from the Opte Project of the various routes through a portion of the Internet. Telecommunication ... information through two way telecommunication networks grew from 281 petabytes of optimally compressed ... telecommunication industry s revenue was estimated to be 3.85 trillion in 2008. ref name ... History details History of telecommunication Ancient systems main Hydraulic telegraph Beacon Greece ... gs promo tsb 88192.pdf CCIT ITU T 50 Years of Excellence , International Telecommunication Union ... telecommunication was adapted from the French word t l communication . It is a compound of the Greek prefix tele , meaning far off , and the Latin communicare , meaning to share . ref Telecommunication ... concepts reoccur throughout the literature on modern telecommunication systems. Some of these concepts are discussed below. Basic elements A basic communication system telecommunication system consists ... it is converted from electricity to sound for people to listen to. Sometimes, telecommunication ... from each other. Telecommunication over telephone lines is called point to point communication telecommunications .... Telecommunication through radio broadcasts is called broadcasting broadcast communication because it is between ... publisher Brooks Cole Publishing Company year 1999 pages 1 2 isbn 0 534 95409 X ref Telecommunication ... of being about to use frequency division multiplexing FDM . Society and telecommunicationTelecommunication ... placed the telecommunication industry s revenue at 3.85 trillion or just under 3 percent of the gross ... discuss the impact of telecommunication on society. Economic impact Microeconomics On the microeconomic ... the conventional retailer Wal Mart has benefited from better telecommunication infrastructure compared ... from pizza deliveries to electricians. Even relatively poor communities have been noted to use telecommunication ... R ller and Leonard Waverman suggested a causal link between good telecommunication infrastructure ... ref Because of the economic benefits of good telecommunication infrastructure, there is increasing worry ... more details
Wiktionarypar bufferBuffer may refer to Buffer state , a country lying between two potentially hostile greater powers, thought to prevent conflict between them Buffer zone , any area that keeps two or more other areas distant from one another, may be demilitarized Buffer rail transport , a device that cushions the impact of vehicles against each other Buffer stop bumper in U.S. , a device to prevent railway vehicles from going past the end of a section of track Recoil buffer , an accessory for firearms, to cushion the impact of recoil Buffer navy , the colloquial term for the senior seaman sailor in a British Commonwealth Navy ship Buffer wheel , a wheel attached to a motor similar to a pedestal ... Traveller. Howard Zinn used the term buffer in this way These people the employed, the somewhat privileged ..., 2003. p.635 ref People Bruce Buffer , sports announcer Michael Buffer , sports announcer In physical science Buffer solution , a solution which reduces the change of pH upon addition of small amounts of acid or base, or upon dilution Buffering agent , the weak acid or weak base in a buffer solution Buffer gas , an inert or nonflammable gas Buffer GIS , a zone around a map feature Lysis buffer ... redox buffer , a mineral assemblage which stabilises oxidation state in natural rock systems In electronics and computer science Data buffer , memory used temporarily to store output or input data Framebuffer , a particular type of data buffer for use in graphical display Optical buffer , a device that stores optically transmitted data without converting it to the electrical domain Buffer amplifier also sometimes simply called a buffer , an isolating circuit used in electronics or telecommunications Buffer optical fiber , a component used to encapsulate one or more optical fibers in a fiber optic communication cable Reflist disambig bg ca Buffer da Buffer de Puffer es Buffer eo Bufro fa fr Tampon ko io Bufro id Buffer disambiguasi he Buffer nl Buffer ja pl Bufor ... more details
