copy edit date November 2011 ref improve date November 2011 Update date June 2009 Ultrawideband aka UWB , ultra wide band , ultraband , etc. is a radio technology that can be used at very low energy levels ... carrier wave uses in the same frequency band. Overview UltraWideband UWB is a technology ... and longer range, low data rate applications as well as radar and imaging systems. UltraWideband ... case is for PC Peripherals see Wireless USB implemented on top of UWB . Regulation UltraWideband ... Performance of UltraWideband Time of Arrival Estimation Enhanced With Synchronization Scheme ref ... PPM References Reflist 2 External links Commonscat Ultrawideband IEEE 802.15.4a Includes ... standards Ecma 368.htm Standard ECMA 368 High Rate UltraWideband PHY and MAC Standard http ... See RECOMMENDATION ITU R SM.1757 Impact of devices using ultrawideband technology on systems operating ... FCC GPO Title 47, Section 15 of the Code of Federal Regulations SubPart F Ultrawideband http www.mprg.org ... Numerous useful links and resources regarding UltraWideband and UWB testbeds WCSP Group University of South Florida USF http ultra.usc.edu The UltraWideband Radio Laboratory at the University of Southern ... ultraampla cs Ultrawideband da UWB de Ultrabreitband el Ultrawideband es Ultrawideband fa fr Ultrawideband ko it Ultrawideband he nl Ultrawideband ja pms UWB pl Ultrawideband pt Banda ultralarga ru UWB fi UWB sv UltraWideband zh ... from an antenna for which the emitted signal bandwidth exceeds the lesser of 500 MHz ... was successfully made that the noise floor would not be raised excessively by wider deployment of wideband ... of narrow band systems. Multiple antenna technologies Distributed multiple input multiple output communications ... different nodes. Multiple antenna research Multiple antenna Multiple antenna schemes such as MIMO ... impulse like channel response, the combination with multiple antenna techniques is preferable as well ... more details
CPW may refer to Central Park West , an avenue in Manhattan, USA Central Plains Water Enhancement Scheme, an irrigation proposal for Canterbury, New Zealand Commercial Processing Workload , a measure of computer system performance Customer premises wiring Camp Project Wales , a youth project for disadvantaged children run by the United Reformed Church in the 1970 s and 1980 s ST Kinetics CPW compact personal weapon CPW, stock market symbol for The Carphone Warehouse Disambiguation ... more details
UltrawidebandWideband Audio References reflist 1 Category Radio ru ...for the automotive term Wideband automotive In Telecommunication communications , wideband is a relative term used to describe a wide range of frequencies in a spectrum . A system is typically described as wideband if the message bandwidth significantly exceeds the channel s coherence bandwidth . Some communication links have such a high data rate that they are forced to use a wide bandwidth signal processing bandwidth other links may have relatively low data rates, but deliberately use a wider bandwidth than necessary for that data rate in order to gain other advantages see spread spectrum . A widebandAntenna radio antenna is one with approximately or exactly the same operating characteristics over a very wide passband . It is distinguished from broadband antennas, where the passband is large, but the gain and or pattern need not stay the same over the passband. The term Wideband Audio or also termed HD Voice or Wideband Voice denotes a telephone conversation using a wideband codec , which uses a greater frequency range of the audio spectrum than conventional voiceband telephone calls, resulting in a clearer sound. According to the United States Patent and Trademark Office , WIDEBAND is a registered trademark ref name USPTO cite web url http www.uspto.gov main trademarks.htm title US Trademark Search publisher United States Patent and Trademark Office accessdate 2008 10 08 ref of WideBand Corporation , a USA based manufacturer of Gigabit Ethernet managed switches, adapters, and networking equipment. ref name widebandcorp cite web url https www.wband.com title WideBand Corporation web site publisher WideBand Corporation accessdate 2009 03 04 ref In some contexts wideband ... broadband to wideband q id 53419 t 2 Forester research Shift from broadband to wideband ref External links http www.wband.com WideBand Corporation http www.2e1x1.com Unofficial USAF Satellite, Wideband ... more details
Planar may refer to Wiktionary Planar computer graphics , computer graphics pixel information from several bitplanes Planar graph , graph that can be drawn so that no edges intersect or that can be embedded in the plane Plane geometry , a name for something made up of flat planes or pertaining to planes Planar Systems , U.S. digital display manufacturing corporation based in Hillsboro, Oregon Zeiss Planar , photographic lens designed by Paul Rudolph at Carl Zeiss in 1896 Planar device, computer hardware circuit in conventional PCI integrated into a motherboard See also Planer , tool disambig de Planarit t ... more details
