novel refutation of various forms of philosophical skepticism . The book was published posthumously in 1969 from notebooks written in the last two years of his life. See also Here is a hand Philosophical Investigations Philosophical skepticism External links http budni.by.ru oncertainty.html On Certainty translation by Denis Paul and G. E. M. Anscombe skepticism Category Analytic philosophy literature Category Philosophy books Category Unfinished books Category Books by Ludwig Wittgenstein philo book stub de ber Gewi heit fr De la certitude fi Varmuudesta ... more details
Legal certainty is a principle of jurisprudence which holds that legal rules must be clear and precise, in order that legal subject s can be sure as to the demands the law makes of them. DEFAULTSORT Legal Certainty Category Legal doctrines and principles law stub ... more details
notability Music date January 2010 Certainty Kills is an EP released by My American Heart in 2003. Track listing Tracklisting title1 Search and Rescue 4 01 title2 Busses & Blogs title3 Maps Around Texas title4 Fate title5 Certainty Kills Different versions than the self titled EP DEFAULTSORT Certainty Kills Ep Category My American Heart albums Category 2003 EPs ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Terrible Certainty Type studio Artist Kreator Cover Terrible certainty.jpg Released October, 1987 Recorded 1987 br Horus Studio, br Hannover, Germany Genre Thrash metal Length 35 39 Label Noise Records Germany Noise Records Producer Roy Rowland Reviews Allmusic Rating 4.5 5 Allmusic class album id r11226 pure url yes link Last album Flag of Hate br 1986 This album Terrible Certainty br 1987 Next album Out of the Dark ... Into the Light br 1988 Terrible Certainty is the third studio album by thrash metal band Kreator released in 1987 through Noise Records Germany Noise Records . It was released on cd, cassette, black vinyl, and as a limited edition red vinyl. Track listing Blind Faith 4 07 Storming with Menace 4 26 Terrible Certainty 4 29 As the World Burns 3 50 Toxic Trace 5 33 No Escape 5 01 One of Us 4 00 Behind the Mirror Kreator song Behind the Mirror 4 34 Impossible to Cure 2 39 Lambs to the Slaughter Raven band Raven cover 3 35 Terrible Certainty live 5 29 Riot of Violence live 5 40 Awakening of the Gods live 7 14 Tracks 9 13 are bonus tracks from the remastered version. They are taken from the Out of the Dark ... Into the Light EP. Credits Mille Petrozza Singing vocals , guitar J rg Tritze Trzebiatowski guitar Roberto Rob Fioretti bass guitar J rgen Reil J rgen Ventor Reil Drum kit drums , vocals on As the World Burns Recorded and mixed at Horus Studio, Hannover , Germany Produced by Roy Rowland Mastered at Studio Nord, Bremen , Germany Cover painting by Phil Lawvere External links http www.kreator terrorzone.de site index.php?s id 2&lang en&detail 3 Kreator Terrorzone Terrible Certainty Kreator Category Kreator albums Category 1987 albums Category Noise Records albums de Terrible Certainty es Terrible Certainty fr Terrible Certainty it Terrible Certainty no Terrible Certainty pl Terrible Certainty pt Terrible Certainty ru Terrible Certainty fi Terrible Certainty ... more details
Moral certainty is a concept of intuitive probability . It means a very high degree of probability, sufficient for action, but short of absolute or mathematical certainty. The concept stems from a statement in Aristotle s Nicomachean Ethics that one must be content with the kind of certainty appropriate to different subject matters, so that in practical decisions one cannot expect the certainty of mathematics. The Latin phrase moralis certitudo was used in this sense by the France French philosopher Jean Gerson about 1400. The Oxford English Dictionary mentions occurrences in English from 1637. In law, it has been associated with verdicts based on certainty beyond a reasonable doubt . References J. Franklin, The Science of Conjecture Evidence and Probability Before Pascal Johns Hopkins University Press, 2001 , ch. 4 External links http dictionary.law.com default2.asp?selected 1281&bold 7C 7C 7C 7C Legal definition of moral certainty http www.cbc.ca ideas episodes 2010 02 17 and the moral of the story is cd And the moral of the story is... , on the dangers of moral certainty. Ideas radio show Ideas , CBC Radio 1. February 17, 2010. Category conjectures philosophy stub ... more details
Degrees of Certainty may refer to Rudolf Carnap Bayesian analysis Confidence Interval disambiguation Short pages monitor This long comment was added to the page to prevent it being listed on Special Shortpages. It and the accompanying monitoring template were generated via Template Longcomment. Please do not remove the monitor template without removing the comment as well. ... more details