Portal Telecommunication The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to telecommunicationTelecommunication &ndash the Transmission telecommunications transmission of signal electronics signals over a distance for the purpose of communication . In modern times, this process almost always involves the use of electromagnetic radiation electromagnetic waves by transmitters and receivers, but in earlier years it also involved the use of drum communication drum s and visual signals such as smoke signal smoke , Hydraulic telegraph Greek hydraulic semaphore system fire , beacon s, semaphore line s and other optical communications. Essence of telecommunication Main Telecommunication Types of telecommunication networks Main Telecommunications network Computer network s ARPANET Ethernet Internet Wireless network s Public switched telephone network s PSTN Packet switching Packet switched networks Radio network s Television network s Aspects of telecommunication transmission Main Telecommunication Analog signal Analog Digital Optics Telecommunication technology Modulation Amplitude modulation Frequency modulation Quadrature amplitude modulation Nyquist rate Nyquist ISI criterion Pulse shaping Intersymbol interference Communications media types Physical media for Telecommunication Twisted pair Coaxial cable Optical fiber Telecommunication through Free Space Broadcasting Broadcast radio frequency including television and radio Line of sight propagation Line of sight Communications satellite Terrestrial Microwave Wireless LAN Relationship between media and transmitters Physical access to media Simplex Duplex telecommunications Logical relationships Return channel ... Token based Centralized token control Distributed token control History of telecommunication Main History of telecommunication Telegraphy History History of telegraphy History of the telephone Invention ... General telecommunication concepts E mail Instant messaging Radio Telephone VoIP Videoconferencing ... more details
Refimprove date November 2010 In telecommunication , the term gating has the following meanings 1. The process of selecting only those portions of a wave between specified time intervals or between specified amplitude limits. 2. The controlling of signals by means of combinational logic elements. 3. A process in which a predetermined set mathematics set of conditions, when established, permits a second process to occur. Source From Federal Standard 1037C and from MIL STD 188 DEFAULTSORT Gating Telecommunication Category Telecommunications terms Category Signal processing ... more details
In telecommunication s, a slip is a positional displacement in a sequence of transmitted symbols that causes the loss or insertion of one or more symbols. Slips are usually caused by inadequate synchronization of the two clocks controlling the transmission telecommunications transmission or by poor reception of the signal. References Federal Standard 1037C Category Telecommunications terms Telecomm term stub ... more details
Drop , in telecommunication , has several meanings. In a communications network , a drop is the portion of a device directly connected to the internal station facilities, such as toward a telephone switchboard , toward a switching center , or toward a telephone exchange . A drop can also be a wire or cable from a pole or cable terminus to a building. It may also be referred to as a downlead . These cables may be reinforced to withstand the tension due to gravity and weather of an aerial drop i.e., hanging in air , as in messenger type RG 6 coaxial cable , which is reinforced with a steel messenger wire along its length. To drop is to delete, intentionally or unintentionally, or to lose part of a Signalling telecommunication signal , such as Bit slip dropping bit s from a bit stream . Sources Federal Standard 1037C , in support of MIL STD 188 Category Telecommunications terms ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 In telecommunication , an interchangeability is a condition which exists when two or more items possess such functional and physical characteristics as to be equivalent in performance and durability, and are capable of being exchanged one for the other without alteration of the items themselves, or of adjoining items, except for adjustment, and without selection for fit and performance. Sources DODDIC FS1037C Category Telecommunications Telecomm term stub ... more details
Orphan date December 2009 Infobox album See Wikipedia WikiProject Albums Name Telecommunication Breakdown Type Album Artist Emergency Broadcast Network Cover Released 1995 Recorded 1995 Genre Electronic music Electronic Length 53 13 Label TVT Records TVT Producer Jack Dangers Reviews Last album This album Telecommunication Breakdown br 1995 Next album Telecommunication Breakdown is an album by Emergency Broadcast Network , released in 1995 by TVT Records . The CD release included three video tracks in addition to the audio as well as a floppy disc that included AV editing software. The music for the album was produced by Jack Dangers , as a side project for his group Meat Beat Manifesto . The album features a number of guest performers Brian Eno on Homicidal Schizophrenic , with Jamie West Oram of The Fixx on guitar Bill Laswell contributed to Shoot the Mac 10 , with Grandmaster Melle Mel rapping. ref Allmusic class album id r209990 pure url yes Telecommunication Breakdown > Overview . Allmusic . Retrieved