For horseshoes, see Caulkin . For the process used in computer game level creation Caulking computer games Caulking is a term used to describe several different processes to seal mechanical seal joints or seams in various structures and certain types of piping. The oldest form of caulking is used to make ... sewer sewerage water pipe pipe . Caulking is also the term to describe the process used to make ... water , air , dust , insect s, or as a component in firestop ping. In the tunnelling industry, caulking ... . Marine use Wooden ship caulking Image Caulking tools.jpg thumb right The tools of traditional wooden ship caulkingcaulking mallet, caulker s seat, caulking irons, cotton and oakum. File MaryRose caulking tools2.JPG right thumb A caulking mallet, tar pot and a piece of petrified tar found on board the 16th century carrack Mary Rose . Traditional caulking also spelled calking on wooden vessels ... shaped seam between planks, with a caulking mallet and a broad chisel like tool called a caulking iron . The caulking is then covered over with a putty , in the case of hull seams, or else in deck .... Iron or steel ship caulking In riveted steel or iron ship construction, caulking was a process of rendering ... 2001 10 09. ref Originally done by hand much like wooden vessel caulking, pneumatic tools were later employed. With the advent of electric arc welding for ship construction, steel ship caulking ...&pg SL3 PA9 v onepage&q ref Building construction Image Caulking, USAF.jpg right thumb Man putting caulk on baseboard Image Caulking.jpg thumb right Silicone caulking extruded from a caulking gun Caulk calk can refer either to the caulking substance or to the process of applying it. Caulking .... The function of caulking is to provide thermal insulation, control water penetration and noise ... into a pistol like caulking gun opening at the side or barrel gun opening at the end for application ... in wide, deep joints, a backer rod made of plastic foam can be pressed into the gap before caulking ... more details
Orphan date February 2008 Unreferenced date February 2008 Caulking is a process used in video game level creation editing or Level design mapping for the generation of a level, or map , that when compiled is less demanding for the computer s graphics card to Scanline rendering render in game than it would be otherwise. A surface that is marked with caulk is not drawn in game, and is commonly shown as bright pink within the map editor. The term is most commonly used when editing maps with GtkRadiant Radiant and Valve Hammer Editor Hammer variants. Inevitably, certain sides of some objects e.g., walls in a game scene will never be visible to the player during normal play. The person making the map can apply the caulk texture mapping texture , instead of a normal texture, to these surfaces when building the map. The surfaces become invisible in game ref http q3map2.everyonelookbusy.net shader manual ch4.htm nodraw Q3Map2 Shader Manual Q3Map2 Specific Surface Parameter Shader Keywords ref and if Compiler compiled into a Binary Space Partitioning File or BSP file format BSP Level they will also not be added to the list of Leaves or Convex polygon convex Polygon computer graphics polygons . The resulting reduction of polygons and textures used in the video game level reduces the required Video card Graphics Card resources, possibly making the map smoother to play. In the case that a surface which was not meant to be visible inadvertently becomes visible, possibly due to a mapping error, some game engines support drawing caulked surfaces using flat shading . The conscientious mapper will caulk every side of every building block or Brush video game brush in a map that will never be seen by the player. This is easily done by caulking all sides of a new brush by default, and then by only applying normal textures to those sides that will be seen in the game. References references videogame software stub Category Video game development ... more details
Paye or PAYE may refer to Paye, an archaic term for caulking PAYE , Pay As You Earn taxation PAYE, Pay As You Enter, a description of a bus on which the driver collects the fares disambig ... more details
For the disambiguation page Packing disambiguation Packing is the process and or the materials used in filling both Penetrant service Penetration firestop penetrations and Joint building building joints with backer materials as approved components within a firestop . gallery Image Ceramic fibre nelson clk installation.jpg Ceramic fibre used as packing to support firestop silicone caulking. Image Pack seal 1.jpg Canned service penetration about to be firestopped. Image Pack seal 2.jpg Packing being installed. Image Pack seal 3.jpg Firestop caulking being applied. Image Pack seal 4.jpg Firestop has been tagged to identify certification information, thus enabling proper Maintenance, repair and operations maintenance . gallery Purpose Packing with inherently fire resistive materials, such as rockwool or ceramic fibre is intended to protect sealant s that would, on their own, be consumed by the fire . Lesser packing, such as foam backer rod or fibreglass are used simply to hold up materials