In the solid state physics of semiconductor s, carriergeneration and recombination are processes by which mobile charge carrier semiconductor charge carrier s electron s and electron hole s are created and eliminated. Carriergeneration and recombination processes are fundamental to the operation of many ... . Generation and recombination processes Carriergeneration and recombination result from interaction ... n junction diode s. The electron hole pair is the fundamental unit of generation and recombination ... an electron hole that can flow as current exactly like a physical charged particle. Carriergeneration ... band. In a material at thermal equilibrium generation and recombination are balanced, so that the net Charge carriers in semiconductors charge carrier density remains constant. The equilibrium carrier ... differences in momentum between the carriers, and so this process is the dominant generation and recombination ... diode s. Auger recombination The energy is given to a third carrier, which is excited to a higher energy level without moving to another energy band. After the interaction, the third carrier normally ... band, producing two mobile carriers while recombination describes processes by which a conduction ... or lost energy must take some other form, and the form of energy distinguishes various types of generation and recombination File diffusion center.gif thumb 350px right The following image shows change ... Generation rate cm3 at the center of an intrinsic semiconductor bar. Electrons have higher diffusion ... bandgap materials under conditions of very low charge carrier density carrier densities very low ... deep level trap s. Photon exchange During radiative recombination , a form of spontaneous emission ... recombination is significant only in direct bandgap materials. When photons are present in the material ... stimulate a recombination event, resulting in a generated photon with similar properties to the one ..., it is normally only significant in non equilibrium conditions when the carrier density is very high ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2007 GenerationRecombination noise , or g r noise , is a type of electrical signal noise caused statistically by the fluctuation of the generation and Carriergeneration and recombinationrecombination of electrons in semiconductor based photon detectors. See also Noise Noise audio residual low level hiss or hum Noise electronic related to electronic circuitry. Noise figure the ratio of the output noise power to attributable thermal noise. Signal noise in science, fluctuations in the signal being received. Thermal noise sets a fundamental lower limit to what can be measured. Weighting filter ITU R 468 noise weighting A weighting List of noise topics science stub Category Noise ... more details
wiktionary recombinationRecombination may refer to Recombination biology , the process by which genetic material is broken and joined to other genetic material Recombination physics , in semiconductors, the elimination of mobile charge carriers electrons and holes Crossover genetic algorithm , also called recombination Plasma recombination , the formation of neutral atoms from the capture of free electrons by the cations in a plasma Recombination cosmology , the time at which protons and electrons formed neutral hydrogen in the timeline of the Big Bang Recombination chemistry , the opposite of dissociation, or disambig ar ca Recombinaci cs Rekombinace fr Recombinaison he hu Rekombin ci egy rtelm s t lap ja pl Rekombinacja ru sv Rekombination zh ... more details
Unreferenced stub auto yes date December 2009 Dissociative recombination is a process where a positive molecular ion recombines with an electron, and as a result, the neutral molecule dissociates. This reaction is important for extraterrestrial and atmospheric chemistry. On Earth , dissociative recombination is practically non existent, as free electrons would react with any molecule even neutral molecules they encounter. Even in the best laboratory conditions, dissociative recombination is hard to observe. In astrophysics , dissociative recombination is one of the main paths via which molecules are broken down, and other molecules are formed. The existence of dissociative recombination is possible due to the vacuum of the interstellar medium . A typical example of dissociative recombination in astrophysics is math CH 3 e rightarrow CH 2 H math DEFAULTSORT Dissociative Recombination Category Astrophysics Chem stub Astronomy stub fr Recombinaison dissociative nl Dissociatieve recombinatie ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2008 Plasma recombination is a process by which ion s of a Plasma physics plasma capture the free energetic electron s to form new neutral atom s. Recombination usually take place in the whole volume of a plasma volume recombination , although in some cases it is confined to some special region of it. Each kind of reaction is called a recombining mode and their individual rates are strongly affected by