Infobox film name The Certainty of Man image image size caption director producer writer narrator starring Charlotte Burton br Sydney Ayres br Chick Morrison Charles Morrison br Jack Richardson actor Jack Richardson br Vivian Rich br Harry von Meter music cinematography editing distributor Mutual Film released April 1, 1914 runtime country FilmUS language Silent film br English intertitles The Certainty of Man is a 1914 in film 1914 American silent film silent short film short drama film starring Charlotte Burton , Sydney Ayres , Chick Morrison Charles Morrison , Jack Richardson actor Jack Richardson , Vivian Rich and Harry von Meter . Cast Sydney Ayres as Fred, a cock sure deputy sheriff Charles Morrison as Davis, the Sheriff Jack Richardson as Allen, the Geologist Harry von Meter as Pennington the postmaster Vivian Rich as Lucille, Pennington s ward Charlotte Burton as Mary, Lucille s mother External links imdb title id 0428311 DEFAULTSORT Certainty of Man, The Category 1910s drama films Category 1914 films Category American drama films Category American short films Category American silent films Category Black and white films short silent film stub ... more details
one source date December 2010 Certainty effect refers to the psychological effect resulted from the reduction of probability from certainty to probable Kahneman & Tversky, 1986 ref name Tversky & Kahneman, 1986 http www.cog.brown.edu courses cg195 pdf files fall07 Kahneman 26Tversky1986.pdf , Tversky, A., & Kahneman, D. 1986 . Rational Choice and the Framing of Decisions. The Journal of Business , 59 , S251 S278. ref . It is an idea introduced in prospect theory . Normally a reduction in probability of winning a reward e.g. reduce from 80 to 20 of chance of winning a reward creates psychological effect such as displeasure to individuals, which leads to the perception of loss from the original probability thus favoring a risk aversion decision. However, the same reduction results in larger psychological effect when it is done from certainty than from uncertainty. Example Kahneman and Tversky 1986 illustrated the pseudocertainty effect by the following examples. First, consider this example Which of the following options do you prefer? A. a sure gain of 30 B. 80 chance to win 45 and 20 chance to win nothing In this case, 78 of participants chose option A while only 22 chose option B. This is the typical risk aversion phenomenon in prospect theory and framing effect . Now, consider this problem Which of the following options do you prefer? C. 25 chance to win 30 and 75 chance to win nothing D. 20 chance to win 45 and 80 chance to win nothing In this case, 42 of participants chose option C while 58 chose option D. Compare to the first problem, while the amount of reward remains the same, there is a reduction in probability of 75 in the first option and 80 in the second option. However, individuals show a greater preference in the second option in the second problem while there is actually a greater reduction of probability. See also Pseudocertainty effect Framing effect Prospect ... Reference Reflist DEFAULTSORT Certainty Effect Category Risk Category Cognitive biases ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Misled by Certainty Type studio Artist Cephalic Carnage Cover MisledbyCertainty.jpg Released August 31, 2010 Recorded Flatline Audio in Denver, Colorado ref name puregrain http puregrainaudio.com news cephalic carnage misled by certainty studio footage posted online Cephalic Carnage Post Misled By Certainty Studio Footage Online puregrainaudio.com. 2010 09 08. Retrieved on 2010 09 20. ref Genre Deathgrind Length 53 35 Label Relapse Records Relapse Producer Dave Otero ref name puregrain Last album Xenosapien br 2008 This album Misled by Certainty br 2010 Next album Misled by Certainty is the sixth studio album by the Colorado based deathgrind band Cephalic Carnage . The album was released on August 31, 2010, via Relapse Records , and had 1300 copies sold in the United States in its first week, appearing at the 24 position on Billboard Heatseekers . ref name Firstweek http www.roadrunnerrecords.com blabbermouth.net news.aspx?mode Article&newsitemID 145719 Cephalic Carnage Misled By Certainty First Week Sales Revealed blabbermouth.net. 2010 09 08. Retrieved on 2010 09 20. ref This is the first album with Brian Hopp as a guitarist. ref http www.roadrunnerrecords.com blabbermouth.net news.aspx?mode Article&newsitemID 142589 Cephalic Carnage Announces New Guitarist blabbermouth.net. 2010 07 05. Retrieved on 2010 09 20. ref In support of this album, Cephalic Carnage toured Europe during September and October 2010 for this tour, called the Initiation of the Misled European Tour 2010 , Cephalic Carnage performed alongside Ion Dissonance , Hour of Penance , and Dyscarnate . ref name Firstweek Four vlogs of the recording process for this album have been posted online. ref name bravewords http www.roadrunnerrecords.com blabbermouth.net news.aspx?mode Article&newsitemID 147770 Cephalic Carnage More Footage From The Studio Posted Online blabbermouth.net. 2010 10 15. Retrieved on 2010 11 23. ref A video was released for The Incorrigible ... more details