that can survive fire test ing on their own. In both cases, the packing is placed in such a way as to control the exact depth of the materials that top off the seal. Special care Proper packing is particularly important with self leveling sealants. If the packing is not tight enough, the expensive caulking will drip out of the Penetration firestop hole . If the packing surface is not straight enough, the thickness of the caulking will be wrong. If firestopping takes place on plumbing Piping pipe s that have not yet been tested, packing can move the pipes and interfere with the plumbing. It is thus important for the work to be co ordinated between plumbers and firestoppers. See also Firestop Mineral wool Annulus firestop Penetration firestop Fire test Passive fire protection Sealant Caulking Annulus firestop External links http www.freepatentsonline.com EP0733384.html Packing as used in a patented firestop product patent http www.grainger.com Grainger wwg productIndex.shtml?originalVal ... more details
Summary Structural steel in construction A primed steel beam is holding up the floor above, which consists of a metal deck Q Deck , upon which a concrete slab has been poured. The masonry wall to the right stops short of the deck and is joined to the deck with a firestop system, consisting of stuffed rockwool and silicone caulking, in a manner consistent with the bounding requirements of passive fire protection . Once the firestopping is complete, fireproofing of the beam and the deck may follow. Licensing PD self date October 2006 ... more details
clenched according to some sources . Caulking The Bevaix boat presents a very distinctive caulking ... of Europe . It was observed that caulking was consistently present between all the planks of the boat ... in turn was held by a wooden lath that was secured with thousands of little caulking nails, inserted ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 taxobox name Moronobea regnum Plant ae unranked divisio Angiosperms unranked classis Eudicots unranked ordo Rosids ordo Malpighiales familia Clusiaceae subfamilia Clusioideae tribus Moronobeeae genus Moronobea genus authority Jean Baptiste Christophore Fus e Aublet Aubl. subdivision ranks Species subdivision Moronobea coccinea Moronobea intermedia Moronobea jenmanii Moronobea ptaritepuiana Moronobea riparia etc. Moronobea is a plant genus of the family biology family Clusiaceae . They are glabrous medium to large trees with yellow latex . The genus comprises 7 species , native to South America , 5 of which are in Venezuela . The resinous latex of Moronobea coccinea and Moronobea riparia has been widely used by Amerindian s for caulking , as a Mastic filler compound mastic , and burned as a source of light. Category Clusiaceae Clusiaceae stub es Moronobea pt Moronobea ... more details
unreferenced article date July 2008 Mortite putty is a type of putty that consists of titanium dioxide as its main ingredient. The putty has a specific gravity of 1.34, and has the characteristics of being pliable, off white and giving off very little odor. The material stays soft and pliable for an extended period of time. Mortite putty can be used as caulking around conventional windows installed in conventional wooden or metal frames see glazing . It is also used as a form for epoxy work, since epoxy does not adhere to this material. Mortite putty has also been applied to the metallic structure supporting the magnet for a dynamic speaker to cut unwanted resonance of the metal structure, leading to improved speaker performance. It has also been used as a sonic damping material in sensitive phonograph components. chemistry stub Category Plastics ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2009 In building construction , window capping also referred to as window cladding and window wrapping refers to the application of one material over another to provide a weather proof layer, intended to control the wikt infiltration infiltration of weather elements. Window capping should provide a weather proof cap that protects the original materials. The capping application must serve to safely direct water away from the original under lying wood material and prevent infiltration of water into the window structure. Cladding applied to exterior window and door casing brick moulding and their associated parts is often referred to as window capping or window cladding. This sort of capping is typically applied in order to eliminate the need to re paint and maintain wood windows. An added benefit is that aluminum capping helps to prevent further catastrophic wood rot by protecting the wood from standing water and snow. An experienced, knowledgeable and conscientious capping contractor will be skilled in the use of modern caulking and sealant materials. It is critical that the installer understand the relationship between moisture and water infiltration and the long term integrity of the material that the cladding has been applied over. Capping and caulking materials work in tandem to protect the wood beneath them. A sill that has been clad should provide an obvious drip cap or drip control function. This will serve to direct water away from the wall surface directly underneath the sill. The leading edge of the sill must be the lowest point on the sill to ensure that water does not wick back up into the wood sill material. An experienced capping contractor should be able to advise you regarding flashing leakages and how they relate to structural wall damage. Window capping may provide a marginal increase in energy efficiency by decreasing the potential for drafts by providing an extra barrier between the exterior and the interior. The most com ... more details