the properties of the plasma such as its energy heat , density of each species, pressure and temperature of the surrounding environment. Especially volume recombination is a very unlikely process at pressures below 1× 10 sup 4 sup Pa because of the conservation of energy and momentum. A third body is needed to satisfy the conservation laws. If the volume of the plasma is confined by a body the walls play the role of the third body. So recombination mostly occurs at the walls. Hydrogen recombination modes are of vital importance in the development of divertor regions for tokamak reactors. In fact they will provide a good way for extracting the energy produced in the core of the plasma. At the present time, it is believed that the most likely plasma losses observed in the recombining region are due to two different modes electron ion recombination EIR and molecular activated recombination MAR . physics stub Category Plasma physics Recombination, plasma ... more details
Ectopic recombination is the Genetic recombinationrecombination between sequences like Leucine leu2 sequences present at different genomic locations. ref Meiotic Gene conversion Gene Conversion and Crossing Over Between Dispersed Homologous Sequences Occurs Frequently in Saccharomyces cerevisiae . Genetics 115 233 246 February, 1987 .Michael Lichten, Rhona H. Borts and James E. Haber ref reference reflist genetics stub Category Cellular processes Category Molecular genetics ... more details
Recombination hotspots are small regions in the genome of sexually reproducing organisms that exhibit highly elevated rates of meiotic Genetic recombinationrecombination . The peak recombination rate within hotspots can be hundreds or thousands of times that of the surrounding region. ref Jeffreys, A.J., Kauppi, L., & Neumann, R., Intensely punctate meiotic recombination in the class II region of the major histocompatibility complex. , Nature Genetics 29, 217 222 2001 ref The PRDM9 protein is suspected to be a cause of hotspots. All hotspots so far characterized share similar morphology and are approximately 1.5 to 2.0 base pair Length measurements kb in width, which suggests a common causal process. Furthermore, recent studies have used patterns in linkage disequilibrium to identify over 25,000 hotspots in the human genome , ref Myers S., Bottolo L., Freeman C., McVean G. and Donnelly P., A Fine Scale Map of Recombination Rates and Hotspots Across the Human Genome , Science, Vol. 310. no. 5746, pp. 321 324 2005 ref suggesting that hotspots are a ubiquitous feature of the genome. See also Evolution Further reading http www.ox.ac.uk media news stories 2005 050211.html Researchers find surprising difference between human and chimp genomes Despite 99 DNA similarity between humans and our nearest relative, chimpanzees, the locations of DNA swapping between chromosomes, known as recombination hotspots, are almost entirely different. The surprising finding is reported in a paper published in 2005 in Science by Oxford University statisticians and US and Dutch geneticists. http biology.plosjournals.org perlserv?request get document&doi 10.1371 journal.pbio.0020190 What s so hot about recombination hotspots? A primer on recombination hotspots by Jody Hey in PLoS Biology References Reflist Category Molecular genetics Genetics stub de Hotspot Genetik ... more details
Genetic recombination is a process by which a molecule of nucleic acid usually DNA , but can also be RNA is broken and then joined to a different one. Recombination can occur between Homology biology similar molecules of DNA, as in homologous recombination , or dissimilar molecules, as in non homologous end joining . Recombination is a common method of DNA repair in both bacteria and eukaryotes . In eukaryotes, recombination also occurs in meiosis , where it facilitates chromosomal crossover . The crossover ... immune system , a type of genetic recombination called V D J recombination helps immune cells ... recombination is thought to have many advantages, as it is a major engine of genetic variation ... manner. In genetic engineering , recombination can also refer to artificial and deliberate recombination of disparate pieces of DNA, often from different organisms, creating what is called recombinant DNA . A prime example of such a use of genetic recombination is gene targeting , which ... on genetic recombination are also applied in protein engineering to develop new proteins of biological interest. Genetic recombination is catalysis catalyzed by many different enzyme s, called recombinase ... recombination, whereas the DMC1 gene DMC1 protein is specific to meiotic recombination. Chromosomal ... of crossing over 1916 Chromosomal crossover refers to recombination between the paired chromosome ... ref Because recombination can occur with small probability at any location along chromosome, the recombination frequency frequency of recombination between two locations depends on their distance ... this method to infer the presence of certain genes. Genes that typically stay together during recombination ... causing gene. ref Cite web title Access Excellence work Crossing over Genetic Recombination publisher ... been recorded in fungal crosses. ref Stacey, K. A. 1994. Recombination. In Kendrew John, Lawrence ... recombination main Non homologous end joining Recombination can occur between DNA sequences ... more details