multiple issues cleanup September 2009 confusing September 2009 orphan October 2009 Wideband Voice refers to the use of Wideband Codecs in Digital telephony . Wideband Codecs use higher sampling rate s than Narrowband Codecs or utilize embedded sub band coding techniques to effectively increase the bandwidth of the baseband voice, from the traditional 200 Hz to 3.5 kHz used in Narrowband Codecs, to 50 Hz at the low end and anywhere from 7 kHz to 22 kHz ref Cite web url http gipscorp.com blog 2009 04 13 answering the call of hd voice title Answering the call of HD Voice accessdate 2009 09 06 publisher Global IP Sound ref . at the high end, depending on the type of codec used. This results in a significant improvement in voice quality since it allows the wideband codec to transmit consonants , sibilants and other subtleties of the human voice formerly lost by narrowband codecs and significantly adds to the intelligibility and quality of the speech signal. In addition, some wideband codecs may use a higher bit depths of 16 bits to encode samples, also resulting in much better voice quality. See also Wideband Audio References references Reflist External links http www.voipplanet.com trends article.php 3679506 VoIP Planet Article High Definition Voice The Future of Phone DEFAULTSORT Wideband Voice tech stub Category Digital audio Category Signal processing Category Telecommunications infrastructure ... more details
Wideband audio is an audio technology used in telephony. It extends the frequency range of audio signals transmitted over telephone lines, resulting in higher quality speech. The range of the human voice ... frequencies to the range of 300 Hz to 3.4 kHz. Wideband audio relaxes the bandwidth limitation and transmits ... Union ITU standardized a version of wideband audio as G.722 . Radio broadcasters began ..., microphones and other elements in the endpoints themselves. Wideband audio has been broadly ... over Internet Protocol VoIP can readily employ wideband audio. When PC to PC calls are placed via VoIP ... which run S60 and Series40 OS that support VoIP also support wideband audio. ref http wiki.forum.nokia.com ... of audio conferencing equipment have introduced wideband capable models that include support for G.722 over VoIP. Conference calls are a direct beneficiary of the enhancements offered by wideband ... of background noise. Some listener benefits cited of wideband audio compared to traditional narrowband ... has started to make some progress on wideband audio. The 3GPP standards group has designated G.722.2 as its wideband codec and calls it Advanced Multirate Wideband AMR WB . A few handsets have been ... As business telephone systems have adopted VoIP technology, support for wideband audio has grown rapidly. Telephone sets from Avaya , Cisco , Grandstream, Gigaset , Polycom which brands wideband audio HD Voice , Snom , AudioCodes which brands wideband audio HDVoIP and others now incorporate ... for telephony equipment, including Broadcom , Infineon , and Texas Instruments , include wideband ... wideband connections from these and other VoIP endpoints, while also permitting PSTN participants to join ... solution for VoIP media processing engine supporting wideband and HD voice that provides RTP and codecs ... the world have rolled out HD voice services based on the G.722 wideband standard. In North America ... transitioning to High Definition Voice InfoWorld blog on wideband audio http focus.ti.com download ... more details
Wideband material refers to material that can convey Microwave signals light sound over a variety of wavelength s. These materials possess exemplary attenuation and dielectric constants, and are excellent dielectric s for semiconductor gate s. Examples of such material include gallium nitride GaN and silicon carbide SiC . SiC has been used extensively in the creation of laser s for several years. However, it performs poorly providing limited brightness because it has an indirect band gap . GaN has a wide band gap 3.4 eV , which usually results in high energies for structures which possess electron s in the conduction band . References Empty section date July 2010 External links http my.ece.ucsb.edu yorklab Projects GaN widebandgap semicons and circuits.htm UCSB.edu &ndash Wideband Gap Semiconductors Category Materials science condensedmatter stub chem stub ... more details
In telecommunication , the term wideband modem has the following meanings A modem whose modulated output Signalling telecommunications signal can have an essential frequency spectrum that is broader than that which can be wholly contained within, and faithfully transmitted through, a voice channel communications channel with a nominal 4 kHz Bandwidth signal processing bandwidth . A modem whose bandwidth capability is greater than that of a narrowband modem . References FS1037C MS188 wiktionary Category Networking hardware Category Modems compu hardware stub ... more details