Essay like date March 2009 No footnotes date March 2009 Hadith collections Reality of Certainty Arabic Haqq al Yaqeen is a Shi a Twelver hadith collection authored by the major Shia hadith scholar Allamah al Majlisi Allamah Mohammad Baqir Majlisi in the 16th century. ref http www.almuntazar.com view.php?article 138&PHPSESSID 0992cd8b0eceff605950c8b34cc5d4ea ref It is a major secondary source of hadiths, which elaborates on hadith drawn from primary sources compiled centuries earlier such as al Kafi and Man la yahduruhu al Faqih Man Yadhuru l Faqih . Most of the primary Shia hadith collections are from the 10th and 11th centuries CE, and the secondary ones are either from the late Mongol era 14th century or the Safavid era 16th 17th centuries . Haqq al Yaqeen has been criticized by some Shi a in the words Haqq al Yaqeen has many weak narrators, none of the Hadith scholars have graded their narration as Sahih Citation needed date April 2007 . However, aside from the weak narrators, it also has many strong ones, and it is a well researched book and contains more or less complete chains of narration, which many earlier books including the Sunni collections of Sahih Bukhari Bukhari and Sahih Muslim Muslim tend to omit. From the Shia point of view, all hadiths books have at least a few weak narrators, since they were compiled by fallible people, therefore having weak narrators does not invalidate the whole book because hadiths are to be individually graded on their authenticity. As proof, the narrators of the hadiths were obviously not the ones who got to decide what book they were placed in centuries later by scholars like Majlisi. Citation needed date March 2009 Content Some hadiths related to the Shi a view of Umar Hadiths related to Islamic ethics and the central beliefs of Islam Hadiths with practical advice on living life in accordance with Islamic law Sharia See also List of Shi a books References References DEFAULTSORT Reality Of Certainty Category Shi a hadith collections ... more details
unreferenced date February 2008 In law , the substantial certainty doctrine is the assumption of intent even if the actor did not intend the result, but knew with substantial certainty the effect would occur as a result of his action. DEFAULTSORT Substantial Certainty Doctrine Category Legal doctrines and principles law term stub ... more details
Certainty in English contract law set out rules for how judges will interpret, sever or put contracts into effect. If the terms of the contract are uncertain or incomplete, the parties cannot have reached an agreement in the eyes of the law. ref Fry v Barnes 1953 2 D.L.R. 817 B.C.S.C ref An agreement to agree does not constitute a contract, and an inability to agree on key issues, which may include such things as Contract price price or safety, may cause the entire contract to fail. However, a court will attempt to give effect to commercial contracts where possible, by construing a reasonable construction of the contract. ref Hillas and Co Ltd v Arcos Ltd 1932 147 LT 503 ref Courts may also look to external standards, which are either mentioned explicitly in the contract ref Whitlock v Brew 1968 118 CLR 445 ref or implied by common practice in a certain field. ref Three Rivers Trading Co Ltd v Gwinear & District Farmers Ltd 1967 111 Sol. J. 831 ref In addition, the court may also imply a term if price is excluded, the court may imply a reasonable price, with the exception of land, and second hand goods, which are unique. If there are uncertain or incomplete clauses in the contract, and all options in resolving its true meaning have failed, it may be possible to sever and void just those affected clauses if the contract includes a severability clause . The test of whether a clause is severable is an objective test whether a reasonable person would see the contract standing even without the clause. see also Contra proferentem Failure to specify subject matters Mercantile Credits Ltd v Harry 1969 2 NSWR 248 Certainty of terms Hillas & Co v Arcos Ltd 1932 UKHL 2 Sale of Goods Act 1979 , s.8 2 , 9 Brown v Gould 1972 Ch 53 Sudbrook Trading Estate Ltd v Eggleton 1983 1 AC 444 Nicolene Ltd v Simmons 1953 1QB 543 Agreement to agree May & Butcher v The King 1934 2 KB 17 Foley v Classique Coaches Ltd 1934 2 KB 1 Agreement to negotiate Walford v Miles 1992 2 AC 128 Pitt v PHH Asset ... more details