December 16, 2009. ref Track listing Search 0 59 Electronic Behavior Control System 4 33 Go To 0 12 Sexual Orientation 3 06 Station Identification 4 40 Get Down Ver. 2.2 3 45 Shoot the Mac 10 4 03 You Have 5 Seconds to Complete This Section 3 06 Super Zen State Power Chant No.3 6 50 State Extension 1 15 Interruption 0 23 Dream Induction 3 20 Transition 0 06 Electronic Behavior Control System Ver. 2.0 2 24 We Must Have the Facts 3 05 Interference 0 14 3 7 8 3 43 Beginning of the End 2 45 Homicidal Schizophrenic A Lad Insane 4 08 End of Audio Program 0 45 Video Track listing Electronic Behavior Control System 5 33 3 7 8 3 42 Homicidal Schizophrenic A Lad Insane 4 17 References Reflist Category 1995 albums 1990s electronic album stub ... more details
Unreferenced date October 2009 A telecommunication circuit is any line, conductor, or other conduit by which information is Transmission telecommunications transmitted . A dedicated circuit , private circuit , or leased line is a line that is dedicated to only one use. Originally, this was analog signal analog , and was often used by radio station s as a studio transmitter link STL or remote pickup unit RPU for their sound reproduction audio , sometimes as a backup to other means. Later lines were digital , and used for private corporation corporate data network s. The opposite of a dedicated circuit is a switched circuit , which can be connected to different paths. A Plain old telephone service POTS or ISDN telephone line is a switched circuit, because it can connect to any other telephone number . On digital lines, a virtual circuit can be created to serve either purpose, while sharing a single physical circuit. Definitions A telecommunication circuit may be defined as follows The complete path between two terminals over which one way or two way communications may be provided. See communications protocol . An electronic path between two or more points, capable of providing a number of channel communications channels . A number of conductors connected for the purpose of carrying an Current electricity electric current . An electronic closed loop path among two or more points used for Signalling telecommunication signal transfer . A number of electrical components, such as resistors, inductances, capacitors, transistors, and Electric power power sources connected in one or more closed loops. References reflist FS1037C MS188 Category Telecommunications telecomm stub ... more details
Telecommunication is a 1981 song by A Flock of Seagulls , from their first album. Although it did not chart on either the traditional United Kingdom UK or United States of America US charts, it received considerable time on the dance charts. Citation needed date May 2010 The up tempo beat featuring power chords and heavy synth, along with the futuristic lyrics, has enabled the song to reach cult following cult status. Citation needed date May 2010 The song is noteworthy because the band eschewed the guitar laden choruses many songs of this period had e.g. power ballad , and instead relied on percussion arpeggios and multi layered sounds. The effect is not unlike what is known as the wall of sound effect, although unlike recordings of Phil Spector who expressed interest in the band, calling them phenomenal ref Phil Spector out of his head . R.Williams, P Spector 2003 ref , A Flock of Seagulls recorded in stereo . Lyrics The song details types of energy transmitted across time and space . The first line mentions ultraviolet ..radio light..to your solar system ... indicating someone or something is attempting to communicate across the galaxy . In astronomy, UV light is emitted by very hot objects. A motif in the bands lyrics is alien life forms with A Flock of Seagulls album being essentially a rock opera about alien abduction and futuristic technology . ref Science fiction and consumption utopias . JA Fitchrtt, DA Fitchctt Science fiction and organization, 2001 ref The song also includes references to nuclear power nuclear energy and wireless communication , the latter not being in wide use until a decade after the song s release. References Reflist External links A Flock of Seagulls reviewed in 1982. http avaxhome.ws music rock progressive rock a flock of seagulls a flock of seagulls.html See also A Flock of Seagulls Wall of Sound Phil Spector New Wave music Alien Abduction Concept Album DEFAULTSORT Telecommunication Song Category A Flock of Seagulls songs ... more details