The Wideband Delphi estimation method is a consensus based technique for estimating effort. It derives from the Delphi Method which was developed in the 1940s at the RAND Corporation as a forecasting tool. It has since been adapted across many industries to estimate many kinds of tasks, ranging from statistical data collection results to sales and marketing forecasts. Wideband Delphi Process Barry Boehm and John A. Farquhar originated the Wideband variant of the Delphi method in the 1970s. They called it wideband because, compared to the existing delphi method, the new method involved greater interaction and more communication between those participating. The method was popularized by Boehm s book Software Engineering Economics 1981 . Boehm s original steps from this book were Coordinator presents each expert with a specification and an estimation form. Coordinator calls a group meeting in which the experts discuss estimation issues with the coordinator and each other. Experts fill out forms anonymously. Coordinator prepares and distributes a summary of the estimates Coordinator calls a group meeting, specifically focusing on having the experts discuss points where their estimates vary widely Experts fill out forms, again anonymously, and steps 4 to 6 are iterated for as many rounds as appropriate. A variant of Wideband Delphi was developed by Neil Potter and Mary Sakry of http www.processgroup.com The Process Group . In this process, a project manager selects a moderator and an estimation team with three to seven members. The Delphi process consists of two meetings run by the moderator. The first meeting is the kickoff meeting, during which the estimation team creates a work breakdown structure WBS and discusses assumptions. After the meeting, each team member creates an effort ... www.stellman greene.com External links http www.stellman greene.com aspm content view 23 38 Wideband ... Project Management including Wideband Delphi Category Software engineering costs ... more details
relationships are maintained so as to maximize radiation from the antenna. The dipole is fed at its input by an appropriate source of RF energy. Directional antenna , or beam antenna, radiates greater ... planes and fed by a smaller antenna system located near the parabolic focus. The feed antenna is often, but not always, complex and may be composed of more than one simple antenna such as horns, dipoles ...style float right wiktionarypar antenna Tocright Antenna pl. antennas in radio TV, antennae in biology may refer to Science and engineering Antenna radio , also known as an aerial, a transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic e.g. TV or radio waves Television antenna or TV aerial , is an antenna ... , the name of two colliding galaxies NGC 4038 and NGC 4039 Technology Antenna tower , typically a tall ..., including television Antenna array , a collection of simple antennas called elements ... A Phased Array is an antenna array capable of steering its directional beam in one or more directions ... components called phase shifters into the feed system that connects to the individual antenna elements that make up the face of the array. Dipole antenna , a simple antenna usually constructed ... by various design methods. Horn antenna , a type of directional antenna shaped like horn, usually ... varying angular width over a limited frequency range. Metamaterial antenna , a class of antenna incorporating metamaterials to increase performance of a miniaturized electrically small antenna systems Omnidirectional antenna , an antenna system which radiates power uniformly in all directions ... the antenna normally drops off gradually on both sides of the plane of omnidirectionality until it approaches .... Parabolic antenna , An antenna type generally used at microwave and millimeter wave frequencies ... of the system the antenna itself plus ancillary transmitting and or receiving equipment . Simple versions of this antenna type are used for radio, television and data communications. More complex ... more details
merge Antenna radio date October 2010 A T antenna , or Tee antenna , is an Antenna radio antenna whereby a vertical or sloping wire is connected to the approximate centre of a straight horizontal top wire. ref Cite web Author Edwards R. J. date 1 August 2005 url http www.smeter.net antennas tantenna.php format PHP title The Simple Tee Antenna publisher S Meter ref This forms its characteristic Glossary of shapes with metaphorical names T shape . References Reflist DEFAULTSORT T Antenna Category Antennas radio Tech stub de T Antenne ... more details