Physical cosmology In cosmology , recombination refers to the epoch astronomy epoch at which charged ... hydrogen atom s. ref group nb Note that the term recombination is a misnomer, considering that it represents ... in the universe, which leads to recombination sometimes being called photon decoupling , although recombination ... observe today as cosmic microwave background radiation . Recombination occurred when the universe was roughly 360,000 years old, or at a redshift of z val 1100 . Derivation of recombination epoch It is possible to find a rough estimate of the redshift of the recombination epoch, starting by considering that during the era preceding recombination, the photons were primarily coupled to matter ... . math ref Ryden 2003 , p. 158. ref Solving this equation for a 50 percent ionization yields a recombination ... or 0.3 eV. ref Longair 2006 , p. 279. ref A different statement of this is that recombination ... relied on the assumptions of thermodynamic equilibrium and recombination directly to the ground state of hydrogen, each of which simplifies the calculation but also modifies the result. Recombination to an excited state of hydrogen means that recombination proceeds more slowly than that predicted ... of recombination yields a value closer to z val 1100 . ref Galli et al. 2008 , p.1. ref Impact Prior to recombination, photons were not able to freely travel through the universe ... causes a loss of information, and there is therefore a photon barrier at a redshift near that of recombination .... ref Longair 2006 , p. 280. ref Once recombination had occurred, however, the mean free path of photons greatly increased due to the lower number of free electrons. Shortly after recombination, the photon ..., recombination is closely associated with the last scattering surface, which is the name for the last ... for the baryon to photon ratio and matter density, recombination and photon decoupling need not have ... cite journal author Galli, S. Bean, R. Melchiorri, A. Silk, J. title Delayed recombination and cosmic ... more details
Image HR in meiosis.svg thumb 275px alt Depiction of chromosome 1 after undergoing homologous recombination in meiosis Figure 1. During meiosis , homologous recombination can produce new combinations of genes ... 1 human chromosome 1 . Homologous recombination is a type of genetic recombination in which nucleotide ... as double strand breaks. Homologous recombination also produces new combinations of DNA sequences ... location New York year 2002 page 845 chapter Chapter 5 DNA Replication, Repair, and Recombination chapterurl ... 48122761 57023651 69932405 ref Homologous recombination is also used in horizontal gene transfer ... homologous recombination varies widely among different organisms and cell types, most forms involve ... molecules. Depending on how the two junctions are cut by enzyme s, the type of homologous recombination that occurs in meiosis results in either chromosomal crossover or non crossover. Homologous recombination ... the damaged DNA molecule as it existed before the double strand break. Homologous recombination ... recombination in protist s a diverse group of eukaryotic microorganisms has been interpreted ... homologous recombination are topics of active research. Homologous recombination is also ... of gene targeting techniques that rely on homologous recombination was the subject of the 2007 ... recombination, and gene mapping last1 Lobo first1 I last2 Shaw first2 K journal Nature Education volume 1 issue 1 year 2008 url http www.nature.com scitable topicpage thomas hunt morgan genetic recombination ... later called recombination could also occur in somatic cell s like white blood cell s and skin cell ... of genetic recombination, which is more similar to sexual reproduction. This work established E ... 2010 ref Building on studies in Fungus fungi , in 1964 Robin Holliday proposed a model for recombination ... Repairing a double strand chromosome break by homologous recombination revisiting Robin Holliday s model ... a model now known as the Homologous recombination DSBR pathway DSBR pathway , which accounted ... more details