itudoc gs promo tsb 88192.pdf CCIT ITU T 50 Years of Excellence , International Telecommunication ... books?id Oxc7AAAAMAAJ&q Semaphore to Satellite,Published by the International Telecommunication Union, Geneva 1965&dq Semaphore to Satellite,Published by the International Telecommunication Union, Geneva 1965&ei XdL9SfrCIoOgNcChzLkK Semaphore to Satellite , International Telecommunication Union ... telegraph cable was completed on 27 July 1866, allowing transatlantic telecommunication for the first ... of the telephone Outline of telecommunication References reflist Further reading Hilmes, Michele ... Department EECS Department, University of California, Berkeley. http www.itu.int International Telecommunication ... more details
of records and activities to assess the compliance of telecom service providers with telecommunication ... that has a telecommunication agreement in place with your company. Copies of telecom service and equipment ... Glossary DEFAULTSORT Audit Telecommunication Category Telecommunications economics Category Telecommunications ... more details
In telecommunication , a drift is a comparatively long term change in an attribute, value, or operational parameter of a system or equipment. The drift should be characterized, such as diurnal frequency drift and output level drift. Drift is usually undesirable and unidirectional, but may be bidirectional, cyclic, or of such long term duration and low excursion rate as to be negligible. ref http www.its.bldrdoc.gov fs 1037 fs 1037c.htm Federal Standard 1037C ref Drift is also common in pseudo synchronised streaming applications, such as low latency audio streaming over TCP IP . Normally both ends of a streaming connection would stay in sync with a master clock but TCP IP does not provide this master clock mechanism. Therefore applications running fixed clocks will drift apart over time and glitch es will occur. This is usually fixed by controlling jitter or drift, by slightly altering the clock speed at one end of the connection. Drift can be removed from signals by signal combination. This strategy is used in optical and electrical systems such as optical tweezers . ref http rsi.aip.org resource 1 rsinak v82 i11 p115103 s1?isAuthorized no Mashaghi et al. Noise reduction by signal combination in Fourier space applied to drift correction in optical tweezers, Rev. Sci. Instrum. 82, 115103 2011 ref References reflist MIL STD 188 See also Wander Clock drift Category Synchronization telecomm stub de Drift Nachrichtentechnik ... more details
In telecommunication s, transparency can refer to The property of an entity that allows another entity to pass through it without altering either of the entities. The property that allows a transmission system or channel communications channel to accept, at its input, unmodified user information , and deliver corresponding user information at its output , unchanged in form or information content. The user information may be changed internally within the transmission system, but it is restored to its original form prior to the output without the involvement of the user. The quality of a data communications system or device that uses a bit oriented link protocol that does not depend on the bit sequence structure used by the data source. ref FS1037C MS188 ref ref DODDIC ref Some communication systems are not transparent. Non transparent communication systems have one or both of the following problems user data may be incorrectly interpreted as internal commands. For example, modems with a Time Independent Escape Sequence or 20th century Signaling System No. 5 and R2 signalling telephone systems, which occasionally incorrectly interpreted user data from a blue box phreaking blue box as commands. the output user data may not always be the same as the input user data. For example, many early email systems were not 8 bit clean they seemed to transfer typical short text messages properly, but converted unusual characters the control characters, the high ASCII characters in an irreversible way into some other usual character. Many of these systems also changed user data in other irreversible ways &ndash such as inserting linefeeds to make sure each line is less than some maximum length, and inserting a at the beginning of every line that begins with From . ref http www.jwz.org doc content length.html Configuring Netscape Mail On Unix Why the Content Length Format is Bad by Jamie Zawinski 1997 ref Until 8BITMIME , a variety of binary to text encoding techniques have been overlaid ... more details