Unreferenced date March 2011 Image Pamlicorivermap.png right 300px The Tar River is a river that is approximately 346 kilometers 215 miles long, of northeast North Carolina flowing generally southeast to an estuary of Pamlico Sound . The Tar River becomes the tidal Pamlico River once it underpasses the U.S. Route 17 U.S. Highway 17 Bridge in Washington, North Carolina . North Carolina was originally a naval stores colony that is, the blanket of long leaf pines that covered the coastal plain was used by the British Navy for ships masts and the pine pitch was used to manufacture tar caulking for vessels. The river derives its name from its historic use as a major route for tar laden barges as they headed to the sea. The city of Tarboro is on the banks of the river. Image Floyd Tar River Flooding.jpg thumb left 300px Flooding in 1999 File Tar River at Greenville North Carolina.JPG 300px thumb left Tar River in Greenville, North Carolina Greenville Among the towns and cities along its course are Louisburg, North Carolina Louisburg , Rocky Mount, North Carolina Rocky Mount , Tarboro, North Carolina Tarboro , and Greenville, North Carolina Greenville . The village of Old Sparta was formerly an important riverport on the Tar, but has declined in the 20th century. The river was strongly affected by Hurricane Floyd in 1999 and caused much flooding in the area. The Tar River suffered the worst flooding from the hurricane, exceeding 500 year flood levels along its lower stretches it crested 24 feet 7.3 m above flood stage. When the river flooded in 1999, the height in Greenville was approximately 30ft. There is also a Tar River in Montserrat , West Indies , a river Tar in Ireland ,and a Tar River in south Kyrgyzstan . External links GNIS 1024343 Tar River coord 35 33 9 N 77 5 5 W display title Category Rivers of North Carolina NorthCarolina geo stub de Tar River ru ... more details
Tumescence is the quality or state of being tumescent or swollen. This swelling includes expanding foam and expanding caulk. http www.romawaterproofing.com ?p fire caulking Tumescence usually refers to the normal engorgement with blood vascular congestion of the erectile tissue s, marking sexual excitation and possible readiness for sexual activity . The tumescent sexual organ in men is the penis and in women is the clitoris . Regularly, men who experience erectile dysfunction are given a nocturnal penile tumescence NPT test, usually over a three day period. Such a test detects the presence of an erection occurring during sleep using either 1 a small, portable computer connected to two bands placed around the shaft of the penis which records penile tumescence, or 2 a band of paper tape with perforations like postage stamp s that is fit snugly around the shaft of the penis and will break at the perforations during penile tumescence. The goal of nocturnal penile tumescence testing is to determine whether a man can experience an erection while sleeping after reporting he is unable to experience an erection while awake. If a man does obtain an erection while sleep sleeping , but cannot obtain one while awake, a psychology psychological cause or a medication side effect is usually suspected. Otherwise, if a man does not obtain an erection in either state, a physiology physiological cause is usually suspected. Detumescence Detumescence is the reversal of this process, by which blood leaves the erectile tissue, returning to the flaccid state. ref Bella Anthony J, Lue Tom F, Chapter 38. Male Sexual Dysfunction Chapter . Tanagho EA, McAninch JW Smith s General Urology, 17e http www.accessmedicine.com content.aspx?aID 3130825. ref External links http www2.rz.hu berlin.de sexology ECE1 tumescence.html The Female Response Humboldt Universit t zu Berlin http www2.rz.hu berlin.de sexology ECE1 excitement1.html The Male Response Humboldt Universit t zu Berlin References Reflist Ca ... more details
Spackling paste is typically used to fill holes, small cracks and other minor surface defects in wood , drywall , and plaster . Three versions of spackling paste are currently on today s market 1. regular paste heavy 2. lightweight 3. lightbodied somewhat a combination between heavy and light . Trademark Spackle is a registered trademark of the Muralo Company, located in Bayonne, New Jersey . The original dry powder product to be mixed with water by the user was brought to market in 1927 then patented and trademarked in 1928. The word spackle has since become a genericized trademark applied in the United States to a variety of household hole filling products. The first written appearance of the generic use of the word spackle was around 1940. ref cite web url http www.merriam webster.com dictionary