Unsourced image removed Image Antenna flat panel.png thumb 400px A planar array fractal antenna In telecommunication s and radar , a planar array is an antenna electronics antenna in which all of the elements, both driven element active and passive radiator parasitic , are in one plane. A planar array provides a large aperture antenna aperture and may be used for directional beam control by varying the relative phase waves phase of each element. A planar array may be used with a reflecting screen behind the active plane. ref FS1037C MS188 ref A planar array with a reflecting screen is related to a Radar absorbent material radar absorber . Both are supposed not to reflect incoming radiation of the desired wavelength. Radar absorbers have the advantage that they can use magnetic materials to avoid reflections at the interface to air at least for some frequencies. For antennas to be broadband, the transition from air vacuum to the metal of the screen has to be a gradual one. Radar absorbers have the advantage that they do not have to collect the received energy. The antenna needs a Three dimensional space 3D tree of twin lead s and choke electronics chokes to connect a single cable to a large number of micro antennas. Micro dipole antennas are only resonant at a single high frequency, to be broadband the arms of adjoining antennas have to be connected. Footnotes reflist Category Radio frequency antenna types electronics stub ... more details
Infobox lens design scheme Planar 1896.png author Paul Rudolph physicist Paul Rudolph year 1896 elements 6 groups 4 aperture f 4.5 The Zeiss Planar is a photographic lens designed by Paul Rudolph physicist Paul Rudolph at Carl Zeiss AG Carl Zeiss in 1896 . Rudolph s original was a six element symmetrical design. While very sharp, the lens suffered from Lens flare flare due to its many air to glass surfaces. Before the introduction of Anti reflective coating lens coating technology the four element Tessar , with slightly inferior image quality, was preferred due to its better contrast. In the 1950s, when effective anti reflective lens coatings became available, coated Planars were produced with much improved flare. These lenses used the Zeiss T coating system, which had been invented in 1935. ref http www.zeiss.com C12567A100537AB9 Contents Frame CBE2C3659882006AC1256D01002B5E45 Zeiss.de New Visual Glasses Better Objectives ref They performed very well as normal and medium long focus lenses for small and medium format cameras. One of the most notable Planar lenses is the high speed f 2.0 110 mm lens for the 2000 and 200 series medium format Hasselblad cameras. File Planar lenses 7050.jpg thumb left Carl Zeiss T Planar 50 1.4, 50 1.7 Image Planar 50 1.4.png thumb center Carl Zeiss T Planar 50 1.4 lens. See also Photographic lens design References references Carl Zeiss lenses http www.sony mea.com microsite dslr 09 carlZeissLens index.html?HPID carlZeissLensMicrosite DSLR Thumbnails Carl Zeiss SLR Lenses Planar T 1,4 50 http www.propix.in carl zeiss planar 14 50.html Category Zeiss lenses Planar photography stub de Planar Objektiv fr Planar ja pl Zeiss Planar ru zh ... more details
Infobox company company name Planar Systems, Inc. company logo Image PlanarArcLogo std NoTag Sml.gif ... data 722392 000119312510254224 dex991.htm title Planar Announces Fiscal Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2010 Financial Results date November 9, 2010 publisher Planar Systems accessdate 2009 11 09 ref operating ... phoenix.zhtml?c 111133&p irol reports title Planar Financial Reports Transcripts date November 2011 publisher Planar Systems accessdate 2011 11 29 ref net income loss 2.1 million United ...&p irol reports title Planar Financial Reports Transcripts date November 2011 publisher Planar ... industry Technology homepage http www.planar.com www.planar.com Planar Systems, Inc. NASDAQ PLNR ... EL digital displays. Planar also makes a variety of other specialty displays. The company, with 175.7 ... 1980s Planar was founded in 1983 by Jim Hurd, Chris King, John Laney and others as a spin off ..., a division spun off from Planar to work on projection technology, InFocus . ref http blog.oregonlive.com ... by Japan s Lead New York Times , December 18, 1990 Section D page 1 ref Planar s executives took the company public in 1993, listing the stock on the NASDAQ boards ref Planar Systems gets in step with area trend to go public . The Oregonian , October 30, 1993 ref Planar acquired Tektronix s avionics display business, creating the short lived Planar Advance in 1994. ref Planar Inc. maps deal, set ... Mills, Wisconsin, was sold to Planar in 1997. ref Standish of Lake Mills Sold to LCD Competitor ... shifted to East Asian countries. 2000s File Planar headquarters 1195 Compton.JPG thumb Company headquarters On April 23, 2002, DOME Imaging Systems was purchased by Planar and became the company s medical business unit. ref http www.photonics.com Content ReadArticle.aspx?ArticleID 12674 Planar Systems Acquires DOME Imaging Systems Photonics.com May 1, 2002 ref Planar acquired Clarity Visual ... Planar buys Clarity for 46M Portland Business Journal July 19, 2006 ref On May 23, 2007, Planar ... more details