, outputting data in the order it arrived. Telecommunicationbuffer A buffer routine or data storage ...In computer science , a buffer is a region of a physical memory storage used to temporarily hold data while it is being moved from one place to another. Typically, the data is stored in a buffer as it is retrieved ... . However, a buffer may be used when moving data between Process computing processes within a computer. This is comparable to buffers in telecommunication. Buffers can be implemented in a fixed memory location in hardware or by using a virtual data buffer in software, pointing at a location in the physical memory. In all cases, the data stored in a data buffer, are stored on a physical ... in a printer spooler or in Video hosting service online video Streaming media streaming . A buffer ... arrives and is loaded . The queue area acts as a buffer a temporary space where those wishing ... on as a unit, delaying the transit time of a Signalling telecommunication signal in order to allow other operations to occur. Buffer versus cache Further Cache The difference between buffer and cache The difference between buffer and cache A cache often also acts as a buffer, and vice versa. However ... back modes. A buffer does none of this. A buffer is primarily used for input, output, and sometimes ... include The BUFFERS command statement in CONFIG.SYS of DOS . The buffer between a serial port UART ... wave carrier . The integrated buffer on a Hard Disk Drive, Printer or other piece of hardware. The Framebuffer on a video card. History An early mention of a print buffer is the Outscriber devised ... tying up the main computer. blockquote See also Bucket computing Buffer overflow Buffer underrun Circular buffer Cache Streaming media Frame buffer for use in graphical display Double buffering and Triple buffering for techniques mainly in graphics Depth buffer , Stencil buffer , for different parts of image information Variable length buffer Optical buffer MissingNo. , the result of buffer data ... more details
Other uses Terminal disambiguation more sources date January 2011 In the context of telecommunication s, a terminal is a device which is capable of communicating over a line. Examples of terminals are telephone s, fax machine s, and network devices printers and workstations. The mobile data terminal mobile data terminal MDT is a device used in the field of telematics . Emulation of terminals by computer programs main terminal emulator Many computers use a serial access program to communicate with other computers via telephone line or serial device, thus emulating a computer terminal . HyperTerminal is a widely distributed terminal emulator . When the first Macintosh was released, a program called MacTerminal was used to communicate with many computers, including the IBM PC . Dec Terminal was one of the first Terminal programs for the popular Altair 8800 Altair . Modes further terminal intelligence Terminals can operate in various modes, relating to when they send input typed by the user on the keyboard to the receiving system whatever that may be character mode a.k.a. character at a time mode In this mode, typed input is sent immediately to the receiving system. sfn Bolthouse 1996 p 18 line mode a.k.a. line at a time mode In this mode, the terminal provides a local line editing function, and sends an entire input line, after it has been locally edited, when the user presses a keypress return key. sfn Bolthouse 1996 p 18 A so called line mode terminal operates solely in this mode. sfn Bangia 2010 p 324 block mode a.k.a. screen at a time mode In this mode, the terminal provides a local full screen data function. The user can enter input into multiple fields in a form on the screen defined to the terminal by the receiving system , moving the cursor around the screen using keys such as tab key keypress tab and the arrow key s and performing editing functions locally using insert key keypress insert , delete key keypress delete , backspace key keypress backspace and so forth ... more details
Unreferenced date November 2010 In telecommunications , an optical buffer is a device that is capable of temporarily storing light. Just as in the case of a regular buffertelecommunicationbuffer , it is a storage medium that enables compensation for a difference in time of occurrence of events. More specifically, an optical buffer serves to store data that was transmitted optically i.e., in the form of light , without converting it to the electrical domain. Optical networks Today, computer networks consist of optical fiber links, interconnected by electrical nodes. The data transport in the backbone is done in the form of light, typically from LED or laser . DWDM technologies enable bitrates well beyond 1 Tbit s. However, at the nodes, this light has to be converted to the electronic domain, in order to switch all data to their separate destinations. Due to rapidly increasing channel capacities, the switching capacity is becoming the bottleneck of the system. Currently, research activities focus on optical switching technologies, that involve fewer or no conversions from the optical to the electronic domain. An important problem however, is the buffering. Contention resolution Whenever two or more data packets arrive at a network node at the same time and contend for the same output, external blocking occurs. All packets but one are perceived as superfluous, and have to be dealt with. Next to the obvious choice of dropping all excess packets, academic literature typically presents three solutions buffering, deflection routing or wavelength conversion. Optical buffering uses ... buffer is made of optical fibers, and is generally much larger than a RAM chip of comparable capacity. A single fiber can serve as a buffer. However, a set of more than one is usually used. A possibility ... implementation of this buffer, and try to reduce the size by using slow light slow light http ... author s homepage . Category Fiber optic communications Buffer, optical ... more details