spackle title Merriam Webster Online. & 39 spackle & 39 publisher Merriam webster.com date 2007 04 25 accessdate 2010 01 12 ref Some observers think that the product name was itself derived from the German word spachtel , meaning putty knife or filler . Other possible derivations include shpaklevat Russian to fill holes with putty or caulk , szpachla Polish spatula or putty knife and spaklieven Yiddish to fill in small holes in plaster. See also Caulking Putty Home repair Joint compound Plastering References refs External links http www.muralo.com products spackle patch repair.php Muralo Spackle official website material stub product stub Category Home improvement Category Building materials Category Plastering de Spachtelmasse pl Szpachl wka ru sv Spackelf rg ... more details
Infobox Union Please include all unused fields for future use. See template talk Infobox Union for usage. name AWIU country United States , Canada affiliation AFL CIO , Canadian Labour Congress CLC members full name International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers native name image Image AWIU logo.png founded current head dissolved date dissolved state merged into office Lanham, Maryland , United States people James A. Grogan , president website http www.insulators.org www.insulators.org footnotes The International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Allied Workers AWIU or Insulators is a trade union in the United States and Canada . It is affiliated with the AFL CIO and the Canadian Labour Congress . The union was formerly known as the International Association of Heat and Frost Insulators and Asbestos Workers , but the name was changed to reflect a symbolic new direction away from the hazards of exposure to asbestos . One of the major jobs of the members of the union has long been the safe removal of hazardous asbestos containing materials, which were previously used in many construction products, such as Building insulation insulation , adhesive s, Caulking caulks , and flooring tile s. External links http www.insulators.org Official website Coord 38 57 4 N 76 50 20 W region US Portal Organized labour AFL CIO Canadian Labour Congress Category AFL CIO Category Canadian Labour Congress Category Building and construction trade unions NorthAm trade union stub ... more details
Infobox Company company name DAP Products Inc. type Subsidiary parent RPM International foundation 1957 location Baltimore , Maryland industry Home Repair and Construction Products DAP Products Inc. is a manufacturer of latex caulk , silicone sealants, contact cements, construction adhesives, glues, glazings, and spacklings. DAP Products Inc. is an operating company of RPM International Inc. RPM International Inc., a holding company, manufactures coatings, sealants and specialty chemicals. History DAP traces its roots back to 1865, when Robert H. Dicks and Elmer Wiggim began producing sealing wax for food canning out of Dicks s garage in Dayton, Ohio. In those days before refrigeration and commercially prepared foods, canning was a general practice. In 1906, Dicks bought out Wiggim and joined with George Pontius, incorporating their partnership in 1913 as the Dicks Pontius Company. When Robert Dicks died, his son John entered the business and expanded it to include putty and caulk manufacturing in bulk form. In the 1940 s and 50 s the Dicks Pontius Company began selling caulks and sealants in disposable cartridges. Through the 1950 s, the company grew through several acquisitions, including a merger with the Chicago based Armstrong Company in 1957. The resulting entity was renamed Dicks Armstrong Pontius, which was eventually shortened to the brand name DAP. In 1964, DAP developed the first latex caulking compounds followed with acrylic latex technology in 1970. DAP began offering silicone sealants in the mid 1980 s. In the 90 s, the Plastic Wood brand became DAP products. DAP acquired Phenoseal in 2004 and Custom Building Products ready mix repair products in 2006. DAP has five manufacturing or distribution facilities in the United States of America, Mexico and Canada that service North America and the world. External links http www.dap.com default.aspx Company Homepage http www.rpminc.com Parent Company Homepage Category 1865 establishments ... more details
Multiple issues notability June 2009 primarysources June 2009 orphan December 2010 A jerky gun is a small hand held Home appliance kitchen appliance that is used to form raw ground meat into thin strips or round sticks. These thin raw meat strips and sticks are then typically dehydrated into Jerky food jerky via a food dehydrator or home oven. The size of the raw meat strips discharged from a jerky gun are typically 1 8 to 1 4 inch thick by up to 1 inch wide while the raw meat sticks are usually 1 2 inch in diameter. A jerky gun is similar to a caulking gun in appearance, size, equipment parts and manner of use. A jerky gun basically consists of four major parts br A tube or barrel that raw ground meat is loaded into, br A press or stomper that is used to push the raw ground meat towards the extrusion end of tube thereby eliminating air pockets within the tube, br A trigger or handle that is depressed to create force and propel the raw meat through the end of the tube and br Nozzles that attach on the end of the tube and form thin strips or round stick shapes as the raw meat is expelled. References http www.food dehydrator.com food dehydrator resource center what is a jerky gun.aspx What is a Jerky Gun? http www.dehydratorbook.com jerky gun.html Jerky Gun Recipe and Video MacKenzie, Jennifer Nutt, Jay Mercer, Don. 2009 . The Dehydrator Bible . Robert Rose , Inc. Category Home appliances Category Food preparation appliances ... more details