for people named CarrierCarrier surname wiktionary Carriercarrier carriers Carrier may refer to TOC right Science Carrier wave , a waveform suitable for modulation by an information bearing signal Charge carrier , an unbound particle carrying an electric charge a mathematical Set mathematics Set over which an algebraic structure is defined Carrier protein , a protein that facilitates the transport of another molecule a Catalyst or other intermediary in a chemical reaction Asymptomatic carrier , an organism infected with an infectious disease agent, but displaying no symptoms Genetic carrier , an organism that has inherited a genetic trait or mutation, but displaying no symptoms Disease carrier disambiguation in medicine Gestational carrier , a surrogate mother Technology Carrier recovery in telecommunications Lathe carrier , a device that transfers motion to a workpiece NO CARRIER , a text ... to a remote party Carrier, a free instant messaging client based on Pidgin software Ethnography and geography Carrier is the English name for the Dakelh , an indigenous First Nations people of British Columbia, Canada Carrier language , the Athabaskan language of the Dakelh people Carrier, Oklahoma , a town in Garfield County, Oklahoma, United States The Carrier Dome , a multi sport, domed athletic facility in Syracuse, New York, named for the Carrier Corporation Commerce Carrier bearer , a person who carries objects for others Wireless carrier , an organization that operates a wireless network for mobile phones Common carrier , an organization that transports a product or service using its facilities, or those of other carriers, and offers its services to the general public Carrier Corporation ..., named after its founder, Willis CarrierCarrier is used to mean a Telephone company that provides ... products and solutions for worldwide telecommunication businesses Mail carrier , a postal worker Entertainment Carrier video game Carrier video game , a 2000 video game for the Sega Dreamcast Carrier ... more details
unreferenced date April 2009 NO CARRIER capitalized is a text message transmitted from a modem to its attached device typically a computer , indicating the modem is not or no longer connected to a remote system. NO CARRIER is a response message that is defined in the Hayes command set . Due to the popularity of Hayes modems during the heyday of dial up connectivity, most other modem manufacturers supported the Hayes command set. For this reason, the NO CARRIER message was ubiquitously understood to mean that one was no longer connected to a remote system. Carrier tone Carrier tone redirects to this heading. Please update accordingly. A carrier tone is an audio carrier wave carrier signal used by two modems to suppress echo cancellation and establish a baseline frequency for communication. When ... transmitting a carrier tone. If it does not receive data from the calling modem within a set ... line before it initiates data transmission. If it does not receive a carrier tone within a set amount of time, it will disconnect the phone line and issues the NO CARRIER message. The actual data is transmitted from the answering modem to the calling modem via modulation of the carrier. Practical meaning The NO CARRIER message is issued by a modem for any of the following reasons A dial ATD ..., the specific implementation involves modulating on other than the audio carrier particularly on digital modems that connect via ISDN or cellular networks , the message NO CARRIER remains consistent for the sake of compatibility. Image Linux NO CARRIER.png thumb NO CARRIER status message of an ethernet network interface being up but with no cable plugged in Linux s network stack uses the NO CARRIER ... in. As Internet slang The NO CARRIER message can be used at the end of a sentence for humorous ... want to suppress. Alternatively, it may imply they were simply a victim of bad luck. The NO CARRIER .... Hey Wait Don t pick up the ph & &NO CARRIER This joke anachronism anachronistically continues ... more details
primarysources date November 2010 for the punk band The Carrier band Deleted image removed Image TheCarrier.jpg 300px thumb right The Carrier. Art by Bryan Hitch . The Carrier is the fictional base of operations ... character biography It is known that the Carrier was originally a trading ship, used to travel ... origins remain unknown. The Carrier was parked in Earth orbit some time in the past and remained dormant ... 1999 onwards. The Carrier exists in orbit around the Earth but at the same time continuously sails ... any two points in space, allowing quick access from the Carrier to anywhere on Earth, as well as to the past ... anywhere, the Carrier stays tied to Earth orbit so that whoever left it there can come back ... Willied Seth . For some time after this, the Carrier was controlled by a government run replacement ... by the original Authority. Sentience The Carrier has always been shown to have some degree of intelligence ..., whom the Carrier has decided it does not like. At one point, Kev Hawkins almost destroys the Carrier with an alien controlled atomic bomb. The Carrier puts up its defenses and saves approximately ... . Death In The Authority Revolution it revealed the original Carrier was placed in Earth orbit .... Unable to make use of the Authority s Carrier, Bendix instead obtains an identical Carrier of his ... to the authority s Carrier, though doubled and connected at the center between them. At the climax of the story, Bendix is defeated but the Authority s Carrier is destroyed they take Bendix s Carrier ... from the DC Universe into the Wildstorm Universe . In this story the Carrier appears to consist ... superheroes, and so far the Carrier is the only member of the Authority to have appeared, being ... battle described in the Number of the Beast comics Number of the Beast limited series, the Carrier ... into Jenny Quantum s body for safekeeping. As a result the Carrier dies , crashing into the ruins of London, now called Unlondon. Due to its universe hopping nature, the Carrier shuts down while ... more details