Planar chirality is the special case of Chirality mathematics chirality for two dimension s. Most fundamentally, planar Chirality mathematics chirality is a Mathematics mathematical term, finding use in chemistry , physics and related physical sciences, for example, in astronomy , optics and metamaterials . Recent occurrences in latter two fields are dominated by microwave applications and micro and nanostructure d planar interfaces for visible and infrared light . Planar chirality in chemistry Image Planar chiral ferrocene derivative.PNG thumb right An planar chiral derivative of ferrocene , used for kinetic resolution of some racemic secondary alcohol s ref cite journal last1 Ruble first1 J. C. last2 Latham first2 H. A. last3 Fu first3 G. C. year 1997 title Effective Kinetic Resolution of Secondary Alcohols with a Planar Chiral Analogue of 4 dimethylamino pyridine. Use of the Fe C sub 5 ... dimethylbiphenyl is perhaps the simplest example of this case. Planar chirality is also exhibited ... paracyclophane s. Nature rarely provides planar chiral molecules, cavicularin being an exception. Assigning the configuration of planar chiral molecules To assign the configuration of a planar chiral ... ref Planar chirality in optics and metamaterials The study of planar chiral metamaterial s has revealed that planar chirality is associated with an optical effect the directionally asymmetric transmission reflection and absorption of Circular polarization circularly polarized waves. Planar chiral ... is referred to as circular conversion dichroism. Like the twist of a planar chiral pattern appears reversed for opposite directions of observation, planar chiral metamaterials have interchanged ... Asymmetric propagation of electromagnetic waves through a planar chiral structure journal Physical ..., N. I. title Planar metamaterial with transmission and reflection that depend on the direction ... issue 13 ref References reflist Chiral synthesis DEFAULTSORT Planar Chirality Category Stereochemistry ... more details
class wikitable align right colspan 2 Example graphs Planar Nonplanar align center Image Butterfly graph.svg ... center Image CGK4PLN.svg 100px br The complete graph br K sub 4 sub is planar because it can be redrawn ... center Image Biclique K 3 3.svg 100px br K sub 3,3 sub In graph theory , a planar graph is a graph ... in such a way that no edges cross each other. A planar graph already drawn in the plane without edge intersections is called a plane graph or planar embedding of the graph . A plane graph can be defined as a planar graph with a mapping from every node to a point in 2D space, and from every edge to a plane ... is called a planar map . Although a plane graph has an external or unbounded face, none of the faces of a planar map have a particular status. A generalization of planar graphs are graphs which can be drawn on a surface of a given genus mathematics genus . In this terminology, planar graphs have graph ... provided a characterization of planar graphs in terms of Forbidden graph characterization forbidden graphs , now known as Kuratowski s theorem A graph mathematics Finite graph finite graph is planar ... of this theorem, also known as Theorem P include A finite graph is planar if and only if it does ... a subgraph that is homeomorphic to K sub 3,3 sub and is therefore not planar. Instead of considering subdivisions, Wagner s theorem deals with minor graph theory minors A finite graph is planar if and only ... and K sub 3,3 sub are the forbidden minors for the class of finite planar graphs. Other planarity criteria ... graph is planar. However, there exist fast algorithm s for this problem for a graph with n vertices, it is possible to determine in time Big O notation O n linear time whether the graph may be planar or not see planarity testing . For a simple, connected, planar graph with v vertices and e edges, the following .... If v > 3 and there are no cycles of length 3, then e &le 2 v &minus 4. In this sense, planar graphs ... 3. Therefore, by Theorem 2, it cannot be planar. Note that these theorems provide necessary conditions ... more details
Infobox Book name Planar Handbook image Image Planar HandbookCover.jpg image caption author Bruce R. Cordell , and Gwendolyn F.M. Kestrel genre Role playing game publisher Wizards of the Coast release date July 2004 media type Print Hardback pages 192 isbn 0 7869 3429 8 congress GV1469.62.D84 D836 2000 oclc 56338980 Planar Handbook is an optional supplemental source book for the Editions of Dungeons & Dragons Dungeons & Dragons v3.5 3.5 edition of the Dungeons & Dragons fantasy roleplaying game . Contents It contains updates for the 3.5 edition of the fictional Dungeons & Dragons universe for some material from the Planescape campaign setting, along with new races, equipment, spells and feats for characters adventuring on the Plane Dungeons & Dragons Planes . Publication history The Planar Handbook was written by Bruce R. Cordell and Gwendolyn F.M. Kestrel, and was published in July 2004. Reception Reviews References reflist D&D Books Category Dungeons & Dragons books Category Article Feedback 5 D&D stub ... more details