Green retrofit , home energy retrofit , home retrofit , ref name EERE http apps1.eere.energy.gov news news detail.cfm news id 15561 ref Deep energy retrofit and home performance retrofit ref name homenergy.org http www.homeenergy.org article preview.php?id 314&article title Anatomy of a Home Performance Retrofit ref are terms with overlapping meaning for retrofit s that ensure the maintenance and preservation of buildings and the continued operation and maintenance of Efficient energy use energy efficiency technologies. ref name HUD http portal.hud.gov portal page portal RECOVERY programs GREEN ref The meaning ranges from steps home owners can do themselves ref name GHG http greenhomeguide.com know how article green retrofit checklist ref to buying up distressed properties and making them certifiably green. ref name KUOW http www.kuow.org program.php?id 19324 ref In the United States, the DOE issued a solicitation for 390 million for a Retrofit Ramp Up program. ref name EERE Simple steps Steps home owners can do themselves include the following ref name GHG Switching to compact fluorescent light bulb s Programmable thermostat s Plugging air leaks with weather stripping and caulking . This is what inspired the name HOME STAR Cash for caulkers in the United States. Tuning up heating system heating and HVAC cooling HVAC systems. Choosing appliances with low energy consumption. In the United States, this is certified by the Energy Star . Reducing water use by installing Faucet aerator aerator s and low flow showerhead s Switching to green power , including solar energy Using low VOC products to improve indoor air quality Planting native plant s and other appropriate landscaping measures. See also HOME STAR References references External links http www.cpuc.ca.gov NR rdonlyres B7966556 0F2D 4306 9B08 2D8F891ADFA3 0 ResidentialWholeHouseProgramDesign 0701draft.pdf Residential Sector Designing a prescriptive whole house retrofit program , Michael Wheeler, California Public ... more details
The defecating proctogram is an imaging study performed by a radiologist in which the mechanics of a patient s defecation are visualized in real time using a fluoroscope . ref http www.bristolsurgery.com article.aspx?articleid 100709 Defecating proctogram from Bristol Laparoscopic Surgery ref History Defecating proctography is a technique first pioneered in 1945 during the World War II. Due to a rash outbreak of whipworm , which is known to cause rectal prolapse , defecating proctography gained popularity during this time. ref http www.fascrs.org patients conditions pelvic floor dysfunction ASCRS Pelvic Floor Dysfunction ref It has since become the gold standard for diagnosis of any of a number of rectal contractility disorders, including anismus . Since then, however, it has fallen out of favor due to inadequate training in the technique, and it is now only performed at a few select institutions around the country. Many radiology residents affectionately refer to the procedure as the Def Proc , Defogram , or Stool Finale . Technique In females, pre procedural preparation involves smearing a small amount of barium contrast in the vagina with careful avoidance of the rectum. This can often prove to be somewhat challenging in certain body habitus individuals. The technique itself involves insertion of a Caulking caulk gun device into the rectum with subsequent manual infusion of barium paste until there is adequate distension. The patient is then transferred to a portable plastic commode which is situated next to an x ray camera with recording of the defecation. Positioning of the x ray camera is of paramount importance as visualization of the buttocks, rectal vault and lower pelvis is mandatory. More recent techniques involve the use of advanced, cross sectional imaging modalities such as magnetic resonance imaging . ref http www.youtube.com watch?v tPGzmLxhLjU MRI Defecating Proctogram ref Using MRI for this is considered by many to be an outrageous waste of medical ... more details
. For instance, a two hour rated pipe penetration firestop may consist of a 5 mm layer of caulking ... of the caulking provides a two hour fire resistance rating, generically, regardless of the application ... Inoperable firestop made of self leveling intumescent caulking applied in a wall at Grand Coulee ... caulking that should be 13mm thick this thickness varies from 1mm to 30mm because the packing below is uneven. Image How clusterf.jpg HOW Joint with uneven silicone caulking thickness, smeared into place ... urethane caulking could otherwise come in contact with hot steel and autoignite on the unexposed side ... mortar, re sealing using intumescent firestop caulking for fire test proven compatibility between mortar and caulking in the same certification listing. Image Putty reentry.jpg Fire test preparation ... the mortar and an intumescent caulking and an intumescent putty . This provides some variety to a building ... more details