, the right with two In telecommunication s, T carrier , sometimes abbreviated as T CXR , is the generic designator for any of several digitally multiplexing multiplexed telecommunications carrier ... , and Communications in South Korea South Korea . The basic unit of the T carrier system is the Digital ... for one voice circuit. The E carrier system, where E stands for European, is incompatible with the T carrier ... division multiplexing carrier systems worked well for connections between distant cities, but required ... and Telecommunications Administrations CEPT chose eight bits for framing the European E carrier E1 . Higher ... cables, similar to the old L carrier s used by AT&T Long Lines. TD microwave radio relay systems were ... connection if the supporting T1 carrier entity is optioned B8ZS Clear Channel Capable . Sources ref ..., Bell System Technical Journal, Nov 1982 ref Carrier pricing Carriers price DS1 lines in many ... of presence, otherwise known as a POP, of the carrier and the port the cost to access the telephone network or the Internet through the carrier s network . Typically, the port price is based ... pricing is an outgrowth of increased competition in the T carrier market space and the commoditization of T carrier products. ref cite web last Sweeney first Terry authorlink coauthors title T1 Price ... patent no. 7,916,844 to Telarus for software that calculates real time T carrier prices. ref cite web ... telarus&RS telarus work USPTO Patent Database accessdate 30 March 2011 ref T carrier and E carrier systems comparison Note 1 The designators for T carrier in the North American Digital multiplex hierarchy correspond to the designators for the digital signal DS level hierarchy. Note 2 T carrier ... Multiplexing Optical Carrier OC n Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy STM 1 Time division multiplexing ... T1 architecture DEFAULTSORT T Carrier Category Telecommunications standards Category Multiplexing es Portadora T fr T carrier he T3 ro Linie de telecomunica ii T1 ru T1 ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name This Generation Type studio album Artist Sonicflood Cover Thisgeneration.JPG Released 2005 Recorded Genre Christian rock Length 41 36 Label INO Records Producer Reviews Christian Music Today Rating 2.5 5 http www.christianitytoday.com music reviews 2005 thisgeneration.html Link Cross Rhythms Rating 7 10 http www.crossrhythms.co.uk products Sonicflood This Generation 12837 Link Jesus Freak Hideout Rating 2 5 http www.jesusfreakhideout.com cdreviews ThisGeneration.asp Link Last album Gold Sonicflood album Gold br 2004 This album This Generation br 2005 Next album The Early Years Sonicflood album The Early Years br 2006 Misc This Generation is SONICFLOOd sixth album. It was released in 2005. Track listing This Generation 4 01 All I ve Failed To Be 4 21 You Are 4 05 Everlasting 4 16 More Than Anything 4 30 Prodigal 3 26 Your Love Goes On Forever 4 41 Never Forget You 3 20 Moment Of Glory 4 25 God Is Here 4 16 Personel Rick Heil Vocals, Guitars Bryan Willard Bass Trey Hill Guitars Jordan Jameson Guitars Ben Showalter Drums Sonicflood Category Sonicflood albums Category 2005 albums cs This Generation ... more details
. Generation from the Latin gener re , meaning to beget , ref cite web url http dictionary.reference.com ... to the act of creativity creating something inanimate such as idea s, sound , electricity generation electrical generation using technology or cryptography cryptographic code generation compiler code generation . A generation can refer to stages of successive improvement in the development of a technology ... of organisms pass on advantageous traits from generation to generation is known as evolution . Familial generation It is important to distinguish between familial and cultural generations. Some define a familial generation as the average time between a mother s first offspring and her daughter s first offspring. For much of human history the average generation length has been determined ... stability have all contributed to the increase of the generation length through the late ... nations the average familial generation length is in the high 20s and has even reached 30 years ... childbirth, accessed April 15, 2011. ref As of 2008, the average generation length in the United States ... 14, 2011. ref Germany saw the largest increase in generation length over that time period, from 24 years in 1970 to 30 years in 2008. ref name OECD Conversely, generation length has changed little and remains in the low 20s in less developed nations. ref name OECD ref name NCHS Cultural generation Image Uspop.svg thumb 300px The U.S. baby boom generation is seen here as the widest bulge of the 2000 ... in the same date range and share similar cultural experience. The idea of a cultural generation, in the sense that it is used today gained currency in the 19th century. Prior to that the concept generation ... lexicographer Emile Littr had defined a generation as, all men living more or less at the same time. ref name Wohl203 Cite book last Wohl first Robert authorlink Robert Wohl coauthors title The generation ... generation age, their instinct of social conservation becomes stronger, which inevitably and necessarily ... more details