Orphan date February 2009 A buffer in GIS is a zone around a map feature measured in units of distance or time. A buffer is useful for proximity analysis . ref Wade, T. and Sommer, S. eds. http store.esri.com esri showdetl.cfm?SID 2&Product ID 868&Category ID 49 A to Z GIS ref A buffer is an area defined by the bounding region determined by a set of points at a specified maximum distance from all nodes along segments of an object. See also Dilation morphology data bufferBuffer computing GIS References reflist Category Geographic information systems tech stub es Buffer GIS pl Bufor geoinformatyka sv Buffertzon ... more details
A ring showing, conceptually, a circular buffer. This visually shows that the buffer has no real end and it can loop around the buffer. However, since memory is never physically created as a ring, a linear representation is generally used as is done below. A circular buffer , cyclic buffer or ring buffer is a data structure that uses a single, fixed size buffer computer science buffer as if it were ... that could possibly use an overwriting circular buffer is with multimedia. If the buffer is used as the bounded buffer in the producer consumer problem then it is probably desired for the producer ... of a circular buffer is that it does not need to have its elements shuffled around when one is consumed. If a non circular buffer were used then it would be necessary to shift all elements when one is consumed. In other words, the circular buffer is well suited as a FIFO computing FIFO buffer while a standard, non circular buffer is well suited as a LIFO computing LIFO buffer. Circular buffering .... Should a maximum size be adopted for a queue, then a circular buffer is a completely ideal implementation all queue operations are constant time. However, expanding a circular buffer requires shifting ... be preferred instead. How it works A circular buffer first starts empty and of some predefined length. For example, this is a 7 element buffer Image Circular buffer empty.svg 250px Assume that a 1 is written into the middle of the buffer exact starting location does not matter in a circular buffer Image Circular buffer XX1XXXX.svg 250px Then assume that two more elements are added &mdash 2 & 3 &mdash which get appended after the 1 Image Circular buffer XX123XX.svg 250px If two elements are then removed from the buffer, the oldest values inside the buffer are removed. The two elements removed, in this case, are 1 & 2 leaving the buffer with just a 3 Image Circular buffer XXXX3XX.svg 250px If the buffer has 7 elements then it is completely full Image Circular buffer 6789345.svg 250px A consequence ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 A write buffer is a type of data buffer . In a CPU cache , a write buffer can be used to hold data being written back from the cache to Computer data storage Primary storage main memory . This is a variation of write through caching called buffered write through . Use of a write buffer in this manner frees the cache to service read requests while the write is taking place. It is especially useful for very slow main memory in that subsequent reads are able to proceed without waiting for long main memory latency. When the write buffer is full i.e. all buffer entries are occupied , subsequent writes still have to wait until some slots are freed. To further mitigate this stall, one optimization called write buffer merge is proposed. Write buffer merge combines writes that have consecutive destination addresses into one buffer entry. Otherwise, they would occupy separate entries which increases the chance of pipeline stall. Sometimes the terminology victim buffer is also called write buffer. Victim buffer is a buffer that stores dirty evicted lines in write back caches note that write through caches don t write the evicted cache lines back before they get written back to the higher level memory. Besides reducing pipeline stall by not waiting for dirty lines to write back as the original write buffer does, victim buffer also serves as a temporary backup storage when subsequent cache accesses exhibit locality , requesting those recently evicted lines, which are still in the victim buffer. See also write combining DEFAULTSORT Write Buffer Category Computer memory Computer stub ... more details