Infobox mtgset Expansion Name Planar Chaos Expansion Symbol File Planar Chaos symbol.svg 96px common expansion symbol Symbol Description tilted hourglass , merging plane Magic The Gathering planes , stylized letters PC , or M bius strip Release Date February 2, 2007 Mechanics Spellshapers, Rebels, Split Cards Keywords Echo, Flanking, Flash, Kicker, Madness, Morph, Shadow, Split Second, Suspend, Vanishing Size 165 cards 60 common, 55 uncommon, 50 rare Expansion Code PLC Development Code Rice Krispies The snap, crackle, pop sound Crackle Designers Bill Rose lead , Matt Place, Mark Rosewater, Paul Sottosanti Developers Devin Low, Zvi Mowshowitz, Brian Schneider, Henry Stern, Mike Turian Last Set Time Spiral Next Set Future Sight Block Name Time Spiral Set Position Second First Set Time Spiral Second Set Planar Chaos Third Set Future Sight Planar Chaos is an expansion set, codenamed Crackle, from ... for Planar Chaos is a M bius strip . Storyline The temporal stresses being applied to Dominaria ... and Mike Turian, Planar Chaos was tasked with representing the present in a set focused on the cycle of time. ref cite web url http wizards.com default.asp?x mtgcom arcana 1073 title Announcing Planar ... in Planar Chaos appear in an altered version of the modern card frame with standard set symbols. Timeshifted cards in Planar Chaos are also distributed differently. In each pack, three common cards ... 01 07 accessdate 2007 01 23 ref Keyword and Mechanics The only Planar Chaos specific keyword mechanic ... Second all returned in Planar Chaos , alongside the timeshifted mechanics of Echo, Flanking, Kicker, Madness, Morph and Shadow. Planar Chaos marked the first appearance of spells with Echo costs that did ... Planar Chaos Product Information http www.wizards.com default.asp?x magic cardlist planarchaos Official Planar Chaos Spoiler List http www.wizards.com default.asp?x magic planarchaos home Official Planar Chaos Minisite clear MTG navbox sets Category Magic The Gathering expansion sets it Caos Dimensionale ... more details
The planar process is a manufacturing process used in the semiconductor industry to build individual components of a transistor , and in turn, connect those transistors together. It is the primary process by which modern integrated circuit s are built. The process was developed ref patent US 3025589 Hoerni, J. A. Method of Manufacturing Semiconductor Devices filed May 1, 1959 ref ref patent US 3064167 Hoerni, J. A. Semiconductor device filed May 15, 1960 ref by Jean Hoerni , one of the Traitorous Eight , while working at Fairchild Semiconductor . The key concept was to view a circuit in its two dimensional projection a plane , thus allowing the use of photographic processing concepts such as film negatives to mask the projection of light exposed chemicals. This allowed the use of a series of exposures on a substrate Silicon to create silicon oxide insulators or doped regions conductors . Together with the use of metallization to join together the integrated circuits , and the concept of p n junction isolation from Kurt Lehovec , the researchers at Fairchild were able to create circuits on a single silicon crystal slice a wafer from a monocrystalline silicon boule. The process involves the basic procedures of silicon dioxide SiO sub 2 sub oxidation, SiO sub 2 sub etching and heat diffusion. The final steps involves oxidizing the entire wafer with an SiO sub 2 sub layer, etching contact vias to the transistors, and depositing a covering metal layer over the oxide, thus connecting the transistors without manually wiring them together. References reflist Other http web.archive.org web 20070509230914 http nobelprize.org nobel prizes physics articles lecuyer planar.html The Planar Process http www.computerhistory.org semiconductor timeline 1959 invention of the planar manufacturing process 24.html Invention of the Planar Manufacturing Process DEFAULTSORT Planar Process Category Semiconductor device fabrication de Planartechnik it Processi planari kk ... more details