Image Drev och drevj rn samt tr klubba 004.jpg thumb Oakum and tools for caulking. Image Hennepvezel Cannabis sativa fibre.jpg thumb Hemp. File Coldbath fields oakum room mayhew p301.jpg thumb Prisoners picking oakum at Coldbath Fields Prison in London. Oakum is a preparation of tar red fibre used in shipbuilding , for caulking or packing the joints of timbers in wooden vessels and the deck planking of iron and steel ships, as well as cast iron plumbing applications. Oakum was at one time recycling recycled from old tarry ropes and cordage , which were painstakingly unraveled and taken apart into fiber this task of picking and preparation was a common penal occupation in prison s and Poor Law workhouse s. In modern times, the fibrous material used in oakum is derived from virgin hemp or jute . The fibers are impregnated with tar or a tar like substance, traditionally pine tar also called Stockholm tar , an amber colored pitch resin pitch made from pine sap. Petroleum byproducts can be utilized for a tar like substance that can also be used for modern oakum. White oakum is made from untarred material. History The word oakum is derived from Middle English okome , from Old English cumba , from separative and perfective prefix cumba akin to Old English camb comb literally off combings . Picking oakum was a common occupation in Victorian times in British prisons and workhouses. In 1862, girls under 16 at Tothill Fields Bridewell had to pick 1 pound a day, and boys under 16 had to pick 1.5 pounds. ref name Mayhew citation title The criminal prisons of London, and scenes of prison life Volume 3 of The great metropolis first1 Henry last1 Mayhew first2 John last2 Binny publisher Griffin, Bohn & Co year 1862 url http books.google.co.uk books?id TGAJAAAAQAAJ&pg PA477 page 477 ref Over the age of 16, girls and boys had to pick 1.5 pounds and 2 pounds per day respectively. ref name Mayhew The oakum was sold for 4 10s Inflation UK 4.5 1864 in modern money per ... more details
Image One tonne challenge.jpg thumb 200px One Tonne Challenge Logo portal Energy The One Tonne Challenge was a challenge presented by the Politics of Canada Government of Canada in March 2004 for Canada Canadian s to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions by one tonne each year. The figure represents 20 of total greenhouse gas output by Canadians and aimed to help the country reach its Kyoto Protocol emission reduction targets. The Liberal Government under Jean Chr tien and Paul Martin approved over 45 million dollars to fund the program from 2003 to 2006. ref http www.ec.gc.ca ae ve default.asp?lang En&n E0530F2A 1 Audit and Evaluation Evaluation of the One Tonne Challenge Program Bot generated title ref To promote this program, the government had placed television and Printing print advertisement ads featuring comedian Rick Mercer . In one commercial, he describes Canadians as wanting to take the challenge. C mon... we re Canadian... we re up for a challenge Image One tonne challenge giveaways.jpg thumb A magnet with a temperature indictator given to high school students as promotional giveaways. The government urges Canadians to do such things as Take public transit more often. Idle vehicles less. Use programmable thermostat s. Seal windows with caulking and weather stripping. Home composting Compost organic kitchen waste. Support green energy. Water and energy conservation. Purchase electronics that are labelled with Energy Star logo. Recycling . The program has received a lukewarm reception from the public, having been criticized as ineffective and wasteful. It has been mocked in a This Hour Has 22 Minutes skit. This program was started by Liberal Party of Canada . However, as of the election of Stephen Harper s Conservative Government, the One Tonne Challenge had been scrapped. An alternative online version produced by the http www.pembina.org Pembina Institute can be found at http www.onelesstonne.ca One Tonne Challenge See also Air pollution Chlorofluorocarbo ... more details
otheruses Unreferenced date August 2007 Image Caroline pontet p1000527.jpg thumb 300px Pistol grip on right of the SIG SG 550 protruding Image New42.jpg thumb 300px Pistol grip rifle stock on a Finland Finnish M39 Mosin Nagant Image M44 Mosin.JPG thumb 300px Straight or English stock non pistol grip on a M44 Mosin Nagant On a firearm or other tool, the pistol grip is that portion of the mechanism that is held by the hand and orients the hand in a natural forward, vertical orientation, similar to the position one would take with a conventional pistol such as the M1911 pistol M1911 . For firearms, the pistol grip is generally used by the hand that operates the trigger firearms trigger . Rifle s and shotgun s without pistol grips are generally referred to as having straight or upland shotguns only style stock firearm stock s. Some firearms such as the Thompson sub machinegun