, use the stencil buffer in other ways for example, it can be used to find the area of the screen obscured by a portal and re render those pixels correctly. The stencil buffer and its modifiers can ... also Z buffering depth buffer Shadow volume a stencil buffer technique creating shadows DEFAULTSORT Stencil Buffer Category 3D computer graphics Compu graphics stub Link GA sr de Stencilbuffer hu Stencil buffer pl Bufor szablonowy sr zh ... more details
In computing , screen buffer is a part of computer memory used by a computer application for the representation of the content to be shown on the computer display . ref http books.google.com books?id XYQruTc6 44C&pg PA160&dq 22screen buffer 22&hl en v onepage&q 22screen 20buffer 22&f false ref The screen buffer may also be called the video buffer , the regeneration buffer , or regen buffer for short. ref http www.smartcomputing.com editorial dictionary detail.asp?searchtype 2&DicID 10421&RefType Dictionary&guid ref Screen buffers should be distinguished from video memory . To this end, the term off screen buffer is also used. See also Framebuffer References reflist Compu storage stub Category User interfaces Category Computer memory ... more details
Disputed date April 2011 Pixel buffer or pBuffer is an extension to OpenGL which allows to do off screen rendering. It expands upon Vertex Buffer Object Vertex Buffer Objects VBO in order to store not only vertex data but also pixel data into the buffer objects. The pBuffer has been deprecated and replaced by Framebuffer Object FBOs Framebuffer Objects . See also Framebuffer Object External links http www.songho.ca opengl gl pbo.html OpenGL Pixel Buffer Object PBO Category OpenGL compu prog stub ... more details
A buffer gas is an inert or nonflammable gas . In the Earth s atmosphere , nitrogen acts as a buffer gas. A buffer gas adds pressure to a system and controls the speed of combustion with any oxygen present. Any inert gas such as helium , neon , or argon will serve as a buffer gas. Uses Buffer gases are commonly used in many applications from gas discharge lamp high pressure discharge lamps to reduce line width of microwave transitions in alkali alkali atoms . A buffer gas usually consists of atomically ... , and xenon are also used, primarily for lighting. In most scenarios, buffer gases are used in conjunction ... light is emitted. Krypton is the buffer gas used in conjunction with the mercury which is used to moderate ... noble gas es as buffer gases. Image Diagram of how buffer gas works.JPG right Buffer gas loading ... cold temperatures. The buffer gas most commonly used in this sort of application is helium. Buffer ... multiple collisions with low energy helium atoms, which most molecules are capable of doing. Buffer ... buffer gas inside a chamber see Figure a . If there are enough collisions between the buffer ..., the buffer gas will sufficiently cool the atoms. Of the two isotopes of helium sup 3 sup He and sup ... higher vapor pressures and buffer gas density at sub kelvin temperatures. Unsourced image removed Image chem119.jpg right Buffer gases are also commonly used in Gas compressor compressors used in power plants for supplying gas to gas turbines . The buffer gas fills the spaces between seal mechanical ... . In this case the buffer gas acts in a way much like oil does in an automotive engine s Bearing mechanical bearings . External links http pra.aps.org abstract PRA v66 i3 e030702 Buffer Gas Cooling http ares.ame.arizona.edu publications cospar 98.pdf Buffer Gas on Mars http www.physics.harvard.edu Thesespdfs Egorov.pdf search buffer 20gas Buffer Gas Cooling of Diatomic Molecules http tf.nist.gov ofm smallclock buffergas.htm Buffer Gas on Microwave Transition Category Gases ... more details
Unreferenced date December 2009 Buffer credits , also called buffer to buffer credits BBC are used as a flow control method by Fibre Channel technology and represent the number of frames a port can store. Each time a port transmits a frame that port s BB Credit is decremented by one for each R RDY received, that port s BB Credit is incremented by one. If the BB Credit is zero the corresponding node cannot transmit until an R RDY is received back. The benefits of a large data buffer are particularly evident in long distance applications, when operating at higher data rates 2Gbit s, 4Gbit s , or in systems with a heavily loaded Peripheral Component Interconnect PCI bus. See also Fibre Channel Host adapter DEFAULTSORT Buffer Credits Category Fibre Channel de Buffer Credits ... more details
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