In mathematics , planar algebras first appeared in the work of Vaughan Jones on the standard invariant of a II 1 subfactor II sub 1 sub subfactor http www.math.berkeley.edu vfr plnalg1.ps . They also provide an appropriate algebraic framework for many knot invariants in particular the Jones polynomial , and have been used in describing the properties of Khovanov homology with respect to tangle mathematics tangle composition http www.math.toronto.edu drorbn papers Cobordism http front.math.ucdavis.edu math.GT 0410495 . Given a label set math I math with an Involution mathematics involution , and a fixed set of words math W math in the elements of the label set, a planar algebra consists of a collection of modules math V omega math , one for each element math omega math in math W math , together with an action of the operad of tangles labelled by math I math . Definition In more detail, given a list of words math w 1, w 2, ldots, w k math , and a single word math w 0 math , we define a tangle from math w 1, w 2, dots, w k math to math w 0 math to be a disk D in the plane, with points around its circumference labelled in order by the letters of math w 0 math , with math k math internal disks removed, indexed 1 through k , with the i th internal disk having points around its circumference labelled in order by the letters of math w i math , and finally, with a collection of oriented non intersecting curves lying in the remaining portion of the disk, with each component being labelled ... as a planar algebra. Fix an element math delta in R math in the ground ring. Take a one element ... . We can generalise this to allow more complicated label and word sets including for example, the planar ... . Tangles The oriented tangle planar algebra is a planar algebra with a two element label set, the nontrivial involution on it, and balanced even length words. It is generated, as a planar algebra, by the diagrams ... this planar algebra, which are rank 1 on math V emptyset math . Subfactors The planar algebras used ... more details
to yield Ultra intelligence image1 EnigmaMachine Warzawa.jpg caption1 Enigma machine out of its ... image3 Purple code machine 2.jpg caption3 Part of Japanese Purple cipher machine PURPLE machine Ultra ... Code and Cypher School at Bletchley Park . ref name HandSPxx Ultra eventually became the standard ... as being Ultra secret. ref Harvnb Lewin 2001 p 64 ref Several other cryptonym s had been ... unbreakable in practice, shortcomings in operation allowed it to be broken. The term Ultra has often been used almost synonymously with Cryptanalysis of the Enigma Enigma decrypts . However, Ultra also ... Ultra as immensely valuable to the Allies. Winston Churchill told King George VI of the United Kingdom George VI It was thanks to Ultra that we won the war. ref Cited in the Imperial War Museum ..., Dwight D. Eisenhower , at war s end describing Ultra as having been decisive to Allied victory. ref ... Intelligence in World War II, made a similar assessment about Ultra, saying that it shortened the war by not less than two years and probably by four years moreover, in the absence of Ultra, it is uncertain ... Most Ultra intelligence was derived from reading radioed enemy messages that had been encrypted ... ref Former Bletchley Park mathematician cryptologist Gordon Welchman has written Ultra would never ..., instead developing their own, similar machine. Distribution File Ultra Hut3 Graph.png thumb 300px Ultra despatches to field commanders during the war ref harvnb Bennett 1999 p 302 ref Army ... HYDRO . ref Harvnb West 1986 p 136 ref The term Ultra was adopted in June 1941. ref Harvnb West 1986 p 162 ref The term Ultra was reportedly suggested by Commander Geoffrey Colpoys, RN, who served in the RN OIC. Army and Air Force The distribution of Ultra information to Allied commanders and units ... for each field command to manage and control dissemination. Dissemination of Ultra intelligence ... Ultra intelligence bulletins to the commander of the command he was attached to, or to other indoctrinated ... more details
views Planar projections are the subset of 3D graphical projections constructed by linearly mapping points in three dimensional space to points on a two dimensional projection plane . The projected point on the plane is chosen such that it is Line geometry collinear with the corresponding three dimensional point and the centre of projection . The lines connecting these points are commonly referred to as projectors . The centre of projection can be thought of as the location of the observer while the plane of projection is the surface on which the two dimensional projected image of the scene is recorded or from which it is viewed e.g., photographic negative, photographic print, computer monitor . When the centre of projection is at a finite distance from the projection plane, a Perspective graphical perspective projection is obtained. When the centre of projection is at infinity, all the projectors are parallel, and the corresponding subset of planar projections are referred to as parallel projections . Mathematical formulation Mathematically, planar projections are linear transformations acting on a point in three dimensional space math mathbf a x,y,z math to give a point math mathbf b u,v math on the projection plane. These transformations consist of various function composition compositions of the five transformations orthographic projection , rotation mathematics rotation , Shear mapping shear , Translation geometry translation and Projective transformation perspective . Map uses It is also used in maps to show the planet Earth and other planets or objects in space. This is good for maps of close up areas. Category Graphical projections geometry stub ... more details