Infobox Film name A Generation image A generation.jpg caption director Andrzej Wajda producer writer Bohdan Czeszko starring Tadeusz omnicki br Urszula Modrzy ska br Roman Polanski music cinematography editing distributor released 25 January 1955 runtime 83 minutes country Poland language Polish language Polish budget A Generation lang pl Pokolenie is a 1955 in film 1955 Cinema of Poland Polish film directed by Andrzej Wajda . It is based on the novel Pokolenie by Bohdan Czeszko , who also wrote the script, and it was Wajda s first film and the opening installment of what became his Three War Films trilogy set in the Second World War , completed by Kanal movie Kanal and Ashes and Diamonds film Ashes and Diamonds . Plot A Generation is set in Wola , a working class section of Warsaw , in 1942 and tells the stories of two young men at odds with the Nazi occupation of Poland. The young protagonist, Stach Tadeusz Lomnicki , is living in squalor on the outskirts of the city and carrying out wayward acts of theft and rebellion. After a friend is killed attempting to heist coal from a German supply train, he finds work as an apprentice at a workshop, where he becomes involved in an underground communist resistance cell guided first by friendly journeyman there who in turn introduces Stach ... with Criterion release of A Generation ref Analysis On its face, the film is a coming of age story ... circumstances are just below the surface. In A Generation , as in Ashes and Diamonds , the conflict ... by The Criterion Collection . A Generation includes an exclusive interview with the director ... by film scholar Ewa Mazierska. References Reflist 1 External links imdb title id 0048500 title A Generation Amg movie 19364 A Generation http www.criterion.com asp release.asp?id 283&eid 410§ion essay Criterion Collection essay by Ewa Mazierska Andrzej Wajda CinemaofPoland DEFAULTSORT Generation ... films Category War drama films Category World War II films Poland film stub de Eine Generation fr ... more details
Infobox Album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name This Is The Generation Type Album Artist Suicide Bid Cover SuicideBid Generation.gif Released 2005 Recorded Genre Dub music Dub Length unknown Label Household Name Records Producer unknown Reviews Last album This album This Is the Generation BR 2005 Next album The Rot Stops Here BR 2006 This Is the Generation is the first release by London based collective Suicide Bid . Track listing The Assembly When Morning Comes Debil Dub Don t Lie Down Capital Motivation Insult To Injury Watch It Come Down Turning The Blind Eye External links http www.householdnamerecords.co.uk releases haus078.php Page on Household Name Records site http www.punknews.co.uk review.php?view view&id 1243&filter 1 Review on Punknews http www.europunk.net reviews 1007 Review of album by Europunk.net 2000s punk album stub Category 2005 albums Category Debut albums Category Suicide Bid albums Category Household Name Records albums ... more details
Infobox book name Generation A image File GenerationA.jpg 200px author Douglas Coupland country Canada language English language English genre Postmodern literature , Novel publisher Random House Canada release date August, 2009 UK September 1, 2009 Canada November 10, 2009 US media type Print Hardcover Hardback pages 297 isbn 978 0 307 35772 4 oclc 317353344 preceded by The Gum Thief followed by Player One Player One What Is to Become of Us? Generation A is the thirteenth novel from Canada Canadian novelist Douglas Coupland . It takes place in a near future, in a world in which bees have become extinct. The novel is told with a shifting frame narrative perspective, shifting between the novel s five main protagonists. The novel mirrors the style of Coupland s first novel, Generation X Tales for an Accelerated Culture , which is also a frame story framed narrative . On September 30, 2009, Generation A was announced as a finalist for Rogers Writers Trust Fiction Prize The Rogers Writers Trust Fiction Prize by Writers Trust of Canada The Writer s Trust of Canada . ref name NationalPost Synopsis Coupland s website has a synopsis of the novel quote In the near future bees are extinct ... never have imagined. http www.coupland.com 2009 04 04 news generation a Generation A on Coupland.com ... first novel, Generation X Tales for an Accelerated Culture ref name GenA The story is told through ... due to the plot. The novel is also, like Generation X , a framed narrative. However, as this novel ... want a new name for your generation? Probably not, you just want jobs, right? Well, the media do us all such tremendous favors when they call you Generation X, right? Two clicks from the very end of the alphabet. I hereby declare you Generation A, as much at the beginning of a series of astonishing ... 2011 ref ref name GenA http www.coupland.com 2009 04 04 news generation a Website for Generation ... 2011 09 20 ref ref name GenANovel Coupland, Douglas. Generation A . Random House, 2009. ref Douglas ... more details