gives the external religion its true meaning and the domain of faith its real values. Certainty al yaq n , comprises three degrees. Stages Ilm al yaq n the knowledge of Certainty The first degree is referred to by the name ilm al yaq n the knowledge of Certainty , which means that Certainty is the result of knowledge. At this degree the object of Certainty is knowledge just as the aim of knowledge is Certainty. Both together are in the soul uniquely, such that Certainty is the first degree of spiritual ... of nature at the gnostic level. Ayn al yaq n the Eye of Certainty The second degree of yaq n is what one calls in Sufi terms ayn al yaq n the Eye of Certainty , that is, Certainty as a consequence of contemplation and vision. At this level, the object of Certainty is present in front of the gnostic ... of knowledge , and that is the second aspect of Certainty in the spiritual way and in liberating ... men. This particular degree of spiritual Certainty is the result of divine theophanies of Attributes ... at the level of gnosis. Haqq al yaq n the total reality of Certainty Finally, the last degree of yaq n is called haqq a1 yaq n the total reality of Certainty , that is, Certainty as supreme truth. Here, Certainty has a particular coloring it is the fruit of an all embracing experience because the object of Certainty is identical to the one who is experiencing it, knowledge being transformed into actual ... journey. This high degree of Sufi Certainty is the effect of the Emanation of the divine Theophanies ... more details
Summary IT IS a certainty that the first to use the BICEPHALOUS EAGLE Two Headed Eagle were the LASCARIS EMPERORS who adopted it as their Emblem from a figure hewn out of the stone wall of a Hittite fortress in Asia Minor Licensing PD release ... more details
Wiktionary Freshness may refer to the condition of being fresh Post harvest freshness Freshness cryptography certainty that replayed messages in a replay attack on a protocol will be detected as such disambig Long comment to avoid being listed on short pages ... more details
about the Chinese string instrument Yazheng Chinese manufactured Yaqin Tube Valve audio equipment YaqinAudio Yaqin is the Arabic word for certainty , or that which is certain . In Islamic context, it refers mainly to total belief, without any doubt, of Allah as the only god and almighty. External links http www.thewaytotruth.org heart yakin.html The Way to Truth Yaqin Certainty Category Islamic theology Islam stub ... more details
Summary Information Description A McKelvey diagram , a graphical representation of mineral resource classification with respect to economics and geologic certainty Source US Geological Survey Circular 831, p.5 Date 1980 Author US Geological Survey Permission US federal government other versions Licensing PD USGov USGS ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Conceptual necessity is a property of the certainty with which a state of affairs, as presented by a certain description, occurs it occurs by conceptual necessity if and only if it occurs just by virtue of the meaning of the description. If someone is a bachelor, for instance, then he is bound to be unmarried by conceptual necessity, because the meaning of the word bachelor determines that he is. Alternatively, there is metaphysical necessity , which is a certainty determined, not by the meaning of a description, but instead by facts in the world described. See also Modal logic Analytic synthetic distinction philosophy stub Category Modal logic Category Necessity Category Concepts ... more details
album cover fur REQUIRED Article Misled by Certainty Use Infobox HIGHLY RECOMMENDED Source http 1.bp.blogspot.com cCb TWkMWo TH17IGVtr I AAAAAAAACU8 tx6CnoWYU18 s1600 folder.jpg ADDITIONAL INFORMATION Name Misled by Certainty Artist Cephalic Carnage Label Relapse Records Graphic Artist Item Type Website Owner Commentary OVERRIDE FIELDS Description Portion Low resolution The copy is of sufficient resolution for commentary and identification but lower resolution than the original cover. Copies made from it will be of inferior quality, unsuitable as artwork on pirate versions or other uses that would compete with the commercial purpose of the original artwork. Purpose Album infobox Replaceability other information Non free album cover ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Pinara Greek language Greek polytonic was an ancient city of Cilicia , in Asia Minor now in Turkey , mentioned by Pliny the Elder H.N. , v. 22 . Its present location has not been established with certainty. References SmithDGRG coord missing Turkey Category Cilicia Category Ancient Greek sites in Turkey Category Former populated places in Turkey ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 Pinara Greek language Greek polytonic was an ancient city in Pieria Syria Pieria , Syria mentioned by Ptolemy Geography , v. 15. 12 . Its present location is not known with certainty but is likely to be in Hatay Province , Turkey . References SmithDGRG coord missing Turkey Category Ancient Greek sites in Turkey Category Pieria Syria Category Former populated places in Turkey ... more details
Information Description Port of Ayan, on the Sea of Okhotsk, in the early 1900s Source Taken from the book by N.I.Ulaev http nelkan.ru Predislov.htm Date Sometime in the beginning of the 20th century Author On the cover page Ulaev acknowledges 5 photographers whose pictures were published in his book. Though the author of this photo can not be identified with certainty, it was taken at the time of the Russian Empire and therefore is in the Public Domain. Permission PD RusEmpire ... more details
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