In mathematics , a planar lamina is a closed surface of mass math m math and surface density math rho x,y math such that math m int int rho x,y ,dx ,dy math , over the closed surface . The center of mass of the lamina is at the point math left frac M y m , frac M x m right math where math M y math moment of the entire lamin about the x axis and math M x math moment of the entire lamin about the y axis. math M y lim m,n to infty , sum i 1 m , sum j 1 n ,x ij , rho x ij ,y ij , Delta Alpha int int x , rho x,y ,dx ,dy math , over the closed surface. math M x lim m,n to infty , sum i 1 m , sum j 1 n ,y ij , rho x ij ,y ij , Delta Alpha int int y , rho x,y ,dx ,dy math , over the closed surface. Example 1. Find the center of mass of a lamina with edges given by the lines math x 0 math , math x y math and math y 4 x math , where the density is given as math rho x,y , 4x 3y 2 math . math m int 0 2 int x 4 x ,2x 3y 2 ,dy ,dx math math m int 0 2 2xy frac 3y 2 2 2y x 4 x ,dx math math m int 0 2 4x 2 8x 32 ,dx math math m frac 4x 3 3 4x 2 32x 0 2 math math m frac 112 3 math math M y int 0 2 int x 4 x x , 2x 3y 2 ,dy ,dx math math M y int 0 2 2x 2y frac 3xy 2 2 2xy x 4 x ,dx math math M y int 0 2 4x 3 8x 2 32x ,dx math math M y x 4 frac 8x 3 3 16x 2 0 2 math math M y frac 80 3 math math M x int 0 2 int x 4 x y , 2x 3y 2 ,dy ,dx math math M x int 0 2 xy 2 y 3 y 2 x 4 x ,dx math math M x int 0 2 2x 3 4x 2 40x 80 ,dx math math M x frac x 4 2 frac 4x 3 3 20x 2 80x 0 2 math math M x frac 248 3 math center of mass is at the point math left frac frac 80 3 frac 112 3 , frac frac 248 3 frac 112 3 right left frac 5 7 , frac 31 14 right math Planar laminas can be used to determine moments of inertia , or center of mass. Category Measure theory mathanalysis stub ... more details
Firearms cite web url http world.guns.ru smg smg103 e.htm title Modern Firearm s ST Kinetics CPW accessdate 2008 09 14 ref Design details The CPW is a modular selective fire Blowback arms lever ... smg smg103 e.htm title Modern Firearm s ST Kinetics CPW accessdate 2008 09 14 ref The receiver is machined ... piercing PDW ammunition. The CPW is fully ambidextrous it can be used with equal ergonomic ease by both .... The CPW has a collapsible metal stock that provides stability during aimed fire. ref name STK ... for easy handling and concealment the CPW can be carried in a holster. ref name STK Pamphlet cite ... ref Two Picatinny rail s are provided in the CPW for mounting sights and tactical accessories one continuous ... ko ST Kinetics CPW id ST Kinetics CPW ru ST Kinetics CPW ... more details
A Vivaldi antenna is a co planar broadband Antenna radio antenna , which is made from a on both sides metalized dielectric plate. Image Vivaldiantenna.jpg thumb left 400px Pattern of a Vivaldi Antenna, made from double sided printed circuit board material The feeding line excites a circular space via a microstrip line , terminated with a circular sector sector shaped area. From the circular resonant area the energy reaches an exponential pattern via a symmetric slot line . Vivaldi antennas can be made for linear polarized waves or using two devices arranged in orthogonal direction for transmitting receiving both polarization orientations. If fed with 90deg phase shifted signals orthogonal devices can transmit receive circular polarization circular oriented electromagnetic wave s. Vivaldi antennas are useful for microwave frequencies exceeding 3GHz. Advantages of Vivaldi antennas are their broadband characteristics suitable for ultrawideband signals , their easy manufacturing process using common methods for printed circuit board PCB production, and their easy impedance matching to the feeding line using microstrip line modeling methods. The MWEE collection of computer simulation EM simulation is there a more specific article on electromagnetic computer simulation? benchmarks includes a Vivaldi antenna http www.cst.com Content Applications Article 15 http www.mwee.com magazine 2000 cad benchmark.html http www.mwrf.com Article ArticleID 19382 19382.html http www.ieeexplore.ieee.org iel2 3094 8735 00385130.pdf http www.digbib.ubka.uni karlsruhe.de volltexte documents 688417 http www.freepatentsonline.com 7088300.html . References reflist Antenna Types Category Radio frequency antenna types de Vivaldi Antenne fr Antenne Vivaldi ru ... more details
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