unreferenced date March 2010 Non radiative recombination is a process in phosphor s and semiconductor s, whereby charge carrier s carriergeneration and recombination recombine without releasing photon s. A phonon is released instead. Non radiative recombination in optoelectronics and phosphors is an unwanted process, lowering the light generation efficiency and increasing heat losses. Shockley Read Hall SRH process The electron in transition between electronic band structure bands passes through a new energy state created within the band gap by an impurity in the crystal lattice . The impurity state can absorb differences in momentum between the carriers, and so this process is the dominant generation and recombination process in silicon and other indirect bandgap materials. It can also dominate in direct bandgap materials under conditions of very low charge carrier density carrier densities very low level injection . The energy is exchanged in the form of lattice vibration, or a phonon exchanging thermal energy with the material. Various impurities and dislocation s create energy level s within the band gap corresponding to neither donor nor acceptor levels, forming deep level trap s. Non radiative recombination occurs primarily at such sites. Category Charge carriers ... more details
protein Name recombination activating gene 1 caption image width HGNCid 9831 Symbol RAG1 AltSymbols EntrezGene 5896 OMIM 179615 RefSeq NM 000448 UniProt P15918 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 11 Arm p Band 13 LocusSupplementaryData protein Name recombination activating gene 2 caption image width HGNCid 9832 Symbol RAG2 AltSymbols EntrezGene 5897 OMIM 179616 RefSeq NM 000536 UniProt P55895 PDB ECnumber Chromosome 11 Arm p Band 13 LocusSupplementaryData The recombination activating genes RAGs encode enzymes that play an important role in the rearrangement and recombination of the genes of immunoglobulin and T cell receptor molecules during the process of VDJ recombination . There are two recombination activating gene products known as RAG 1 and RAG 2, whose cellular expression is restricted to lymphocytes during their developmental stages. RAG 1 and RAG 2 are essential to the generation of mature B and T lymphocytes, two cell types that are crucial components of the adaptive immune system . Function In the vertebrate immune system, each antibody is customized to attack one particular antigen foreign ... a few hundred genes the VDJ genes to create millions of permutations, in a process called VDJ recombination ... between the antigen Immune receptor receptor coding segment and a flanking recombination signal ... until other enzymes repair the DNA breaks. The RAG proteins initiate V D J recombination, which ... recombination AKA isotype switching and somatic hypermutation AKA affinity maturation . Structure As with many ... isbn 0 7216 0008 5 cite journal author Sadofsky MJ title Recombination activating gene proteins more ... together identification and characterization of structural domains in the V D J recombination ... and V D J Recombination Signal Sequences Were Derived from Transib Transposons journal PLoS Biol. volume ... A simple explanation of recombination activating gene for the general reader. Immune system DEFAULTSORT Recombination Activating Gene Category Immune system Category Lymphocytes es Gen activador de recombinaci n ... more details
refimprove date February 2011 Recombination detection program RDP is a computer program used to analyse nucleotide sequence data and identify evidence of genetic recombination. Besides applying a large number of different recombination detection methods it also implements various phylogenetic tree construction methods and recombination hotspot tests. See also Computational phylogenetics External links http darwin.uvigo.es rdp rdp.html Homepage for the program biology stub genetics stub science software stub Categories DEFAULTSORT Recombination Detection Program Category Molecular biology Category Science software ... more details