have a forward pistol grip which is used to stabilize the firearm in operation. The pistol grip often serves multiple functions such as a Magazine firearm magazine housing , bipod, or tool storage. In some firearms, like the Finnish light machine gun KK 62 , the pistol grip is also used as a handle to charge the weapon. Pistol grips are a defining feature in United States firearms law . A forward pistol grip on a pistol is restricted. Pistol grips which protruded below the weapon and not as a portion of a conventional rifle or shotgun stock are currently regulated in some states and was regulated by the now expired Federal assault weapons ban . Tools with pistol grips run the range from hand saw s to pneumatic nailers. Often the word gun appears in the name of pistol gripped tools such as the glue gun , caulking gun and nail gun . A number of tools, like firearms, have a forward pistol grip. Drill s and grinder s often include this feature for added control. One of the reasons the pistol grip style is so common in machinery is because it is possible to ergonomically position controls for ease of th ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2007 A ship chandler is a retail dealer in special supplies or equipment for ship s. For traditional sailing ship s items that could be found in a chandler might include rosin , turpentine , tar , pitch resin , linseed oil , whale oil , tallow , lard , varnish , twine , Rope rope and cordage , hemp , oakum , tool s hatchet, axe, hammer, chisel, planes, lantern , nail, spike, boat hook, caulking iron, hand pump, marlinspike , brooms, mops, galley supplies, leather goods , and paper . The ship chandlery business was central to the existence and the social and political dynamics of ports and their waterfront areas. ref Stinchcombe, Arthur L. 1995 Sugar Island Slavery in the Age of Enlightenment The Political Economy of the Caribbean World Princeton University Press, Princeton New jersey, pages 311 318, ISBN 0 691 02995 4 ref Today s chandlers deal more in goods typical for fuel powered commercial ships, such as oil tankers, container ship s, bulk carrier s. They supply the crew s food, ships maintenance supplies, cleaning compounds, paint, rope, et cetera. The advantage of a ship s crew using a chandler is that they do not have to find stores in the town they have landed in, nor hold that local currency assuming they are let out of the dock compound by the immigration authorities. Typically, the ship owner has a line of credit with the chandler and is billed for anything delivered to the crew of his ship. The chandler is supplied by merchants local to his location. Their distinguishing feature is the high level of service demanded and the short time required to fill and deliver their special orders. Because commercial ships discharge and turn around quickly, delay is expensive and the services of a dependable ship chandler are urgent. Because these contracts are so lucrative, the practice developed among ship chandlers to rebate to ships officers approximately 5 of the invoice price of the ships stores billed to the vessel, to encourage repea ... more details
Image Sprinkler branch penetration.jpg thumb fire sprinkler system Sprinkler branch pipe material pipe through penetration with plastic Sleeve construction sleeve missing firestop in concrete fire separation. The branch pipe is a penetrant, as is the plastic sleeve, which is a code violation if left in place, unless allowed by the certification listing with a firestop that permits such sleeving to be left in place. The space between the sleeve and the pipe is the annulus or annular space The Annulus , or annular space , is the space between a penetrant and whatever surrounds it, such as the sides of an opening or a Sleeve construction sleeve , as the case may be. Sometimes an annulus can be offset , meaning that the penetrant is not centred. If the firestop was fire test tested only to a perfectly centred opening, an offset may disqualify it for use in the field. In practical terms, an offset penetrant or annulus may very well present an added degree of difficulty for passing the fire test . A metal lic sleeve as well as a metallic penetrant will conduct heat through the firestop. Insulation on the bottom of floor systems or in the middle of wall systems, as is the case with caulking or paint based soft systems, will encourage more heat to travel through the sleeve and the penetrant, which can put more stress on the seal on the unexposed side. In the case of a thin below 4 Mortar firestop firestop mortar , there is also more potential hazard from tight annular spacing because metal expands during the fire, thus squeezing the firestop only to rapidly shrink when hit with the hose stream test, which can let water through, thus failing the H Fire resistance rating rating in Canada or the entire rating in the US, where hose stream testing is mandatory. Such a failure may no longer be visible once the test assembly has reached ambient temperatures again. For all these considerations, the annular space is a critical aspect of field approvals. External links External examp ... more details
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