seealso Recombinase mediated cassette exchange In genetics , FLP FRT recombination is a site specific recombination site directed recombination technology used to manipulate an organism s DNA under controlled conditions in vivo . It is analogous to Cre Lox recombination . It involves the recombination of sequences between short Flippase Recognition Target FRT sites by the Flippase recombination enzyme FLP or Flp derived from the 2 m plasmid of the baker s yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae . The 34bp long FRT site sequence is 5 GAAGTTCCTATTCtctagaaaGTATAGGAACTTC 3 . Flippase flp binds to the 13 bp 5 GAAGTTCCTATTC 3 and to the reverse complement of 5 GTATAGGAACTTC 3 5 GAAGTTCCTATAC 3 . The FRT site is cleaved just before 5 tctagaaa 3 , the 8bp asymmetric core region , on the top strand and behind this sequence on the bottom strand. ref cite journal author Zhu XD, Sadowski PD title Cleavage dependent Ligation by the FLP Recombinase journal Journal of Biological Chemistry volume 270 pages 23044 54 year 1995 pmid 7559444 issue 39 doi 10.1074 jbc.270.39.23044 ref Several variant FRT sites exist. Recombination can occur between two identical FRT sites but generally not between non identical FRT sites ref cite journal author Schlake T, Bode J title Use of mutated FLP recognition target FRT sites for the exchange of expression cassettes at defined chromosomal loci journal Biochemistry volume 33 issue 43 pages 12746 12751 year 1994 pmid 7947678 doi 10.1021 bi00209a003 ref Many available constructs include the sequence 5 GAAGTTCCTATTCC 3 immediately upstream the FRT site resulting in 5 GAAGTTCCTATTCCGAAGTTCCTATTCtctagaaaGTATAGGAACTTC 3 but this sequence is dispensable for recombination. Because the recombination activity can be targeted to only one target organ, or a low level of recombination activity can be used to consistently alter the DNA of only a subset of cells, FLP FRT can ... can also be studied over time, by using an inducible promoter to trigger the recombination activity ... more details
Refimprove date March 2010 Cre Lox recombination is a special type of Site specific recombinase technology site specific recombination developed by Dr. Brian Sauer initially for use in activating gene ... of the Cre Lox site specific recombination system in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae , Mol Cell Biol 7 2087 2096 ref ref Sauer, B. and Henderson, N. 1988 Site specific DNA recombination in mammalian ... Subsequently, the laboratory of Dr. Jamey Marth showed that Cre Lox recombination could be used to delete ... maintenance. ref Orban, P.C., Chui, D., and Marth, J.D. 1992 Tissue and site specific recombination ... Independent control of immunoglobulin switch recombination at individual switch regions evidenced through ..., the laboratories of Drs. Marth and Rajewsky showed in 1994 that Cre lox recombination could be used ... Cre Lox recombination. Cre Lox recombination involves the targeting of a specific sequence of DNA and splicing ... genes further cause embryonic lethality, Cre Lox recombination is commonly used to circumvent this problem. In addition, Cre Lox recombination provides the best experimental control that presently ... Genetic recombinationrecombination events in genomic DNA. This system has allowed researchers to manipulate ... DNA recombinase, that is, it can catalyse the recombination of DNA between specific sites in a DNA ... a directional core sequence where recombination can occur. When cells that have loxP sites in their genome express Cre, a recombination event can occur between the loxP sites. The double stranded DNA ... and efficient process. The result of recombination depends on the orientation of the loxP sites ... by Cre induced recombination. Cre recombinase The Cre C auses re combination ref Sternberg and Hamilton ... GCATACAT align center TATACGAAGTTAT Holliday junctions and homologous recombination During genetic recombination .... Since Homologous Recombination occurs after DNA replication, two strands of DNA are available ... of opposite strands is what constitutes the crossing over or Recombination event, which is common ... more details
Unreferenced date January 2009 The regional genes V, D, J , used to generate T cell receptor T cell receptors and Antibody Immunoglobulin molecules , are flanked by Recombination Signal Sequences RSSs that are recognized by a group of enzymes known collectively as the VDJ recombinase. RSSs are composed of seven conserved nucleotides a heptamer that reside next to the gene encoding sequence followed by a spacer containing either 12 or 23 unconserved nucleotides followed by a conserved nonamer 9 base pairs . The RSSs are present on the Directionality molecular biology 3 side downstream of a V region and the Directionality molecular biology 5 side upstream of the J region. These are the sides that will be involved in the joining. Only a pair of dissimilar spacer RSSs are efficiently genetic recombination recombined i.e. one with a spacer of 12 nucleotides will be recombined with one that has a spacer containing 23 nucleotides . This is known as the 12 23 rule of recombination or the one turn two turn rule . See also VDJ recombination Category Immune system immunology stub ... more details
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